| Miss. | Mar 15, 1896
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court.
The single question presented by this appeal is whether a purchaser of land at execxxtioxx sale may maintain the action of
We think he may. The statute, code of 1892, § 4461, provides that £ £ anyone deprived of the possession of land by force, intimidation, fraud, stratagem, stealth, and any landlord, vendor, vendee, mortgagee, or trustee, or cesi/ioi que trust, or other person against whom the possession of land is withheld, by his tenant, vendee, vendor, mortgagor, grantor, or other person, after the expiration of his right by contract, express or implied, to hold possession, and the legal representatives or assigns of him who is so deprived of possession, or from whom possession is so withheld, as against him who so obtained possession, or withholds possession after the expiration of his right, and all persons claiming to hold under him, shall, at any time within one year after such deprivation or withholding of possession, be entitled to the summary remedy herein prescribed.”
The only inquiry involved is whether the purchaser at execution sale is an assign of the defendant in execution within the meaning of the statute. It is of easy solution, and, we think, free from doubt. Both the spirit of the statute and its letter embrace such purchaser. At the common law, forcible entry was an offense, and punishable as such. Our statute enlarges the remedy by conferring upon the person whose possession is unlawfully invaded a summary action for the recovery of possession, and this right is given not only to the original owner, but to his legal representative or assigns. Another class of persons, other than those who enter by force, fraud, etc., are subjected to the action — namely, those whose entry is lawful under a contract, express or implied, but who remain in possession after expiration of their right to hold; and, as-against these, the right is given also to the original owner, his. legal representative or assigns. The statute views with equal disfavor him who enters by force, fraud, stratagem, intimida
As against any person of the enumerated classes, we can perceive no reason why the language of the statute should receive a narrow and restricted construction. Indeed, there is little room for construction; the words are plain and unambiguous. The word assigns ‘£ comprehends all those who take immediately or remotely from or under an assignor, whether by conveyance, devise, descent, or act of law.” Anderson’s Law Dictionary, title Assign; Baily v. DeCrespigny, L. R., 4 Q. B., 186; Brown v. Association, 34 Minn., 547" court="Minn." date_filed="1886-03-01" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/butman-v-james-7964945?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7964945">34 Minn., 547.
■ There is nothing in the context which limits the meaning of the word assigns to those who take under an assignment by contract as distinguished from those who take under an assignment by operation of law, for the right is given to the legal representatives and assigns, and legal representatives clearly mean those who take by operation of law. But little light is afforded by reference to authorities from other states. The right is a statutory one, and decisions construing statutes different from ours can serve but little purpose in considering our statute.
The question is whether our statute gives the right. If the legislature had designed that the remedy should be limited to assigns by contract, it would have been a simple matter to have said so, but, instead of this, through three codes they have retained the word assigns, and this, in its legal significance, includes as well assigns by operation of law as those by contract.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
The statute of limitations did not begin to run until the sheriff’s deed was made. In this we all concur. It is clearly settled by the following authorities: Endicott v. Penny, 14 Smed. & M., at p. 157; Leach v. Koenig, 55 Mo., at p. 453; Young v. Withers, 8 Dana (Ky.), at pp. 167, 168; Johnson v. Baker,
The legislature was intending, in this class, to name all persons between whom and others there had existed a contract right to hold possession, and, after enumerating many, for fear of omitting some, used the expression £ £ other person ’ ’ in the sense indicated. It is said, however, that the word “ assigns ’ ’ means assigns by operation of law as well as by contract. Doubtless the word, in the abstract, as defined in the dictionaries, legal or literary (Anderson or Webster), is comprehensive enough, in a secondary sense, to embrace both, but the primary meaning given by Webster is, “ One appointed by another to enjoy some right or privilege or property.” But,
What, then, has been the course of legislation and decision in this state on this subject? At the common law there was no such civil remedy as forcible entry or unlawful detainer. These were offenses criminally punishable. Statutory law in this country advanced a step by giving the remedy at all. Our initial statute was that of June 18, 1822 (Hutch. Code, p. 813), and this practically remained unchanged up to and in the code of 1857 (page 349). Construing this statute in Burford v. Nolan, 30 Miss., 428" court="Miss." date_filed="1855-12-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/turner-v-turner-8256918?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8256918">30 Miss., 428, it was held that the purchaser at a trustee’s sale could not maintain the action against the grantor in the deed in trust even, because it was said the defendant must have entered into possession under the plaintiff, and must continue so to hold possession in violation of the contract of the parties. Another step forward was needed, and it was taken in the legislation represented by § 1582 of the code of 1871, which expressly provides that the action may be maintained by the trustee or cestui que trust and his legal representatives or
In 1878 (Laws, p. 172) another attemptwas made to broaden the remedy, the third clause of section 1 of that act providing that “anyone entitled to the possession of any lands or tenements, ’ ’ etc., held ‘‘ against the consent of the party so entitled after the expiration of his right so to hold against the consent of the party so entitled, ’ ’ etc., might maintain the action; and this act was relied on in Wolfe v. Angevine, 57 Miss., 767" court="Miss." date_filed="1880-04-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/wolfe-v-angevine-7985429?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7985429">57 Miss., 767. But the code of 1880, § 2645, identical with our present statute (§4461, code 1892), struck out this enlarging language of said clause 3, and again narrowed the remedy to its old scope, clearly put by Chalmers, J., in McCorkle v. Yarrell, 55 Miss., at page 577, where it is said that the action “lies only in the cases pointed out by statute, embracing cases only where [on this point] land is wrongfully withheld after the expiration of a term springing out of, or dependent upon, a contract, express or implied, between the parties or their privies. ’ ’
Rabe v. Fyler, 10 Smed. & M., 441, is also relied on — a case often, from inattention to its facts, grossly misconceived. In that case Rabe had been in possession as tenant of the Agricultural Bank. The bank executed a trust deed to Fyler, one of the trusts being that, as trustee, he was to collect the rents of the land. Fyler at once saw Rabe, and explained the sitúa-' tion to him, and notified him that he must pay the rent to him (Fyler) thereafter. Rabe made no objection. On this state of case the court below gave this charge: “If the jury believe from the evidence that Rabe was .the tenant of the bank, and the bank assigned the premises to Fyler, with authority to collect the rent, and Fyler gave Rabe notice of this assignment and authority, and he made no objection, the jury have a right to find that Rabe was tenant of Fyler.” And that only was the precise point decided. And this is the exact construction put on this case in Cummings v. Kilpatrick, supra. It is also urged that the action could be maintained in Pensoneau v. Heinrich, 51 Ill., 271, but, at page 272, the court say the reason is that “the act of 1861 declared that the action might be maintained in all cases of the sale of lands under a j udgment or decree of a court of this state.” And see Rev. St. Ill. 1881, ch. 57. And so, also, Dortch v. Robinson, 31 Ark., at page 300, shows that the action is maintainable there, by ex
But it must be further noted that, under these decisions, the action was held maintainable not only against the tenant of the defendant in execution, where the lease is posterior to the j udgment lien, but also against the defendant in execution himself. Now, not only does Cummings v. Kilpatrick, 23 Miss., 122" court="Miss." date_filed="1851-01-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/boisgerard-v-doe-ex-dem-johnson-8256329?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8256329">23 Miss., 122, hold that it was not there maintainable against the defendant in execution, but my brethren perfectly agree with.me that it is not, under § 4461 of the code of 1892, so maintainable against the defendant in execution. “Now, herein is a marvelous thing” —that the court holds that the action cannot be maintained against the defendant in execution, and yet that it may be against his tenant! That is, a larger measure of right is given against one who remotely holds under the defendant in execution than against the defendant directly. This is a palpable incongruity. Now, says Endlich (Interp. St., sec. 264): “The presumption against absurdity in the provisions of a legislative enactment is probably a more powerful guide to its construction than even the presumption against unreason, inconvenience or injustice.” And, again (sec. 258): “ General terms [as ‘assigns ’] should be so limited in their application as not to lead to . an absurd consequence. ” Now, when we look to see against whom the action may be brought, we find that it may be brought ‘ ‘ against him who so withholds possession after the expiration of his right and all persons claiming tó hold under him.” “So withholds after the expiration of his
It would seem, therefore, that this action, from time to time enlarged in its remedy by legislation, has yet always been judiciously held strictly within the precise limits expressly marked out for it by the statute. And there are many wise reasons why it should be so interpreted. It involves no question of title, and was not designed to supersede ejectment, but to provide a more speedy remedy, although its efficacy as a summary proceeding has been greatly impaired by the statute allowing to the defendant a suspensive appeal. , Spears v. McKay, Walk. (Miss.), 265; Loring v. Willis, 4 How. (Miss.), 383; code 1892, § 4475.
Once more: If a purchaser at execution sale at law is an £ £ assign, ’ ’ within the meaning of this statute, so must also be the purchaser, under a sale under a decree in equity, of land. And yet such last purchaser would obviously resort to his writ of a-sistance. If it had been the purpose of the legislature to make the defendant in execution, or his tenant after the judgment lien attached, subject to the action, nothing was easier or simpler than to have done so, and yet, through not three codes only, but throughout all the legislation of the state on the subject, no such provision has been placed in the statute. And it is well settled that the presumptions are against the £ £ intent to
For all these reasons, and others it would be too tedious to elaborate, it is to me clear that the word 1 ‘ assigns, ’ ’ in this statute, should, in view of our legislation and decisions, and the nature of the action, be held to mean only “assigns by contract, ’ ’ and not by operation of law.