39 Fed. Cl. 422 | Fed. Cl. | 1997
OPINION
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff seeks to introduce deposition testimony of government experts, Professors Miller, Schwert, and Ruback, as substantive evidence and for use in cross-examination of another government expert, Professor Fis-chel. The two issues before the court are, first, whether the deposition testimony of a party’s expert given in the instant case is admissible as an admission by a party-opponent under Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) 801(d)(2)(C). The second issue is whether such deposition testimony may be used to cross-examine an expert witness under FRE 611(b), regardless of whether or not it is admissible as substantive evidence.
DISCUSSION
FRE 801(d) of the Federal Rules of Evidence states in relevant part:
(d) Statements which are not hearsay.—
*423 A statement is not hearsay if—
(2) Admission by party-opponent.—
The Statement is offered against a party and is ...
(C) a statement by a person authorized by the party to make a statement concerning the subject, or
(D) a statement by the party’s agent or servant concerning a matter within the scope of the agency or employment, made during the existence of the relationship.
Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(C), (D).
A. PARTIES’ARGUMENTS.
Plaintiff relies on the plain language of this Rule to conclude that deposition testimony by government experts is not hearsay and is admissible as substantive evidence. Plaintiff notes that government experts, including those who were later withdrawn, were hired by the government and were asked specifically by the government to testify at their depositions on the subject of damages incurred by Glendale in this particular case. Plaintiff concludes that those experts, hired and put forward to testify by Defendant, were hence “authorized” by the party to make a statement concerning the subject and that their deposition testimony therefore constitutes an admission by a party-opponent. Such an admission may be used for any relevant purpose at trial.
Plaintiff cites Collins v. Wayne Carp., 621 F.2d 777 (5th Cir.1980), and cases following Collins, to support its conclusion that the government experts were “authorized” within the meaning of the Rule. In Collins, defendant Wayne Corp. employed an expert to investigate and analyze a bus accident and report on his findings about the speed of the bus and about its impact with a tractor trailer. The court treated that expert’s deposition testimony as an admission of the defendant. Id. at 782. The court in Collins noted that Wayne Corp.’s expert, at his deposition, was performing the function that Wayne had employed him to perform. Id. Plaintiff argues that the government’s experts in the instant case were similarly employed by the Defendant to testify at their depositions and therefore urges the court to admit Defendant’s experts’ deposition testimony as admissions.
Defendant, relying on Kirk v. Raymark Indus., 61 F.3d 147 (3d Cir.1995), urges the court to find that the government’s experts were not authorized to speak under FRE 801(d)(2)(C) and, therefore, that their deposition testimonies were not admissions and thus hearsay when not used against that deponent. In Kirk the plaintiff sought to discredit defendant Owens-Corning’s expert witness by showing that another expert, testifying for Owens-Corning in another trial had given a contradictory opinion about which asbestos fibers cause mesothelioma, a lung disease. Id. at 162-63. The Third Circuit ruled that the earlier testimony was hearsay and not admissible. Id. at 164. The Kirk court explained that “expert witnesses are supposed to testify impartially in the sphere of their expertise” and that “one can call an expert witness even if one disagrees with the testimony of the expert.” Id. at 164.
B. COURT’S ANALYSIS.
This area of the law is murky at best with several divergent streams and many highly fact specific eddies making up the case law. Thus, the court, out of necessity, will attempt to craft a coherent and functional rule based upon the conflicting interests in a full and fair trial based on all the basic or necessary facts surrounding the underlying dispute and the parties’ right to explore their own cases fully without the fear that preliminary evidence could harm their case later. Admissions are allowed into evidence because they are or can be treated as the party’s own statement. See Edward J. Imwinkelried, Ev-identiary Foundations 273, 282 (3d ed.1995); 5 Weinstein’s Federal Evidence 801-50 (2d ed.1997); 2 McCormick on Evidence 140 (4th ed.1992); see also Advisory Committee Note, Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2), 1972 Proposed Rules. Here the court must decide when an expert’s deposition testimony may be treated as the sponsoring party’s own statement. The cases cited provide helpful guidance but are
We may not simply evaluate the party’s relationship to its expert witness according to agency principles. FRE 801(d)(2)(C) makes no mention of “agent” or even “servant” in the Rule itself. By comparison, Rule 801(d)(2)(D) states clearly that it applies to “a statement by the party’s agent or servant concerning a matter within the scope of the agency or employment, made during the existence of the relationship” (emphasis added).
Principles of statutory construction require that we interpret the statute as a whole. Beecham v. United States, 511 U.S. 368, 372, 114 S.Ct. 1669, 1671-72, 128 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994) (citing King v. St. Vincent’s Hospital, 502 U.S. 215, 221, 112 S.Ct. 570, 574, 116 L.Ed.2d 578 (1991)). FRE 801(d)(2) includes five distinct parts. Each of these five parts describes a circumstance under which a statement will be considered an admission by a party-opponent. Each of these parts of the statute must be construed in connection with all others. United States v. Menasche, 348 U.S. 528, 538-39, 75 S.Ct. 513, 519-20, 99 L.Ed. 615 (1955) (quoting Inhabitants of the Township of Montclair v. Ramsdell, 107 U.S. 147, 152, 2 S.Ct. 391, 394-95, 27 L.Ed. 431 (1883)). While most of these five categories can be readily distinguished from one another, the difference between the “person authorized” of 801(d)(2)(C) and the “agent” of 801(d)(2)(D) is not as apparent. We may not treat either FRE 801(d)(2)(C) or (D) as superfluous nor interpret either rule so as to render its companion rule without effect. Homer v. Merit Sys. Protection Bd., 815 F.2d 668, 674 (Fed.Cir.1987); Boise Cascade Corp. v. United States E.P.A., 942 F.2d 1427, 1432 (9th Cir.1991).
FRE 801(d)(2)(C) and (D) are presented in the disjunctive and should not be collapsed into one rule. If the separate requirements of either (C) or (D) are met, the expert’s deposition testimony will be an admission by a party-opponent. If the deponent is an agent, his statement falls into category (D) and we need not determine whether or not he was “authorized” to speak. If he was not an agent, his statement may fall into category (C) and we must determine whether his statement was “authorized” within the meaning of the Rule. According to 801(d)(2)(D), an agent may make vicarious admissions for his principal whether or not he is specifically authorized to speak on that subject. FRE 801(d)(2)(D) applies exclusively to agents but 801(d)(2)(C) does not. We may not apply (C) to agents because, to the extent we did so, we would render (C) superfluous.
FRE 801(d)(2)(C) applies to a person who is not an agent but is “authorized” to speak. The depositions sought to be used here are from non-agents. They are classic independent experts brought in for trial. With a non-agent under (C) there may be an issue of the scope of the authorization to speak that need not be reached under (D). Here, however, we need not reach that issue since the depositions given were clearly authorized.*
The expert witness, testifying under oath, is expected to give his own honest, independent opinion. Even at the time of his deposition he remains autonomous. He is not the sponsoring party’s agent at any time merely because he is retained as its expert witness. Accord Kirk, 61 F.3d at 164. Contra Collins, 621 F.2d at 782. By the time the trial begins, we may assume that those experts who have not been withdrawn are those whose testimony reflects the position of the party who retains them. At the beginning of trial
CONCLUSION
First Issue—
Whether deposition testimony may be treated as an admission by a party-opponent.
FRE 801(d)(2)(C) allows us to treat certain statements by another as if made by a party itself. Such treatment does not require that we find agency or control. The beginning of trial is a critical juncture. By the beginning of trial it is fair to tie the party to the statements of its experts. When admitting expert deposition testimony under FRE 801(d)(2)(C) we need not find that these experts are obligated to do the sponsoring party’s bidding. We merely note that they were selected as witnesses and retained through the start of the trial because the opinions they held all along, and still hold as the trial begins, are consistent with those of the sponsoring party. We are not retroactively finding agency or control at the time of a prior deposition. Rather, an expert witness who is listed as such when the trial begins has been authorized and his or her prior statements are fair game. This, of course only applies to those made in the context of the instant proceeding. All other such statements may only be used to cross-examine that expert or others connected with the statement.
Defendant notes that in this ease it had only a short time to find experts and should not have been constrained by the need to determine ahead of time who would provide favorable testimony. This problem is solved under the rule enunciated here by allowing the expert to be withdrawn prior to trial. On the other hand, neither party should be burdened with the expense of deposing excessive numbers of witnesses only to have them withdrawn prior to trial and their testimony rendered unusable as substantive evidence. Such excessive costs can be avoided through self-regulation by the parties or, if necessary, through intervention by the court. So far the court has seen no evidence of the reality of this problem.
The court rules as follows:
When an expert witness is put forward as a testifying expert at the beginning of trial, the prior deposition testimony of that expert in the same case is an admission against the party that retained him. Where an expert witness is withdrawn prior to trial, however, the prior deposition testimony of that witness may not be used. That deposition testimony is hearsay.
Applying the court’s ruling to the instant case, the deposition testimony of Professors Miller and Schwert may be used as admissions against the Defendant because these testifying experts were not withdrawn prior to trial. The deposition testimony of Professor Ruback, who was withdrawn, on the other hand, may not be used for that purpose.
Second Issue—
Use of experts’ deposition testimony for cross-examination of other experts.
FRE 611(b) limits the scope of cross-examination to “the subject matter of the direct examination and matters affecting the credibility of the witness.” FRE 611(b) is not permissive, rather it is a restraint. Hearsay may not be used for cross-examination unless it qualifies under an exception to the hearsay rule or is permitted by FRE 703 because it was relied upon by a testifying expert.
The court rules as follows:
One expert’s deposition testimony may be used on cross-examination to impeach another expert only according to the constraints imposed by the Federal Rules of Evidence. An expert witness may on cross-examination be required to disclose the underlying facts or data upon which he bases his opinion. FRE 705. Those facts or data “need not be admissible in evidence.” FRE 703.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
At this time the authorization is only tentative as the whole purpose of the deposition is to further an understanding of the case. Once the deposition process is concluded, the parties still need time to analyze the case in light of all the depositions and other discovery. For good lawyers this may go on to the eve of trial. It is fair, however, to conclude that once trial begins the authorization decisions are made and become irrevocable, and the statements are either admissions or hearsay.
