386 Pa. 548 | Pa. | 1956
Lead Opinion
Opinion by
While it may seem unfortunate that the court is obliged to sanction the exclusion of any child from even a private school or orphanage because of race, creed or color if otherwise entitled to admission, the Court is clearly of opinion that the unanimous decision of the Orphans’ Court, supported by the learned and comprehensive opinions of Judge Bolgee and Judge Lefeveb, must be affirmed, it being clearly understood at the outset that the beneficiaries of the charity of Stephen Girard are not being determined by the State of Pennsylvania, nor by the City of Philadelphia, nor by this Court, but solely by Girard him
Stephen Girard, — merchant, mariner, banker and philanthropist, — died on December 26, 1831; his will, dated February 16, 1830, and two codicils thereto, were probated at Philadelphia five days later. The will is, in many respects, a remarkable document; it was prepared with the aid of William J. Duane, distinguished leader of the bar in 1ns day, and was the product of protracted consultations between them which extended over the course of some five or six weeks. Briefly summarized, it provided, after making a number of specific gifts to various institutions and individuals, for a devise and bequest of his entire residuary estate to “The Mayor, Aldermen and Citizens of Philadelphia”
Because of the financial panic of 1837 and the consequent shrinkage of the assets of the estate there was some delay in the construction of the buildings and the college was not opened until January 1, 1848. Since that time, a period now of over a hundred years, it has been conducted in conformity with the purposes expressed in Girard’s will. As is not altogether unusual in such cases, some of his heirs were disappointed at the disposition he made of his wealth, and accordingly they indulged in a number of attacks upon the validity of the will, the first of which resulted in the famous argument in the Supreme Court of the United States in 1844 between Daniel Webster on the one side and Horace Binney on the other. Two main questions were there involved, one, whether the city had the legal power to accept the trust confided to it, and the other, whether the trust in regard to the college was rendered invalid by a provision in the will that no ecclesiastic, missionary or minister of any sect whatsoever, should ever hold or exercise any station or duty whatever in the college, nor be admitted there for any purpose. (Girard carefully explained in his will that he made this provision because, there being
In Girard v. Philadelphia, 74 U. S. (7 Wallace) 1, the decision in the Vidal case was affirmed, and it was held that the Consolidation Act had not changed the identity of the city so as to affect in any way its administration of the trust. The Court stated (as will be referred to again hereafter) : “Now, if this were true [that the city had become unable to administer the trust] the only consequence would be, not that the charities or trust should fail, but that the chancellor should substitute another trustee.” In The City of Philadelphia v. The Heirs of Stephen Girard, 45 Pa. 9, our own Court likewise held that the trusts created
Coming now to the particular issue involved in the present case, it arises from the provision in the will which limits the admission into the institution to applicants possessing five qualifications: — they must be poor, they must be white, they must be male, they must be orphans (which has been construed to mean fatherless children), and their ages must be between six and ten; there are also preferences prescribed in regard to the birthplaces of the applicants. It is contended that the Fourteenth Amendment has made the
/^Subject, of course, to compliance with all applicable laws, it is one of our most fundamental legal principles that an individual has the right to dispose of his own property by gift or will as he sees fit; indeed this right is so much protected that a testator’s directions may be enforced even though contrary to the general views of society (see, for example, Higbee Will, 365 Pa. 381, 75 A. 2d 599), and however arbitrary, unwise, intolerant, discriminatory, or ignoble his exercise of that right may be. He is entitled to his idiosyncracies and even to his prejudices. It was said in Brown v. Hummel, 6 Pa. 86, 94, 95: “It is the principle and not the individual instance that is to be considered. What private charity will next be disturbed and invaded? The will of Stephen Girard offers a conspicuous mark. . . . The most solemn act of a man’s life, which is consummated by his death, is his last will and testament. By that act he makes a law for the disposition of his own property, acquired by his own industry, which, if it does not contradict the law of the country, has hitherto been considered inviolate. Shall it be so considered no longer in Pennsylvania ?” Equally cogent language is to be found in many other cases in this Court, for example, in Ervine’s Appeal, 16 Pa. 256, 265, and again in Cauffman v. Long, 82 Pa. 72, 77, 78, where it is said: “No right of the citizen is more valued than the power to
Stephen Girard naturally must have realized that he could not create an institution large enough to furnish both sustenance and education to any and all the children of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, New York and New Orleans who might desire to be admitted; he could provide for only a small minority of such children and accordingly he prescribed a method of selection as he had both a legal and moral right to do unless there were involved a violation of some affirmative provision of law. Admittedly there are provisions in the will which represent Girard’s individual views regarding the education and rearing of the children the wisdom of which might be subject to differences of opinion, but, even if those provisions be considered peculiar, Girard was entitled to prescribe them for the operation of the institution which he was founding.
The question then, is whether the limitation in Girard’s will to white children as the beneficiaries of ■his college or orphanage, although undoubtedly lawful at the time of the execution of his will and of his death, has become invalid as a result of the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment which prohibited any State from denying to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. No such question could possibly arise in the case of a private charitable trust for the Fourteenth Amendment applies only to agencies of the State or of a municipality within the State; it is directed solely against State, not individual, action. It was said in the Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S. 3, 17: “In this connection it is proper to state that civil rights, such as are guaranteed by the Constitution against State aggression, cannot be impaired by the wrongful acts of individuals, unsupported by State authority in the shape of laws, customs,
\The question here involved finally narrows down, then, to the contention of the petitioners that the trust for the orphanage or college created in Girard’s will is not a private trust, but that it comes under the prin
By the Act of June 30, 1869, P. L. 1276, the administration of all charitable trusts confided to the
(The City of Philadelphia has been appointed at various times during a period of over two hundred years as trustee of many charitable trusts in addition to that created by Stephen Girard; they are said to number 89 in all at this time, and it is wholly impossible to conceive that the donors and testators had the slightest idea in appointing the city as a trustee of their charitable trusts that it could ever be contended
But finally, even if the Board of Directors of City Trusts were deemed to be engaged in “State action” in the administration of the Girard trust, petitioners would nevertheless not be entitled to the remedy they seek. If the city, because bound in its public or governmental actions by the inhibition imposed upon it by the Fourteenth Amendment, cannot carry out a provision of Girard’s will in regard to the beneficiaries of the charity as prescribed by him, the law is clear that the remedy is, not to change that provision, which, as an individual, he had a perfect right to prescribe, but for the Orphans’ Court, which has final jurisdiction over the trust which he created, to appoint another trustee. It is hornbook law, pronounced over and over again by the decisions of this court and presumably by those of all other jurisdictions, that, as stated in Girard v. Philadelphia, 74 U. S. (7 Wallace) 1, 13: “Now, if this were true [that the city could not act as trustee] the only consequence would be, not that the charities or trust should fail, but that the chancellor should substitute another .trustee.” Already in the first attack on the trust the Supreme Court in Vidal et al. v. Stephen Girard’s Executors, 43 U. S. (2 Howard) 127, 188, had said: “It is true that, if .the trust be repugnant to, or inconsistent with the proper
Realizing, as they must, that their attempt to establish that the City of Philadelphia cannot, by reason of the Fourteenth Amendment, continue to carry out the provisions of the Girard will in reference to the prescribed beneficiaries of the trust would, even if successful, be a Pyrrhic victory because it could result only in another trustee being appointed for that purpose, petitioners argue that the limitation of the beneficiaries of the “Orphan Establishment” to white orphan children was a relatively unimportant matter in Girard’s mind, and that his “dominant” purpose was that the City of Philadelphia should be the trustee. Not only is this, at best, mere speculation, but the most casual consideration of the terms of the will shows that the exact opposite is the truth. Who can tell better than Girard himself what his “dominant” purpose was? In his will he said, “I am particularly desirous to provide for such a number of poor male white orphan children, as can be trained in one institution, a better education as well as a more comfortable maintenance than they usually receive from the application of the public funds”. And he further said, after speaking of his devotion of the fund to the prosperity of the city, that this was to take place only “after providing for the College as hereinbefore directed, as my primary objectHis secondary objects, as he stated them, were the improvement of the city’s police force, the property and general appearance of the city, and the diminution of the burden of taxation. He provided that even if the city should violate any of the conditions of the will the income from his real estate in the City of Philadelphia was nevertheless to be forever applied to maintain the college. His voice therefore, on this point, speaks from the grave. Indeed, if specula
Petitioners mate much in their argument of the proposition that the doctrine of cy pres ought to be applied in this case by omitting the word “white” in the will. As previously stated, they belittle the importance in Girard’s mind of this provision, claiming that the ony reason for it was that at the time he executed his will negroes were slaves and therefore it never occurred to him that they could or should he admitted into such an orphanage or educational institution. However, slavery had been abolished in Pennsylvania by the Act of March 1, 1780, 1 Bm. L. 492, and there were said to be at that time 15,000 negroes in Philadelphia who were free, not slaves. There is no need whatever in the present case for the application of the doctrine of cy pres, because that doctrine applies only if it has become impossible or impracticable to carry out the objects of a trust; here there is no such situation for the trust can he enforced according
Decrees affirmed, each of the parties to bear his or its own costs. ..
This was the corporate name of the city under the Act of March 11, 1789, 2 Sm. L. 462. The title was changed by the Consolidation Act of February 2, 1854, P. L. 21, to “The City of Philadelphia,’’
Similar legislation, in aid of certain provisions of the will, were enacted by the Acts of February 27, 1847, P. L. 178, and April 20, 1S03, P. h. 623.
The fact that a charity is restricted in its beneficiaries to a specific religious group does not make it any the less a “purely public charity” entitling it to tax exemption under the laws of the Commonwealth: The Burd Orphan Asylum v. The School District of Upper Darby, 90 Pa. 21. This question, however, is not involved in the present ease; the Girard College has been properly exempt from taxation since its creation.
In Kerr v. Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore City, 149 F. 2d 212, the library there involved was given by the donor to the city, which owns and .almost entirely maintains it on city-owned land; it is now the public library of Baltimore. Moreover no violation of any provision of the donor was involved in that case.
Likewise the Act of Juné 25, 1919, P. L. 581, to.provide for the better government of the City of Philadelphia, did not include
Jamos G. Smith, in his book on “Trust Companies in the United States,” speaks (p. 233) of the age-long “search for a continuous trustee.”
Concurrence Opinion
Concurring Opinion by
Stephen Girard left (most of) his enormous estate to establish a perpetual orphan home and college for “poor white male orphans”. I fully agree with everything that Chief Justice Stern has said in his exceptionally able opinion. However, since appellants, in order to convert a private charitable orphanage establishment into a publicly owned and publicly sustained public school, i.e., “a segregation case”, have distorted the plain language and the clear meaning of Girard’s will, as well as the principles and legal effect of numerous authorities, I deem it wise to further analyze and to refute more comprehensively and in greater detail their conjectural, as well as their plausible, but unsound contentions.
The two principal and very important questions raised by the record and the six voluminous briefs filed
Two young colored male orphans, between the ages of six and ten years, sought admission to Girard College. There are approximately .1137 poor white male orphans housed, fed, clothed, maintained, instructed and reared each year in Girard College and the number of such applicants always has exceeded the capacity of the College. The Orphans’ Court of Philadelphia County in two very able opinions, one by Judge Bolger and the other by Judge Lefever, dismissed the applications because the admission of these boys was not authorized under Girard’s will.
Girard’s Will
The will of Stephen Girard, dated February 16, 1830, has become a national landmark in the history of Trusts, and Girard College, which was the heart and soul of his thirty-two page will, has become an admired institution throughout our Country.
Stephen Girard prepared his will with the utmost care. He was an exceptionally able, intelligent man, and he had the advice of one of the leading lawyers of his time. The evidence shows that they shut themselves in a room and discussed the proposed will and its contents for five weeks. In his will Girard specified in lengthy and minute detail how he wished the College to be built and maintained, and the purpose to which it was to be devoted. He said as clearly as the English language will permit that this was to be a College and a Home for “poor white male orphans” who were to be admitted between the ages of six and ten and remain until they respectively arrive at between fourteen and eighteen years of age. He prescribed their food, their dress, their educators, their instruction in various branches of education, their se
If any language is clear and plain and unmistakable as to who should be admitted to the College, Girard’s language is clear and plain and unmistakable. He was creating an “orphanage establishment”, a home and college not for poor girls and boys, not for orphan boys, not for red or brown or yellow or black orphans, not even for all orphans — he created in the clearest imaginable language an orphan home and college for “poor white male orphans”. ■
Girard first made a gift to the Pennsylvania Hospital of $30,000. to pay to his “black” woman, Hannah, to whom by his will he gave her freedom, the sum of $200. a year, and the balance to be used for the sick in the Hospital. He then gave the sum of $20,000. to the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb for the use of that Institution. He then gave $10,000. to The Orphan Asylum of Philadelphia for the use of that Institution. He did not limit these gifts to white people. He then gave $10,000. to the Comptrollers of the Public Schools for the City and County of Philadelphia for the use of the schools upon the Lancaster system. He then bequeathed to the Mayor, Aldermen and Citizens of Philadelphia the sum of $10,000. to distribute the income among poor white housekeepers and roomkeepers of good character residing in the City of Philadelphia. He then gave $10,000. to the Society for the relief of poor and distressed masters of ships, their, widows and children. He then gave $20,000. to the Masonic Loan in trust for the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. He then gave $6,000. for the purchase of land, one-part thereof for poor white male children and the other part for poor white female c.hil
In Paragraph XX he said: “And whereas I have been for a long time impressed with the importance of educating the poor, and of placing them by the early cultivation of their minds and the development of their moral principles, above the many temptations, to which, through poverty and ignorance they are exposed; and I am particularly desirous to provide for such a number of poor male white orphan children, as can be trained, in one institution,
He provided in the remainder of Paragraph XX that the rents, issues and profits should be used to keep that part of the City constantly in good repair.
We then come to the most pertinent provision of the will, Paragraph XXI. In this paragraph testator gave $2,000,000 of the residue of his personal estate “in trust ... [to erect] as soon as practicably may be, in the centre of my square of ground between High and Chestnut streets and Eleventh and Twelfth streets,
In Paragraph XXII of his will Girard gave $500,-000. for the repair and improvement of the streets of Philadelphia fronting on the River Delaware and of certain buildings therein, and for the widening and paving of Water Street.
In Paragraph XXIII of his will he gave to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania $300,000. for internal improvement by canal navigation.
In Paragraph XXIV of his will Girard provided that the remainder of his residuary personal estate shall be applied:
“1. To the further improvement and maintenance of the aforesaid College as, directed in the last paragraph of the XXIst clause of this will.
“2. To enable the Corporation of the City of Philadelphia to provide more effectually than they now do, for the security of the persons and property of the inhabitants of the said city, by a competent police, ....
“3. To enable the said corporation to improve the city property, and the general appearance of the city itself; and, in effect to diminish the burden of taxation, now most oppressive especially on those, who are the least able to bear it ... .
“To all which objects, the prosperity of the City, and the health and comfort of its inhabitants, I devote the said fund as aforesaid, and direct the income thereof to be applied yearly and every year for ever — after providing for the College as hereinbefore directed, as my primary object
Girard then provided that if the City knowingly and wilfully violated any of his testamentary conditions, he bequeathed the said remainder to the Com
Testator then provided that if the Commonwealth failed to apply his bequests to the uses and purposes he mentioned, he devised the remainder to the United States of America for the purpose of internal navigation and no other — “the rents aforesaid always excepted and reserved for the College as aforesaid.” First and foremost was always the College!
It is impossible for any unbiased person to read Girard’s will without being convinced that his specific, as well as his primary and dominant and paramount intent, was to provide a college and orphanage home for “poor white male orphans”. Girard not only specifically said so twice in his residuary trust provisions or bequests, but in all gifts or provisions pertaining to his residuary estate, the College was placed above everything else as the primary object of his heart and bounty. The language describing and defining the class of beneficiaries, namely, “poor white male orphans” is so clear, plain, certain, unambiguous and unmistakable,' that it seenis incredible that it is now contended that “white” does not mean “white” — it means white and black and yellow and brown.
Before discussing the many cases which for a period of over 100. years have sustained Girard’s- testamentary orphanage establishment for-poor-white-male orphans, we shall dispose of those contentions of 'appellant which are so far-fetched ás to be entirely .devoid of merit..... . ' :
Appellants contend that Girard was interested in and wanted to aid the City of Philadelphia and the poor people of Philadelphia and therefore he must have wanted white and black orphans and all poor people of Philadelphia admitted to this orphanage establishment. Girard in several paragraphs of his will not only said he was interested in and wanted to aid the City of Philadelphia and the poor people thereof, but he specifically did exactly that in a number of bequests in his will Avhich have been hereinabove recited. Of course it is a non sequitor to say that because he Avanted to aid the City and the poor, he must therefore have wanted all orphans, or black and white orphans, or all poor people of Philadelphia admitted to the college, when he specifically saicl something entirely different.
Perhaps the most far-fetched and fantastic contention which was vigorously urged upon us was that if Girard had foreseen the Civil War and the subsequent Constitutional Amendments, particularly the Fourteenth Amendment, and certain recent decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, and had lived in these modern times when colors and races intermingle and fraternize, he would have desired Girard College to be a college for all poor male orphans (or for all the poor people of Philadelphia) without distinction for race, creed or color.
“. . . it is and always has been the law of Pennsylvania that every individual may leave his property by will to any person, or to any charity, or for any lawful purpose he desires, unless he lacked mental capacity, or the will was obtained by forgery or fraud or undue influence, or was the product of a so-called insane delusion. While it is difficult for many people to understand how or why a man is permitted to make a strange or unusual or an eccentric bequest, especially if he has children or close relatives living, we must remember that under the law of Pennsylvania, ‘ “a man’s prejudices are a part of his liberty. He has a right to the control of his property while living, and may bestow it as he sees fit” at his death: McCown v. Fraser, 327 Pa. 561, 192 A. 674; Cauffman v. Long, 82 Pa. 72.’ ”: Johnson Will, 370 Pa. 125, 87 A. 2d 188.
In Cannistra Estate, 384 Pa. 605, 121 A. 2d 157,' this Court said: “No rule regarding wills is more settled than the great General Rule that' the'testator’s intent, if it is hot unlawful, must prevail!" This is the reason why so many cases continually proclaim that. the.pole ..star .in the construction, of every will is.
“The language of Mr. Justice Steaexe, speaking for the Court in Borsch Estate, 362 Pa. 581, 67 A. 2d 119, is particularly appropriate: ‘We said, in Stoffel’s Estate, 295 Pa. 248, 145 A. 70, P. 251: “One possessed of testamentary capacity, who makes a will in Pennsylvania, may die with the justifiable conviction that the courts will see to it that his dispositions, legally made, are not departed from by those charged with the duty of performance, . . .” ’ This always has been and unless changed or modified by the legislature, should continue to be the wise salutary policy of the Courts of Pennsylvania regarding Avills.”
Gifts to charity, outright or in trust, are favored by the laAV of Pennsylvania: Daly’s Estate, 208 Pa. 58, 66, 57 A. 180; Jordan’s Estate, 329 Pa. 427, 429, 197 A. 150; McKee Estate, 378 Pa. 607, 108 A. 2d 214. We have sustained charitable trusts for every conceivable charity — sectarian churches, hospitals and homes of all denominations, charitable gifts for denominational or sectarian ministers, for priests, for free masons, for aged couples, for aged Israelites, for AvidoAVS, for all classes of society, and even for agnostic societies. Gifts to priATate schools and colleges haAre been sustained as valid and constitutional. Cf. Pierce v. Hill Military Academy, 268 U. S. 510; Craig Estate, 356 Pa. 564, 52 A. 2d 650; Donohugh’s Appeal, 86 Pa. 306; Hill School Tax Exemption Case,
In Craig Estate, 356 Pa., supra, testatrix’s gift of $25,000. to the Trustees of the Central Presbyterian Church, to be retained as a permanent fund and the income used in keeping the church properties in order and for such other church purposes as the trustees may direct, was sustained even though the church dissolved and a new or substituted trustee was appointed by the Orphans’ Court. The Court said: “Where a gift is made directly to a charitable or religious body for purposes which are within the powers of the corporation, it is a trustee for itself, and holds for the purposes specified in the gift. It is, however, a trust in the sense that the fund does not merge into the general property of the corporation but remains under the jurisdiction of a court of Equity. Equity has power to define the trust and to restrain any violation of it. See Wilson v. Board of City Trusts, 324 Pa. 545. . . .
“In Pennsylvania the control and disposition of church property is subject to the rules and regulations of the religious body to which the church belongs: Act of June 20, 1935, P. L. 353, 10 PS 81; Canovaro v. Brothers of St. Augustine, 326 Pa. 76; but both that act and the decision cited recognize that donations and gifts in trusts lawfully established by wills or reserved in writing must be preserved and given due effect; an all-sufficient reason being given in Brown v. Hummell, 6 Pa. 86, 95, namely, that the hand of private benevolence be not stayed and checked by the conviction that the will of the donor may not be preserved.”
In Pierce v. Hill Military Academy, 268 U. S., supra, the Court said (page 514) : “This Court, like the
The right to dispose by Avill of one’s property is one of the most treasured rights of an American citizen,
Appellants argue that Girard’s will discriminates against negroes. It could just as readily be argued, and it would be just as irrelevant, that it similarly discriminates against all girls — white, red, yellow, brown and black — against white boys who are not orphans,— against white boys who are not poor, — as well as against all poor boys who are not born in Philadelphia. The fact that a testator prefers to leave his money by will, or limit and restrict his testamentary bequests to some of his children, or to some of his relatives instead of to all of his children, or all of his relatives, or to a church or charity instead of to his relatives, or for people suffering with certain diseases, or for aged Protestants, or “for the poor of the German Lutheran Congregation”, or for the “Roman Catholic Church of Saint Coleman for its own uses and purposes”, or to a named Catholic priest or church for the poor of that parish, or for a named sectarian Orphanage, or for a sectarian or denominational church or home or charity or for any charitable purpose, does not constitute discrimination in its legal meaning. In Wharton Appeal, 373 Pa. 360, 369, 96 A. 2d 104, the Court said: “A testator . . . may exclude any one whom he wishes, except a surviving spouse. The reason for the exclusion need not be stated by testator and will not be passed upon by a court.”
It is indisputable that nearly every charitable bequest excludes more than half of the public, but it
A Century of Interpretation By Parties and Courts
Not only is Girard’s will crystal clear that he wished, meant, said and intended that only “poor white male orphans” should be admitted to Girard College, but that very interpretation and construction has been placed upon this testamentary provision of his will for over 100 years (1) by those who have administered and managed the trust estate for Girard College (which now amounts to approximately $98,000,000.), and (2) by the Supreme Court of the United States, and (3) by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and (4) by the lower Courts of this Commonwealth, and (5) by the present appellant — the City of Philadelphia.
It is very important to note that this is a privately founded and privately endowed charity — an “orphanage establishment”, a college and home for orphans— poor white male orphans. Girard College is not and never was a government owned piece of real estate or building or public college; it was not constructed and it is not and never was maintained by the State, the City or its agents from tax money or public funds, nor has the public as such ever been admitted. Girard College was built on land owned by Girard, with Girard’s own money, and every dollar of its construction, maintenance and upkeep, and the salaries or wages of its teachers and employes, and the food, clothing, lodging maintenance and education of its boys have been paid by and from the private funds of a private citizen, Stephen Girard. We repeat, neither the City of Philadelphia nor the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania nor the Government of the United States
Perhaps equally important, Girard College was never administered by the City in its governmental or sovereign capacity. It was administered originally by the Mayor, Aldermen and Councils, and subsequently by an independent agency created by the Legislature solely in the capacity of a fiduciary or trustee governed, hound and limited by the directions and provisions of Girard’s Will.
Today neither the Mayor of Philadelphia nor any of the departments under him, nor City Council administers, manages or operates the orphanage known as Girard College in any capacity whatsoever. Today under the Philadelphia Home Rule Charter adopted April 17, 1951, effective January 7, 1952, neither Girard College nor its Board of Directors of City trusts are included within the City government; on the contrary, the Board of Directors of City Trusts, which administers Girard’s testamentary trust known as Girard College, is specifically excluded from the City Charter. Section A-100 of the Philadelphia Home Rule Charter provides: “Except as otherwise specifically provided, this charter shall not apply to the Board of Directors of City Trusts and to any institutions operated by it.” And the annotation thereto states: “4. The Board of City Trusts is generally not dealt with by the Charter to protect its special status as a trustee.”
When the City of Philadelphia administered Girard College, it administered it in the capacity, not of a government or sovereign dealing as it wished with its own public property, but solely as a fiduciary trustee to carry out the directions of Girard’s will by which it was limited and bound. It was compelled under Paragraph XXIV of Girard’s will to keep an account of his estate separate and distinct from all other monies and accounts of the City; it had to furnish annually to the Legislature an account so that a Committee of the Legislature could examine it and see that his estate was applied only to the purposes set forth in his will and that his “intentions had been fully complied with”. The reason for Girard’s appointment of the City as trustee is obvious. When Girard made Ms will in 1830 he naturally desired a perpetual trustee to carry out the wonderful and perpetual charitable orphanage and college he so earnestly desired and so minutely prescribed. Sitting in Girard’s armchair, as we must do, to look at the attendant and surrounding circumstances,
A municipality, if it is authorized to do so by the Legislature, can act (1) in its sovereign or public or governmental capacity; (2) in its private or proprietary capacity, in which event it is considered a separate entity acting for its own private purposes and not as a subdivision of the State: Cf. White Oak Borough Authority Appeal, 372 Pa. 424, 93 A. 2d 437; Shirk v. Lancaster City, 313 Pa. 158, 169 A. 557; Western Saving Fund Society v. Philadelphia, 31 Pa. 175; Moore v. Luzerne County, 262 Pa. 216, 105 A. 94; Bell v. Pittsburgh, 297 Pa. 185, 146 A. 567; Madden v. Borough of Mt. Union, 322 Pa. 109, 185 A. 275; Carlisle Gas & Water Co. v. Carlisle Borough, 218 Pa. 554, 67 A. 844; Commonwealth v. P. R. T. Co., 287 Pa. 70, 134 A. 452; Versailles Township Authority v. McKeesport, 171 Pa. Superior Ct. 377, 90 A. 2d 581; or (3) in a fiduciary (trustee) capacity, in Avhich event it, like any indi
Before the College was constructed, Girard’s testamentary trust for the College was vigorously attached by Ms heirs, but toas sustained as a valid charitable trust by the Supreme Court of the United States in Vidal el al. v. Girard’s Executors, 43 U. S. 127. The heirs were represented by Daniel Webster and other leading lawyers of that day. That case arose by a bill in equity to set aside Girard’s testamentary trust for the College. Mr. Justice Btgky said, inter alia: “The persons who are to receive the benefits of the institution he declared to be, ‘poor white male orphans between the ages of six and ten years; . . .’. The principal questions, to which the arguments at the bar have been mainly addressed, are; First, whether the corporation of the city of Philadelphia is capable of taking the bequest of the real and personal estate for the erection and support of a college upon the trusts and for the uses designated in the will: Secondly, whether these uses are charitable uses valid in their nature and capable of being carried into effect consistently with the laws of Pennsylvania: . . . . . . . where the corporation has a legal capacity to take real or personal estate, there it may take and hold it upon trust, in the same manner and to the same effect as a private person may do. It is true that, if the trust be repugnant to, or inconsistent with the proper purposes for which the corporation was created, that may furnish a ground why it may not be compellable to execute it. But that will furnish no ground to declare the trust itself void, if otherwise unexceptionable; but
“We are, then, led directly to the consideration of the question which has been so elaborately argued at the bar, as to the validity of the trusts for the erection of the college, according to the requirements and regulations of the will of the testator. That the trusts are of an eleemosynary nature, and charitable uses in a judicial sense, we entertain no doubt. Not only are charities for the maintenance and relief of the poor, sick, and impotent, charities in the sense of the common law, but also donations given for the establishment of colleges, schools, and seminaries of learning, and especially such as are for the education of orphans and poor scholars. . . .
“Several objections have been taken to the present bequest to extract it from the reach of these decisions. In the first place, that the corporation of the city is incapable by law of taking the donation for such trusts. This objection has been already sufficiently considered. . . .
In Girard v. Philadelphia, 74 U. S. 1 — which was an action of ejectment where the issue was the meaning and validity of Girard’s will — -the Supreme Court of the United States again sustained the validity of Girard’s testamentary trust for the orphanage college and again pointed out that the College was the primary object of his bounty. The Court said, inter alia: “. . . the attempt to restrain the alienation of the realty, being inoperative, could not affect the validity of the devise,
“. . . Now, it is admitted (for it has been so decided), that till February, 1854, the corporation was
“Now, it cannot be pretended that the legislature had not the power to appoint another trustee if the act had dissolved the corporation, or to continue the rights, duties, trusts, &c., in the enlarged corporation. It has done so, and has given the widest powers to the trustee to administer the trusts and charities according to the intent of the testator, as declared in his will.
“The legislature may alter, modify, or even annul the franchises of a public municipal corporation,
“. . . it cannot admit of a doubt that, where there is a valid devise to a corporation, in trust for charitable purposes, unaffected by any question as to its validity because of superstition, the sovereign may interfere to enforce the execution of the trusts, either by changing the administrator, if the corporation be dissolved, or, if not, by modifying or enlarging its franchises, provided the trust be not perverted, and no wrong done to the beneficiaries. Where the trustee is a corporation, no modification of its franchises, or change in its name, while its identity remains, can affect its rights to hold property devised to it for any purpose. Nor can a valid vested estate, in trust, lapse or become forfeited by any misconduct in the trustee, or inability in the corporation to execute it, if such existed. Charity never fails; and it is the right, as well as the duty of the sovereign, by its courts and public officers, as also by legislation (if needed), to have the charities properly administered.
“Now, there is no complaint here that the charity, so far as regards the primary and great object of the testator, is not properly administered; and it does not
“1st. The residue of the estate of Stephen Girard, at the time of his death, was, by his will, vested in the corporation on valid legal trusts, . . .”.
These cases completely answer and refute all of appellants’ contentions.
The Courts of Pennsylvania have likewise repeatedly passed upon and sustained the validity of Girard’s testamentary trust for this orphanage establishment or college for “poor white male orphans” and have recognized it as the primary object of his bounty.
Girard’s Will first came directly before this Court
“Then follow ten paragraphs in which he directs how his college shall be organized and managed, and what orphans shall he admitted into it. They must be poor white male orphans between the age of six and ten years, and must be bound to the corporation of the city. Priority of application to entitle to preference, all other things concurring; if more applicants than vacancies preference shall be given, ‘First, to orphans born in the city of Philadelphia; Secondly, to those born in any other part of Pennsylvania; Thirdly, to those born in the city of New York (that being the first port on the continent of North America at which 1 arrived); and lastly, to those born in the city of New Orleans (being the first port on the said continent at which I first traded in the first instance, as first officer, and subsequently as master and part owner of a vessel and cargo).’ ”
“There is no sort of difficulty in making an analysis of the relevant parts of this will in accordance with this distinction.
“It is a devise of all the residue of his real and personal estate to the city of Philadelphia, an existing corporation, in trust, as his ‘primary object/ to
“4. Possibly some of the directions given for the management of this charity are very unreasonable and even impracticable; but this does not annul the gift. The rule of equity on this subject seems to be clear, that when a definite charity is created, the failure of the particular mode in which it is to be effectuated does not destroy the charity, for equity will substitute another mode, so that the substantial intention shall not depend on the insufficiency of the formal intention: 7 Ves. 69; 4 Id. 329; 14 Simons 232; 17 S. & R. 91; 1 M. & W. 287.
“5. And this is the doctrine of cy pres, ... a reasonable doctrine, by which a well-defined charity, or one where the means of definition are given, may be enforced in favour of the general intent, even where the mode or means provided for by the donor fail by reason of their inadequacy or unlawfulness.”
Girard’s Will next came before this Court in Philadelphia v. Fox, 64 Pa. 169. The legislature passed an Act of June 30, 1869, providing for a separate body of citizens for the administration of trusts vested in the city, to be known as the Board of Directors, of City Trusts. The City contested the constitutionality of this Act and contended, inter alia, that the legislature could not take away the property of the municipal corporation without payment,. and that every citizen of Philadelphia and every owner, of property in the territorial limits in the old. city of Philadelphia had a pecuniary.interest in the devise of Mr. Girard. . The City’s contentions .were rejected by . this Court which, speaking through Justice Shabswood/. said, inter alia •:
“Such a municipal corporation may he a trustee, under the grant or will of an individual or private corporation, but only as it seems for public purposes, germane to its objects: . . . .
“. . . When, therefore, the donors or testators of these charitable funds granted or devised them in trust to the municipality, they must be held to have done so with the full knowledge that their trustee so selected was a mere creature of the state, an agent acting-under a revocable power. Substantially they trusted the good faith of the sovereign. It is plain — too plain, indeed, for argument, that the corporation by accepting such trusts, could not thereby .invest itself with any immunity from legislative action. . • Such an act could hot change its éssential nature. It is surely not competent • for a mere, municipal organization,. which is made a. trustee of a charity,. to set up a vested right
Gy Pres
The doctrine of cy pres is totally inapplicable in the instant case because that part of the will which appellants attack, namely, testator’s dominant intent to establish a home and college for “poor white male orphans” is clearly and unmistakably declared and can be literally and lawfully carried out. Appellants have completely misunderstood the doctrine of cy pres and when and for what purpose it will be applied. Cy pres is a well recognized equitable doctrine which is applicable when the object of a charitable bequest is not clear, or testator’s dominant purpose and intent can not be literally and lawfully carried out, or when one or more of the. directions concerning the charitable gift or the subordinate purposes or administrative provisions cannot be literally or lawfully carried out. In such an event the Courts sustain the charity and all
14 Corpus Juris Secundum, Charities, §52, page 512, aptly and accurately states: “§52. — Cy Pres Power as Judicial Function, a. Definition and Nature. Cy pres means ‘as near to’, and the doctrine is one of construction, the reason or basis thereof being to permit the main purpose of the donor of a charitable trust to be carried out as nearly as may be where ir cannot he done to the letter ”
Williams Estate, 353 Pa. 638, 46 A. 2d 237. furnishes an accurate exposition and a proper application of cy pres. In that case, testatrix left her residuary estate in trust to establish a charitable home in the dwelling house she occupied and the adjoining grounds contiguous thereto for aged women who were unable to support themselves. The prospective beneficiaries were limited to residents of the County of Tioga, Pa. The residuary estate was insufficient for the purpose of carrying out testatrix’s intent in the exact manner prescribed as recited above. The Orphans’ Court applied the cy pres doctrine and awarded the residuary estate to the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hospital for the approximate charitable uses which testatrix specified. The Court said: “. . . The case therefore properly calls for an exercise of the court’s cy pres power to prevent a failure of the testatrix’s general charitable intent.
“However, as we said in Wilkey’s Estate, supra, [337 Pa. 129], at pp.l32-Í33,; — ‘In applying the principle of cy prés the ¿óurt does-not arbitrarily substitute its ovin judgment for the désiré of the testator, or supply a fictional' testamentary intent, but, on the contrary,
In Wanamaker Estate, 364 Pa. 248, 72 A. 2d 106, where the fund was inadequate for the exact purpose designated by the testator, the doctrine of cy pres was wisely applied and the Court said, inter alia:
“. . . "When a court applies the doctrine of cy pres it is not thereby arbitrarily substituting a beneficiary in place of the one designated by the testator, nor is it substantially altering the testamentary intent; on the contrary, it is carrying out that intent in its broader outlines in accordance with the testator’s more fundamental wishes as the court interprets them. . . .”
It is unnecessary to review additional authorities or to cite the many cases enunciating or dealing with the doctrine of cy pres in order to demonstrate what every student of the law of wills knows, namely, cy pres is never applicable to destroy a charitable bequest or a charitable trust, or to pervert or defeat testator’s dominant intent, as appellants would have us do in the instant case by omitting the word “white”.
City Holds the Gieaed Estate, Not In Its Goveenmental Capacity, But Ip At All, Only In Its Eiduciaey Capacity
It is, beyond any question, clear from Girard’s Will that the City held Girard’s residuary trust estate for the College only in a fiduciary capacity — that is as trustee for the persons, uses, purposes and trusts which were clearly set forth, defined and limited in Girard’s Will. One of appellants’ fundamental fallacies is their failure to recognize that the City can act in a fiduciary capacity as distinguished from a governmental capacity, and that with respect to Girard College (as also with respect to 88 other trusts) it
In Girard v. Philadelphia, 74 U. S., supra, the Court again said: “. . . the corporation was vested Avith a complete title to the Avhole residue of the estate of Stephen Girard, subject to these charitable trusts. . . . The legislature . . . has giA-en the Avidest poAvers to the trustee to administer the trusts and charities according to the intent of the testator, as declared in his will.”
In City of Philadelphia v. The Heirs of Stephen Girard, 45 Pa. 9, the Court said (p. 25) : “It [the Will] is a devise of all the residue of his real and personal es
Not only did the Supreme Court of the United States as well as the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and the lower Courts of Pennsylvania and the Legislature of Pennsylvania recognize (as above recited) that the City held Girard’s residuary estate for Girard College in its capacity as a trustee under Girard’s Will, but the City itself has recognized that the City held said estate as trustee, and did not hold or own this property in its governmental or municipal capacity. The City caused the Legislature in 1832 and 1847 to pass an Act authorizing it (a) to accept Girard’s testamentary bequests for the improvement of the City, and (b) to carry out the charitable uses and trusts set forth in his will. This was wise because, as we have seen, the City of Philadelphia is not a sovereign, and the only powers it possesses are those granted to it by the Legislature, which, as stated by this Court in Philadelphia v. Fox, 64 Pa., supra, could be enlarged or terminated by the Legislature at 'will.
The Board of Directors of City Trusts contends that “poor white male orphans” means exactly what the testator said and should be upheld; on the other side, the City seeks to A'oid or diametrically alter this bequest. The City — assuming, arguendo, that it has a standing in this case, although under the Philadelphia Home Buie Charter the Board of Directors of City Trusts is, as above noted, a separate and distinct entity which is excluded from the Charter- — has on five prior occasions demonstrated, that its status and rights in the Girard Estate were only those of a trustee. For example, in 1921 the City of Philadelphia in its gov
Do not those actions of the City further demonstrate that in its relationship to the Girard Estate it was acting solely as trustee and not in its governmental capacity!
How specious and fallacious is the appellants’ argument that the City was acting in a governmental capacity instead of in a fiduciary trustee capacity with
It is as clear as crystal that until the present suit was brought, the Courts, the Legislature, and even the City of Philadelphia recognized that the City did not own or hold Girard’s residuary estate (for the orphanage establishment now known as Girard College) in its governmental capacity, but either it or the Board of Directors of City Trusts owned or held all the said property of the Girard Estate as Trustee for the persons, uses and purposes specifically set forth and defined and limited in and by Girard’s Will.
The cases of Wilson v. Board of City Trusts, 324 Pa. 545, 188 A. 588, and Girard Estate, 73 D. & C. 42, on which appellants rely, refute, instead of support, the position of the appellants and their aforesaid contentions. What the Wilson case holds and stands for is clear, from the following quotations from the opinion of this Court;
“S. Davis Wilson,, as Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, and. as a member of the Board of City Trusts,
“. . . All trusts created by wills are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the orphans’ court and trusts inter vivos may fall within the jurisdiction of the two courts.
“To whom then is the Board of City Trusts accountable? The Act of June 30, 1839, P. L. 1276, provided that The duties, rights and powers of the City of Philadelphia, concerning all property . . . dedicated to charitable uses or trusts, the charge or administration of which are now or shall hereafter become vested in . . . the city . . . shall be discharged by the said city through ... a board composed of fifteen persons, including the mayor of said city, ... to be called directors of city trusts, who shall exercise and discharge all the duties and powers .of said city, . . . concerning any such property appropriated to charitable uses ... to the extent tliat the same have been or may hereafter be, by statute law or otherwise, vested in and delegated to the said city. . . .’.
.. “The common pleas judges, acting as a boai’d of appointment, designate the members of the Board and may remove them (Act of June .30, 1869, P.. L. 1276, Sec. 2, ánd Act of May 25, 1874, P. L. 228)'. This power..they have, however, .hot:. in the capacity-of a court, but as. á board of appointment..- The persons
“What is the relation of this Board to the government of the municipality under the Act? As stated by Judge Shabswood, in Philadelphia v. Fox, 64 Pa. 169, where the Act of 1869 first came up for consideration, it merely provided that one function of municipal government that had theretofore been exercised by the City generally, was removed and placed in a body of fifteen men, while the Mayor, Council and other officers continued to exercise all other governmental functions. Both groups are constituents of City government but they are independent of each other. Judge Shabswood there said, the directors are ‘a board dissociated from the general government of the city.’ It performs a part of the city’s duties and as such, could be considered a part of the City government, but its functions are apart from the general governmental poivers exercised by the City itself. . . .
“The law is clear that a trustee may compel his co-trustee to permit an examination, inspection and audit of the records of the trust estate and all matters in connection therewith that he may perform the duties with which he is intrusted and for whose exercise he.is responsible.”
Girard Estate, 73 D. & C., supra, is well summarized in the syllabus: “The orphans’ court will,...by virtue of the authority conferred upon it by the Revised Price Act óf June 7,1917 . . ., and the Fiduciaries Act óf April 18, 1949 and in application of the cy pres doctrine, authorize the Board of . Directors , of
In that case Judge Bolger said, inter alia: “These restraints upon alienation were advanced against the validity of the will in Philadelphia v. Heirs of Stephen Girard, 45 Pa. 9 (1863), wherein the court held that they did not affect the validity of the trust, since they applied only to the mode of administration.
All of the foregoing cases as well as the actions of the City itself make clear beyond the peradventure of a doubt that there is absolutely no merit in appellants’ contentions that Girard College is City property owned by it in its governmental capacity, or that the City was the primary object of testator’s bounty, or that the City could, in its governmental capacity or otherwise, divert the trust property to any public purpose or use it desired, or that it could rewrite testator’s will in a manner and for a purpose diametrically different from the primary objects lie so clearly specified.
It is, we repeat, impossible to read Girard’s Will without being convinced that the primary object of his heart and soul and bounty was the construction and maintenance of an orphan establishment now known as Girard College — a home, college and orphanage for “poor white male orphans”. It is a great and wonderful charitable trust which has been repeatedly sustained by the Supreme Court of the United States and by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and by the lower Courts of Pennsylvania for over one hundred years — it should not now be perverted or destroyed unless recent decisions of the Supreme Court clearly compel such a change.
Recent Decisions op the Supreme Court
The final contention made by appellants is that Girard’s charitable trust for “poor white male orphans” violates the Fourteenth Amendment -to the Constitution of the United States and therefore can-no longer be carried out. Tbe Fourteenth Amendment
The cases on which appellants mainly rely to support this contention are Brown et al. v. Board of Education, 347 U. S. 483; Bolling et al. v. Sharpe et al., 347 U. S. 497; Barrows v. Jackson, 346 U. S. 249; and Shelley et ux. v. Kraemer et ux., 334 U. S. 1. These are factually very different from the instant case and do not control it. In the Broten case and its companion case, the Bolling case, the issue was the right of colored boys to attend a public school on an integrated basis with white students. The Court held that a segregated colored school was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment and reqxxired public schools to be on an integrated basis. In the Bolling case the same principle was applied to the Federal Government under the Fifth Amendment. In those cases the public schools were, as their name implied, public schools founded and maintained and paid for by the State or by the Federal Government or by one of their (respective) agents out of public funds, namely, taxes or other public money. Neither those decisions, nor any other decision, nor the Fourteenth Amendment provide that a - private individual cániiot leave his money: for a church or eliarity of his choice, or for a private school or for án orphanage for -white persons ór for any- sem tarian pui'pose. - Cf. Booker v. Grand Rapids Medical
In Pierce v. Kill Military Academy, 268 U. S. 510, the Court held that the State cannot, under its police power, deprive citizens of the right to establish private schools, or deprive parents of the right to have their children attend private schools, or compel parents to have their children attend public schools. Such a statute, the Court said, would be a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. This was reiterated in Connell v. Kennett Township, 356 Pa. 585, 52 A. 2d 645; Commonwealth ex rel. School District of Pittsburgh v. Bey, 166 Pa. Superior Ct. 136, 70 A. 2d 693; Commonwealth v. Beiler, 168 Pa. Superior Ct. 462, 79 A. 2d 134.
The Brown and the Bolling cases, we repeat, dealt only with public schools owned and operated with taxpayers’ money and did not purport to hold that a private school for white persons or a private charity or a sectarian church was or would be a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. They are therefore clearly distinguishable.
In Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U. S. 60, a City Ordinance which forbade colored persons to occupy houses as residences in blocks where the greater number of houses were occupied by white persons, was declared unconstitutional as a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. This is clearly distinguishable from the instant case because that was State or City action.
In Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U. S. 323, plaintiff brought a suit in equity to enjoin the conveyance of certain real estate to a colored man in violation of an agreement between plaintiff and defendant and other landowners not to sell to any person of negro race or blood. The Supreme Court said (pp. 329-330):
*610 “Under the pleadings in the present case the only-constitutional question involved was that arising under the assertions in the motions to dismiss that the indenture or covenant which is the basis of the bill, is ‘void’ in that it is contrary to and forbidden by the Fifth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. This contention is entirely lacking in substance or color of merit.* The Fifth Amendment ‘is a limitation only upon the powers of the General Government,’ Talton v. Mayes, 163 U. S. 376, 3S2, and is not directed against the action of individuals. The Thirteenth Amendment denouncing slavery'- and involuntary servitude, that is, a condition of. enforced compulsory service of one to another, does not in other matters protect the individual rights of persons of the negro race. Hodges v. United States, 203 U. S. 1, 16, 18. And the prohibitions of the Fourteenth Amendment ‘have reference to state action exclusively, and not to any action of private individuals.' Virginia v. Rives, 100 U. S. 313, 318; United States v. Harris, 106 U. S. 629, 639. ‘It is State action of a particular character that is prohibited. Individual invasion of individual rights is not the subject-matter of the Amendment/ Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S. 3, 11. It is obvious that none of these Amendments prohibited private individuals from entering into contracts respecting the control and disposition of their own property; and there is no color Avhatever for the contention that they rendered the indenture void.”
The Corrigan case has been cited with approval many times by the Supreme Court of the United States. • However, in the recent case of. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U. S. 1, tlie Court- emphasized the point that Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U. S. 323, supra, did not decide whether the restrictive covenants could be judi
In Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 II. S., supra, the Court held that a colored man had a constitutional right to purchase and occupy properly and that a racially restricted real estate covenant could not be enforced by the State Courts because it amounted to a denial by the State or its officers of the equal protection of the laws in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court pointed out, however, that the constitutional provision loas only a prohibition against the States and not against individual citizens. The Court, speaking through Chief Justice Vinson, said: “Since the decision of this Court in the Civil Rights cases, 109 U. S. 3, the principle has become firmly embedded in our constitutional law that the action inhibited by the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment is only such action as may fairly be said to be that of the States. That Amendment erects no shield against merely private conduct, hoicever discriminatory or wrongful.
“We conclude, therefore, that the restrictive agreements standing alone cannot he regarded as violative of any rights guaranteed to petitioners hy the Fourteenth Amendment. So long as the purposes of those agreements are effectuated by voluntary adherence to their terms, it would appear clear that there has been
The City in this case is not acting as a sovereign or as an agency of or for the State; if it is acting at all, it is acting, we repeat, as trustee under a ivill of a private citizen. The property involved is the property, not of the City or the State; it is the property of the Stephen Girard Estate and it is Girard’s charity and benevolence and his will, not the charity or benevolence of the City or State, that alone is involved in this case. The Courts are not acting as an agency of the City or State to deprive these applicants of any constitutional rights — the applicants are the ones who are seeking State action in their behalf to invalidate a private Will in which they are not beneficiaries. This is the converse of Shelley v. Kraemer and would seem to be a matter completely outside of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Private trusts for charitable purposes, of which there are a myriad, have been sustained as valid by the Supreme Court of the United States and by the Courts of every State, particularly Pennsylvania, even where the class of beneficiaries was limited to racial or religious groups. Such charitable trusts are still valid and constitutional unless State or City action (or an agency thereof) deprives persons excluded from the charity, of their constitutional rights.
This Charitable Trust Will Not Be Permitted to Fail Merely Because the City Does Not Desire to Or Cannot Legally Act As Trustee
It is hornbook law that the Orphans’ Court has the inherent power to remove a trustee and to appoint a new or substitute trustee, in order to protect or preserve the trust. If the City of Philadelphia does not
Effect of City’s Contentions
If the present contention of the City is correct, its effect will be catastrophic on testamentary church and charitable bequests, as well as on the law of Wills in Pennsylvania. The constitutional prohibition against discrimination — the Fourteenth Amendment — is not confined to color; it 'prohibits the States from making any discrimination because of race, creed or color. It follows logically and necessarily that if an individual cannot constitutionally leave his money to an orphanage or to a private home and college for poor white male orphans, he cannot constitutionally leave his money to a Catholic, or Episcopal, or Baptist, or Methodist, or Lutheran or Presbyterian Church; or to a Synagogue for Orthodox Jews; or to a named Catholic Church or to a named Catholic priest for Masses for the repose of his soul, or for other religious or charitable purposes. That would shock the people of Pennsylvania and the people of the United States more than a terrible earthquake or a large atomic bomb.
“. . . Significantly, he [Girard] did not specify any color limitation in the latter two gifts. Therefore, it is clear that he intended white, and no other, in the pivotal phrase now before us, viz: ‘poor white male orphans’, and that he knew how to say white when he meant white.
“. . . There is no shortage of ‘poor white male orphans’. In fact, there are more qualified applicants than can be accepted and accommodated. There is, therefore, no present failure of the purpose of the trust; a fortiori, there is no ground for the application of the cy pres doctrine. . . .
“The fallacy in exceptants’ position is their contention that Girard College should be regarded as a public school. It is not. Girard College is a private school. It is more than that — in Stephen Girard’s own words it is an ‘Orphan establishment’, where the objects of testator’s bounty receive not only an education but also lodging, board, clothing and all of the necessities of life. The trust estate was created solely from the private property of Girard. Girard College was not established and it has never been operated at pub-
Italics tlirougliout, ours,
By his codicil dated June 20, 1831, he changed the situs of his “Orphan Establishment” to its’ present location.
1 and 2 dealt with instructors.
It was even argued that you could not be a good American citizen unless you went to a school composed of whites and colored.'
See also: Crawford Estate, 362 Pa. 458, 67 A. 2d 124; Warden Trust, 382 Pa. 311, 314-315, 115 A. 2d 159; McKean Estate, 366 Pa. 192, 77 A. 2d 447; Borsch Estate, 362 Pa. 5S1, 67 A. 2d 119; Willcox v. Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co., 357 Pa. 581, 55 A. 2d 521.
One of the basic fallacies of appellants is their failure to recognize the distinction between the City’s actions in its governmental capacity and its actions in its .capacity as a’fiduciary or trustee. .
McFadden Estate, 381 Pa. 464, 1Í2 A. 2d 148; Wright Estate, 380 Pa. 106, 110 A. 2d 198; Edmunds Estate, 374 Pa. 22, 97 A. 2d
The Pennsylvania Company for Insurance on Lives and Granting Annuities, now known as The First Pennsylvania Banking and Trust Company, was incorporated in 1S12, but did not acquire trust powers until 1836. The Girard Trust Company, now the Girard Trust Corn Exchange Bank, was incorporated in 1836. The Fidelity Trust Company, now the Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Company, was incorporated in 1S66. The Provident Trust Company was incorporated in 1865. The Real Estate Title Insurance Company, now known as' Tradesmens' 'Bank and- Trust Company, was incorporated as a title company in. 1876 and first' acquired trust powers in 18S9. These .were the first-trust companies-in Phil-, adelphia and their importance trust-wise is further evidenced by the- fact- that in 1847 the Pennsylvania Company had total trust assets of only $176,000. . ... ■ •.
The same question is raised again in the instant case and was raised and decided adversely to the appellants in Girard Estate, 73 D. & C. 42.
construct Delaware Avenue and repair wharves, and (b) “to ap
Unless authorized by tbe Constitution or by an Act of Assembly, cities and municipalities are not sovereigns; they have only such powers and such rights of legislation as are authorized by the Constitution or by an Act of the Legislature. Genkinger v. New Castle, 368 Pa. 547, 549, 84 A. 2d 303; Kline v. Harrisburg, 362 Pa. 438, 68 A. 2d 182; Commonwealth v. Moir, 199 Pa. 534, 541, 49 A. 351; Murray v. Philadelphia, 364 Pa. 157, 71 A. 2d 280; Philadelphia v. Fox, 64 Pa. 169, 180; Trenton v. New Jersey, 262 U. S. 182; Hunter v. Pittsburgh, 207 U. S. 161; Pittsburg’s Petition, 217 Pa. 227, 66 A. 348. This was the reason why the City of Philadelphia had Acts passed by the Legislature in 1S32 and 1847 to enable it to accept, the gifts made in Girard’s Will, viz., (a) to will of Stephen Girard.”
As early as 1S46, Girard’s Will had become a landmark in the realm of charitable trusts. In Brown v. Hummel, 6 Pa. 86, testator devised his estate to trustees to establish an' orphan home for the education of poor orphans. I-Ie provided in his Will how the succeeding trustees should be chosen. The legislature attercqjted by Act of April 21, 1846, to require the trustees to be chosen in a manner and by persons different from that set forth by the testator. The Court declared the Act to be unconstitutional and void and said, inter alia: “If the legislature, by ex parte enactment, can alter the will of a private individual, whose will shall escape? On whose will shall the hand of legislative innovation next be laid? . . . What private charity will next be disturbed and invaded? The will of Stephen Girard offers a conspicuous mark. How many charities in the character of hospitals, asylums, and schools, in the state, are exposed to the same peril as the charity created by the will of George Fry? ... If the legislature can alter one man’s will, by license of the constitution, they can alter the will of every man.” If the legislature cannot alter a man’s will, certainly the City, which is an agent of the legislature, cannot do so.
In Benjamin Franklin’s Administratrix v. City of Philadelphia, 2 D.R.. page 435, the lower Court sustained a charitable gift by Franklin to the inhabitants of Philadelphia in trust to pay the income for the benefit of apprentices with gifts over thereafter. That Court, speaking of Girard’s trust for the orphanage College, said: “. . . yet only a class, and that a small class of the people
These cases and others herein cited hold that permission to lease or sell land contrary to testamentary directions gives the Court no right to .invalidate .or pervert or destroy the clearly expressed primary object and purpose of testator’s Will, viz., an"ot; phanage establishment for-“poor white male orphans.”- - - . '!
Italics throughout, ours.
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting Opinion bt
Stephen Girard, the testator whose last will and testament is the subject of controversy in this lawsuit, was horn in Bordeaux, France, on May 21, 1750. At the age of 14, he, like his father who was a mariner, took to the sea and made several voyages to the West Indies. When only 23, he became a duly licensed ship’s captain, and sailed into many ports of the world. He first touched at American soil (San Domingo) in February, 1774, and in July of that year brought his ship for the first time to a North American continental port (New Yorlx). Then in May, 1777, he entered the waters of the Delaware and dropped anchor off Philadelphia’s shores. He was never again to return to his original homeland. He rented a store on Water Street of that city and entered into business.
The shifting fates of the Revolutionary War, with the invasion and occupation of Philadelphia by British troops, drove him from the city on occasion but he always returned to Water Street. In this -neighborhood, with.the exception of a voyage to Charleston and the
In 1802 Stephen Girard was elected a member of the Philadelphia “city councils.” He had now entered the banking field in which he prospered so signally that upon the expiration of the charter of the first Bank of the United States he took over the building theretofore occupied by that institution, named it the Bank of Stephen Girard, and developed it into one of the foremost financial institutions of the country.
For a period of upwards forty years, although engaged in a most extensive commerce, and the owner of numerous vessels employed in a very large foreign trade, Stephen Girard devoted most of his time to banking pursuits, varied by visits to his farm in Passyunk. As stated by Justice Bead in his Opinion in the case of Soohan v. City of Philadelphia, 33 Pa. 9, from which most of this short biographical sketch is drawn, although Stephen Girard enjoyed a “reputation extending over the United States and Europe, as a wealthy and successful merchant and banker, his habits were so retired, plain, and frugal, that his person was unknown to many of- his fellow-citizens. His fame and his -name are indissolubly connected with the
In the year 1830, fully aware that the sands of life were running fast and that but few grains were left Mm to enjoy, having now reached his 80th birthday, Stephen Girard called in his lawyer and prepared to dispose, by will, of the enormous wealth, which his innate ability and shrewd foresight, cooperating with providential circumstance, had amassed. For several weeks the testator and scrivener toiled together and by February 16, 1830, there came to light a document of 35 pages which, through litigation, commentary, and application to the works announced therein, has inspired tens of thousands of pages of writing. In this document which disposed of his riches, Stephen Girard was just and generous to relatives who would survive Ms death, but he stopped short of the thought that they merited the lion’s share of his financial empire. An avid reader of Voltaire’s writings and other philosophical works, he believed that one’s own community and mankind itself deserved a place in the sunshine of the good fortune which had blessed him in the gilded days of his profitable career. Thus, he bestowed on the City of Philadelphia and its people gifts which were more reminiscent of the largesse of a rich, benevolent city father than the munificence of a private citizen. For instance, he set aside funds with which to establish a competent police force, he bequeathed money for the gargantuan task of removing wooden buildings from the limits of the city, he provided for the paving and widening of certain streets, he supplied means for cleaning and keeping clean the city’s docks on the Delaware, and redistribution of .the waters o.f the Schuylkill Biver within the city limits. He made
If anyone was entitled to be called “Mr. Philadelphia” in those days, it was Stephen Girard. In addition to the legacies above enumerated, he opened the flood of his generosity to such institutions as the Philadelphia Hospital, the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, the Orphan Asylum of Philadelphia, and various other organizations for relief of the poor and the distressed.
Grateful to the city which had made Mm rich, Girard was not unmindful of the opportunities afforded by a State government which allowed amplitude to the unfoldment of his business genius. Thus he bequeathed $300,000 to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for purposes of internal improvement by canal investigation.
While all these bequests evinced a warm disposition toward physically improving his city, bettering the general welfare of the people, and mitigating the hardships of the unfortunate, proving the truth of his statement that he had “sincerely at heart the welfare 3f the city of Philadelphia,” — what was even closer to his heart was the desire to aid in “educating the poor, and of placing them by the early cultivation of their minds and the development of their moral principles; above the many temptations, to which, through poverty and ignorance they are exposed”: Towards the accomplishment of this desire he set aside $2,000,000 to provide “for such a number of poor male white-orphan children, as can be trained-in one institution, a better education as well as a more comfortable maintenance
In Clause XX of his will he stated: “Now, I do give devise and bequeath all the residue and remainder of my real and personal estate of every sort and kind and wheresoever situate . . . unto ‘The Mayor, Aider-men and citizens of Philadelphia their successors and assigns in trust to and for the several uses intents and purposes hereinafter mentioned' ”.
In Clause XXI he provided: “And so far as regards the residue of my personal estate, in trust, as to two millions of dollars, part thereof, to apply and expend so much of that sum as may be necessary — in erecting . . .” and maintaining the college which he described in the minutest of detail as to construction, architecture, furnishing, the employment of instructors, the feeding and the clothing of students. As a man of the sea, he could not, with more particularity, have prepared for the construction, maintenance, care, and navigation of a ship, than he directed as to what was to be done to launch his college for orphans. However, before the keel of this vessel of education could be laid, he required that the State do certain things— many things.
Stephen Girard was obviously aware that the enormous project of building a college, selecting and maintaining its students, hiring and paying for instructors, and increasing its capacity, altoays on a non-paying student basis, was one which called for the intervention of the State. However, as appreciative as he was of what the State and City had offered him in the way of opportunity, he was pragmatic enough to realize that even philanthropy calls for rigid organization and supervision. It also in some ways requires sanctions. The fond father who gives his child pennies if he will
It is difficult to imagine a testamentary disposition more completely interwoven with the public’s welfare and responsibilities than the Girard will, all of which renders quite extraordinary the decision of this Court to the effect that the Girard College is simply a private institution. But that will be taken up later. Proceeding with our narrative of events, we arrive at the death of Stephen Girard on December 26, 1831, and the probating of his will on December 31, 1831.
Stephen Girard’s will, as we have seen, envisioned a beautiful dream — a college for the education of the poor. But this dream would have died a-borning without State action. The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was required to act, and act within a year’s time, if Philadelphia was to see one brick placed on top of another in the erection of Stephen Girard’s temple of learning for poor children. The General Assembly lost no time in acting.
Less than a month later (on April 4, 1832) the General Assembly passed another Act providing that “the select and common council of the City of Philadelphia, shall be and they are hereby authorized to provide by ordinance or otherwise, for the election or appointment of such officers and agents as they may deem essential to the due execution of the duties and trusts enjoined and created by the will of the last Stephen Girard.”
Further State intervention was required before doors could be hung in the portals of Girard College. The Girard will stipulated that no orphan could be admitted unless some authoritative relative or “competent authority” guaranteed that the orphan would not be withdrawn from the school before termination of Ms studies. The Legislature, accordingly, on February 27, 1847, passed a Special Act making the City a guardian of every Girard College orphan and prohibiting interference from any relative. Paragraph 9 of Clause XXI of the Girard will provided that when the orphan students arrived at the age between 14 and 18 they were to be bound out by the City to suitable occupations until they had attained the age of 21. The Act of February 27, 1847, authorized the City to bind out the orphans until they reached their majority.
A fourth Act was passed by the General Assembly on April 30, 1853, meeting another requirement of the Girard will, namely, that the City be allowed to bind Girard College orphans as apprentices.
So much was the Girard will a matter of public business that at Harrisburg a special committee was chosen and entitled: Select Committee of the Pennsyl
The cornerstone of the institution was laid on July 4, 1832, and it was officially opened for student occupation on January 1, 1848. On November 9, 1848, Council appointed a visitation committee to visit the college once a month and report on its findings to Council. That the Girard College was an object of continuous solicitude, care, and managership on the part of the City fathers is evidenced by the fact that between September 15, 1832 and December 18, 1869, the Council enacted 48 different ordinances devoted exclusively to the Girard College.
In 1869 the management and direction of Girard College was placed in the hands of a Board of Directors of City Trustees, created by the General Assembly (Act of June 30, 1869, P. L. 1278). This Board (hereinafter called the Board of City Trustees) was composed of the Mayor, the presidents of the Select and
We have related how Stephen Girard declared in his will that the student body of Girard College was to be made up of “poor white male orphans.” On February 1, 1954, William Ashe Foust and Robert Felder, two Negro fatherless boys, aged 8 and 7 years respectively, applied for admission to the Girard College, but were refused enrollment by the Board of City Trusts. In refusing the admission, the Board stated that it had been “advised by its solicitor that it has no power to admit other than white boys to Girard College”.
On September 24, 1954, the rejected Negro applicants and the City of Philadelphia, acting through the Mayor and the Commission on Human Relations, filed separate petitions in the Orphans’ Court of Philadelphia County for a citation upon the Board to show cause why the applicants should not be admitted. The Board admitted in its answer that the applicants had been denied admission solely on the basis of race. After hearing, the Court below upheld the action of the Board and the applicants appealed to this Court.
At the oral argument before this Court the Commonwealth, the City, the applicants, and the Board of Directors were all represented by able counsel who also filed informative briefs. The Court took the case under advisement and the Majority has now affirmed the decision of the lower Court. In its Opinion the Majority well stated the issue brought before us for decision:
“The question then, is whether the limitation in Girard’s will to white children as the beneficaries of his college or orphanage, although undoubtedly lawful at the time of the execution of his will and of his death, has become invalid as a result of the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment which prohibited any State from denying to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. No such question could possibly arise in the case of a private charitable trust for the Fourteenth Amendment applies only to agencies of the State or of a municipality within the State; it is directed solely against State, not individual, action.”
Is then the action of the Board of City Trusts an action of the State? The Supreme Court of the United States said in the case of Ex Parte Virginia, 100
It is a matter of no little weight in determining whether the Girard trust is a public or private charity to note that the City itself makes no effort to conceal the governmental character of its involvement in the direct management of the College. The rejection by the Board of City Trusts of the applications of Felder and Foust was written on official stationery of the City bearing in large type the words City of Philadelphia.
How can it be doubted that in creating the Board of City Trusts the General Assembly intended to bring into being a governmental agency? The enabling Act provided that all duties, rights and powers of the City of Philadelphia with respect to property dedicated to charitable uses or trusts are to be discharged by the City “through the instrumentality of a Board com
The State could have refused to accept, had it chosen to do so, the largesse of Stephen Girard, but it did not so refuse. On the contrary, it eagerly and enthusiastically accepted every proposition advanced by Mr. Girard in his will. The testator spelled it out clearly that if the State was to receive the $300,000 he bequeathed to it, it had to enact certain enabling laws. By accepting the legacy and by passing the requested legislation the State has entered into a contractual obligation which it cannot ignore.
The Majority of the Court seems to have difficulty in finding that the Girard College is a public institution. The job, as I see it, is not how to find that the Girard College is a public charity, but to ascertain by what processes of search, reasoning, and logic it is possible to declare it is a private charity. With the exception of the fact that Stephen Girard originally supplied the funds for the founding of the institution there is not one item in the whole 125-year history of Girard College to support the contention that it is a private institution. The $2,000,000 originally be
Stephen Girard planned well. He knew that without the power, the authority, and the ceaseless supervision of the State, it would have been impossible to crystallize into reality his cherished hopes for a college for non-paying poor children. If, by some dreadful retroactive cataclysm, there would fall out of present reality, all the governmental authority, direction, control, and guardianship which have gone into the Girard College for the last 125 years, the college would today be but a withered dream hanging disconsolately on the melancholy vine of unrealized hopes.
-• The only question in this case is whether the Girard College is a public-institution. If it is, it cannot avoid the Fourteenth. Amendment and it must therefore admit-the applicants in this case. Instead of considering- this issue, which’- the Majority itself lias pointed but, the Majority goes on to discuss at great length a
In 1870, this Court had before it for consideration the Act of June 30, 1869, P. L. 1276, which created the Board of Directors of City Trusts. Referring to that case the Majority Opinion says: “The Act was upheld as to its validity in Philadelphia v. Fox, 64 Pa. 169, where the policy it represented was described (p. 183) as 'having such a board dissociated from the general government of the city’ But the Majority only released part of the quotation. The whole passage reads as follows: “We have nothing to do with the wisdom of the measure — with the policy of having such a board dissociated from the general government of the city, or with the mode of its selection. Those are questions exclusively for the legislature. No one I think can doubt that it was entirely competent for that authority to vest the entire management and control of all municipal affairs in just such a body as that constituted by this act. If they could do the gréater, they can do the less. They could make a similar provision for any other department of the municipality. They might es
The Majority picked up from the Fox case a mere fragment and then dropped it. If it had lingered a little longer in discussion with that epochal decision, it might have concluded that in reality it is decisive of the question before us. For Instance, Justice Sharswoop, who wrote the decision, said: “Such a municipal corporation may be a trustee, under the grant or will of an individual or private corporation, but only as it seems for public purposes, germane to its objects . . . I am aware that it has been said by high authority in England that it may take and hold in trust for purposes altogether private . . . But the administration of such trusts, and the consequent liabilities incurred, are altogether inconsistent with the public duties imposed upon the municipality.” If this Court follows the Fox case, and it is bound to do so since the Majority cites it favorably, it cannot possibly declare the Board of City Trusts to be engaged in administering a private trust. A municipal corporation, as Justice Siiarswood stressed, may only be a trustee where the grant has to do with a public purpose, germane to the object of the corporation. Justice Siiarswood said further: “When, therefore, the donors or testators of these charitable funds granted or devised them in trust
It is obvious from the above that the City of Philadelphia, as a branch of the State government, cannot entertain a right which would prevent the State from changing it as public interests may require, for instance, as the Fourteenth Amendment requires.
Counsel for the applicants put it very well in their brief when they say: “If Girard had been able to set up and maintain Girard College in the manner described in his Will without any special state and municipal legislation, and without the use of public officials, we might be dealing with the situation envisioned by the Orphans’ Court, to wit: purely private arrangements enforced and observed without any State action. But this was not the case.” Indeed it was not the case. As already pointed out, in effectuating the objectives of his will, Stephen Girard called on the Legislature of Pennsylvania, the City Council of PhiL adelphia, the Mayor of Philadelphia, and the Treasurer' of Philadelphia. Then the General Assembly of the Commonwealth added for his benefit the services of the judges of the Courts of Common Pleas (how 21) in- appointing the Board of City Trusts administering his estate. If such a plethora of governmental activity does nót make Girard’s trust a public trust, then the word “public” has undergone a mysterious transforma
Counsel for the Board of City Trusts in their brief tell how the $2,000,000 set aside for the erection of the college was not sufficient for the purpose because of a great depreciation in the value of some of the investments due to the financial panic of 1S37. After this statement, counsel go on to make this significant declaration: “Not only was there a depreciation in the value of some of the investments, and consequently insufficient revenue for the completion of the buildings of the college (Soohan v. City, 33 Pa. at page 23), but the Councils used income from the Girard Estate for municipal purposes other than the College, amounting to $571,958.42, in the years 1833 to 1848 inclusive”. Is it necessary to expatiate on that disclosure? “Councils used incomes from the Girard Estate for municipal purposes”! Can anything be more public than municipal purposes? Incidentally these revealing statistics are drawn from the Report by Hon. George 'Wharton Pepper, Auditor.
The Majority attempts to draw a distinction between the City of Philadelphia and the Board of City Trusts, in spite of the fact that the Board of City Trusts has in the very heart of its organization the chief executive officer of the city, the Mayor; and its chief financial officer, the Treasurer. In support of its strange conclusion the Majority says that the fact the Board filed an answer to the City’s petition is evidence of “the complete severance between the city in its ordinary municipal or governmental capacity and the Board of Directors of City Trusts administering the trusts confided to the city as trustee.” But the action of the Board in this respect is merely self-serving. It is not the first time in the history of government
If the bland affirmation of the Board makes the Board something removed from the City, then the whole present litigation is moot, and this Court is engaged in static academic philosophizing. But it is not enough for the Board to say that it forms no part of the City. This is something it must prove and I submit it can no more prove such severance than the tentacle of any invertebrate can, by mere assertion, make itself independent of the body from which it draws life. While not of any great importance, it is a matter of human interest at least to point out that the attorneys for the Board, in a moment of factual realism, detached from the part they are enacting in this litigation, referred to themselves as “Attorneys for the City of Philadelphia.” On the cover of their brief they sign themselves: “Attorneys for The City of Philadelphia, Trustee Under the Will of Stephen Girard, Deceased, Acting by the Board of Directors of City Trusts.”
In their brief the Board attorneys concede that the Board is a governmental agency but maintain it does not act as a governmental body. But if it is a creature of the law, which it is, it must respond to the law, and, acting according to the law, it cannot possibly ignore the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The Board’s attorneys state further in their brief: “No one doubts that the Board is an agent of the City, but the City and the Board together are agents of Stephen Girard to carry out the terms of the will.” But can the City be the agent of a private individual? The City may no more be an agent of a deceased citizen than it can do the bidding of a living private person. Our whole democratic form of government is
In contending for their position the attorneys for the Board argue that it is not the State or the City which offers educational facilities of Girard College to anyone, but that it is Stephen Girard who does so on his own terms. And then the writer of the Board’s brief enunciates in epigram and in italics: “Since the State offers nothing to anyone, it can scarcely be said to deny something to someoneBut one could reply with en equal economy of language to this apothegm by saying that: In the exercise of its sovereign powers the State offers all opportunities to everybody, and when it denies anything to anybody it denies something to everybody.
The Majority Opinion makes reference to the Philadelphia City Charter and seems to find therein support for its thesis by declaring that the Charter says it does not apply to the Board of City Trusts. However, it seems to me that this exclusion does not mean that the Board is any less governmental. On the contrary, it could mean just the reverse because the Board, being a distinct creature of the Legislature, is under the control of the Legislature and must, as we have seen, report to the Legislature as well as to the City.
In the case of Girard’s Appeal, 4 Pennypacker 347, 361, this Court specifically stated that “the directors of city trusts are a department of the municipality which the Legislature had a constitutional right to establish.” This Court said further in that case: “A man who constitutes such a municipality his trustees, does so subject to all the changes which the sovereign power may make in its character and organization.” Thus, it is futile to reason that the Board of City Trusts has no power to do anything which seems to be in opposition to the testator’s words. The Board,
The Majority introduces the statement that the City is administering some 89 charitable trusts at this time. I do not know what are the provisions of these trusts, nor do I think the Majority knows either. In any event it is entirely irrelevant to speak of these other 88 trusts, for it is safe to assume that not one of them is so interlocked with the State and City as is the Girard trust. And it is not unfair to assume, since the matter has not been called to our attention, that none of those trusts contains provisions in opposition to the Fourteenth Amendment.
The Majority advances the idea that if the Board of City Trusts is engaged in “State action”, the petitioners would still not be entitled to the remedy they seek because the Orphans’ Court could appoint another trustee. The Girard will provides in Article XXIV that if the City wilfully and knowingly violates any of the conditions in the will, the remainder and accumulations will go to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Majority seems to be of the impression that the college could go on operating just the same even if it were deprived of these enormous resources because it would always have the income from the real estate. But there is no evidence whatsoever that with the City withdrawn from the administration, and the remainder and accumulations paid over to the Commonwealth, the Girard College could continue with the large student body it now accommodates, if indeed it could live at all. The Majority feels that it could, and says that on this point the testator “speaks from the grave.” Being dead since 1831, I would think that on all points the testator speaks from the grave, — and
The polar star of Stephen Girard’s entire testamentary disposition was the welfare of Philadelphia. He specifically provided for municipal improvements, assistance to charitable institutions, and education for children, all objects of governmental concern.
The lower Court, in affirming the rejection by the Board of City Trusts, emphasizes that Stephen Girard made it very clear that the students for Girard College were to be limited to “poor white male orphans,” and that since the language was very specific, there was therefore no need of interpretation or construction. The Court highly praised the unequivocality of Girard’s language: “'Among the outstanding characteristics of this will is the meticulous use of plain, unequivocal and unambiguous language. A reading of the will, from its beginning to end, leaves no doubt that Girard knew exactly what he intended, and expressed his many intentions with clarity and simplicity.”
Because of this clarity and simplicity the Court resolved that no canons of construction ai*e to be used, that the words in Girard’s will mean what they say and nothing else, and must therefore not be altered to mean something else. The fact, however, remains that.various words and phrases in Girard’s will have
Stephen Girard also declared that the terms of leases of his real estate were not to exceed 5 years. Despite this precise limitation of 5 years, the Board of City Trusts has, under the authority of the Court, executed leases for 15 years. The Majority also excuses this change with the remark that it was impossible “to secure good tenants on shorter term leases.” But it cannot be gainsaid that liberties were taken with the plain, unequivocal, and unambiguous language of Stephen Girard.
’' It is strange that the Majority makes no reference to the most drastic change of . all in Girard’s will. If anything was made clear in the Girard will it was that he was creating a trust estate for the benefit of or
Webster’s Unabridged International Dictionary defines an orphan as: “A child bereaved by death of both father and mother, or less commonly of either parent —in the latter case sometimes called half-orphan.” But the Girard will did not speak of half-orphans. It spoke of orphans. In any event, if the word orphan is intended to include fatherless children, why does it not also embrace motherless children? Are children of 6 to 10 years in less need of a mother than a father? I believe that this Court in the case of Soohan v. City of Philadelphia, 33 Pa. 9, was entirely justified in including fatherless children under the term orphan because it was interpreting the spirit of the Girard will which was directed toward taking care of children who were poor and in need of attention and care.
But if the word orphan, for reasons of benevolence and humanity, was to be enlarged to encompass children who have lost their father but not their mother, why did the interpretation not include those children who have lost a mother but still have their father? Charity should not strain at mere words nor Avalk on the stilts of syntax. Stephen Girard’s primary objective was to befriend poor children without adequate care. Since this. Court allowed Girard’s meaning to break through the. imprisoning syllabic Avails, of orphan, why did it then limit the freed meaning to fatherless children? .
The Majority, quoting from the case of Franklin’s Administratrix v. City of Philadelphia, 2 D. R. 435,
The Majority indicates that Girard’s purpose in deeding his estate over to the City of Philadelphia as a perpetual trustee was due to the fact that there were no trust companies in existence at the time with facilities for perpetual administration. In this respect the Majority writes: “James G. Smith, in his book on ‘Trust Companies in the United States,’ speaks (p. 233) of the age-long ‘search for a continuous trustee.’ ” But this does not say that the search was unsuccessful. There was an age-long search for a route to India also, but it was finally successful.
The full sentence, from which the Majority quotes five words, reads: “Another interesting example of this search for a continuous trustee is the board of trustees in charge of the Delaware General Loan Offices which were first established in 1759.”
Seventy-one years were to pass, after 1759, before Stephen Girard sat down to compose his long will. In the meantime a continuous trustee was not the faraway Indian pearl suggested by the Majority. An advertisement in the .New York Evening Post, August 6, 1822, of. a. corporation seéking. trust business (and quoted in the same book cited by the Majority, p: 247), proclaimed: “The public will readily perceive, that the advantages of, this company to protect, property for
In seeking to interpret Stephen Girard’s intent in the matter just discussed, the Majority says: “If speculation were to be indulged in — ”. But why indulge in speculation when the 35-paged will of the testator demonstrates on almost every page that Girard wished the government to handle his estate because he was making the public his beneficiary and he particularly wished the government to stand behind his college? He desired a government trustee because he knew that government activities are more exposed to public scrutiny than private enterprises and that, under the spotlight of public attention, there would be less chance for corruption, inertia, and mismanagement to worm their way into the trust estate and eat out its substance. Girard was so determined that the whole project be governmental that he directed that if the City of Philadelphia failed to carry out his instructions, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania would become the successor in title, and if the Commonwealth was also indifferent to its obligations under the will, the estate would then become the property of the United States of America. What more could a person do to demonstrate the undeviating public character of the trust?
The Majority Opinion quotes over and over the line which is slightly revolting to me that a man’s preju-. dices are part of his liberty. From a philosophical point of view I would say that a prejudiced person may have the right to hurt himself through the indulgence Of his prejudices, but he has no right to affect
As evidence of Mr. Girard’s lack of prejudice it is to be noted that although he forbade clergymen to enter the college he did not prohibit religious instruction in the college. Justice Story in the famous case of Vidal v. Philadelphia, 43 U. S. 127, spoke to this subject as follows: “The Testator does not say that Christianity shall not be taught in the college. But only that no ecclesiastic of any sect shall hold or exercise any station or duty in the college. Why may not the Bible, and especially the New Testament, without note or comment, be read and taught as a divine revelation, in the College — its general precepts expounded, its evidences explained, and its glorious principles of morality inculcated?” In fact, Stephen Girard specifically declared in his will: “My desire is, that all the instructors and teachers in the college shall take pains to instil into the minds of the scholars the purest principles of morality, so that, on their entrance into active life, they may, from inclination and habit, evince benevolence towards their fellow creatures, and a love of truth, sobriety and industry, adopting at the same time such religious tenets as their matured reason may enable them to prefer.”
Supporting .the decision of the Board of Directors of City Trusts which-excluded.the applicants, the Majority argues: “Stephen Girard naturally must have realized. that he could n.ot create an institution large enough to .furnish both sustenance and education- to. any and all the children of Philadelphia, Pennsylva
The Majority Opinion quotes from the case of Rice v. Sioux City Cemetery, 349 U. S. 70, 72, that: “Only if a State deprives any person or denies him enforcement of a right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment can its protection be invoked.” But it is specifically a State deprivation which is involved here. In administering the Girard trust, the Board of City Trusts is acting for the City of Philadelphia which is a branch of the State; and, by failing to invoke the Fourteenth Amendment, it is guilty of a State depriva-, tion. • . . ..
The Majority declares. that “It is perfectly clear, therefore, that private trusts for charitable purposes,
The Majority reasons further that: “Such trusts [private charitable trusts] abound in overwhelming numbers and there can be no question as to their legality however limited be the class of their beneficiaries or whatever be the nature or basis of their restrictions; charitable trusts for limited groups, whether racial or religious, are as valid as if for all the people of the world.” But here the Majority shoots wide of the target. We are speaking here, not of private charitable trusts; we are speaking of public charitable trusts administered by the government! In every reference to the Girard charity trust, there must be added in assumed parentheses the limitation: Charitable Trust administered, controlled and directed by the State, which of course, makes the trust something quite different from the charity which the Majority is defending, but which needs no defense because it is not being attacked by anyone.
The Majority says that: “We have charitable trusts for ministers of various church denominations, for -foreign missions, for churches, priests, Catholics, Protestants, Jews, whites, negroes, for relief of the Indians, for widows or orphan children of Masons or other fraternities, for sectarian old folks homes, or
The Majority adds: “It is true that Girard appointed the City of Philadelphia as the trustee to administer the trust according to the terms of his will, but he certainly did not intend thereby to empower it to conduct such administration in its public or governmental capacity, or to bring into play any of its proprietary rights since it is merely the title holder of Girard’s property and not its beneficial owner.” (Italics in original). But how else can a City act except in its public or governmental capacity? A City is not like an individual citizen. It is the composite of all the citizens: it speaks and acts for everyone within its boundaries. The Majority says that the City is not the beneficial owner of the trust estate. It is indeed a beneficial owner. It is accepting the benefits of an obligation which otherwise it would have to discharge, namely, educating the children who are actually in Girard College.
The Majority asserts that the City is acting only as a fiduciary, but what is meant by acting as a fiduciary? The City does not have a fiduciary existence.
The Majority declares itself unable to perceive any difference between the legal principles which apply to Girard College which “is a comparatively large institution,” and those which govern “the smallest of private schools.” The difference, however, is one which requires no microscope to detect. The Girard College has a board of directors made up of the Mayor of Philadelphia, the President of City Council, and twelve members appointed by the Courts of Common Pleas. This Board thus represents the body politic, the public, the citizenry of the County of Philadelphia, a sovereign subdivision of the sovereign State. Since our judges are elected by the people, as are the Mayor and President of City Council, the Board of City Trusts is therefore an expression of the people themselves. The private school, on the other hand, is strictly a private commercial enterprise run for profit. The legal principles which control Girard College are separated by a chasm as wide as the constitution itself from a private school owned by private individuals, and run by private individuals, all for the monetary advantage of private individuals. Private schools receive no tax exemption. For that reason alone the legal principles which guide their destiny are quite different from those which apply to Girard College which enjoys a tax exemption annually of §550,700. (Ogontz School
The Majority makes the statement that the Girard College “has been supported and maintained for now over a century by Girard’s estate; not a penny of State or City money has ever gone into it.” The obvious answer to that observation is that the State and the City have spent “not a penny” but countless tens of thousands of dollars in making Girard College the institution it is today. Who can calculate the cost to the State of the printing, clerk hire, and secretarial service which went into the actions of the General Assembly in holding hearings, conducting investigations, drafting bills and enacting them into law? Who knows how much it cost the City of Philadelphia for the hearings on and the printing of the 48 ordinances passed by the Council of Philadelphia in organizing and directing the establishment of Girard College? Who knows how much it cost for all the special visitations, for the audits, for the inspections and examinations conducted by the State of Pennsylvania and the City of Philadelphia in behalf of Girard College? Who knows what it cost the City to work out the investments which have increased the capital of Girard College from near-extinction to $98,000,000?
The Majority reminds us that: “. . . it must also be remembered that the city in its own right was a second beneficiary of part of Girard’s residuary estate, so that it had an independent interest of its own to protect, wholly apart from its status as fiduciary.” But the fact that the City had an independent interest of its own to protect proves all the more the public nature of the City’s interest in the Girard estate; and that is
The theory advanced by the appellees that if the decision of the lower Court is reversed, testators in the future will not be permitted to leave their property to whomsoever they wish is sheer chimera. The freedom of jus disponendi will never be curtailed in America; it is part of our American liberties. What the Commonwealth, the City, and the appellants contend, and properly so, is that if a testator, for benefits which accrue to his estate and to the accomplishment of his desires, wills his property to the government in trust, he may not ask the government to do anything which is contrary to the objectives of the government.
The whole history of Stephen Girard’s life and the wording of his will demonstrate that he never intended, desired, or wished that the government should administer his trust in any way which would run counter to the intendment of the Constitution. In fact among his last words appeared the following: “And, especially, I desire, that by every proper means a pure attachment to our republican institutions, and to the sacred rights of conscience, as guaranteed by our happy constitutions, shall be formed and fostered in the minds of the scholars.”
The phrase “happy constitutions” undoubtedly refers to the Constitution of Pennsylvania and the Constitution of the United States. Adherenees to those Constitutions requires the reversal of the decision of the Court below.
Italics throughout, mine.