192 Conn. 301 | Conn. | 1984
Lead Opinion
This appeal, which is ancillary to Gion-friddo v. Avis Rent A Car System, Inc., 192 Conn. 280, 472 A.2d 306 (1984) (Gionfriddo I), concerns the availability of statutory interest when a plaintiffs offer of judgment has been rejected. The plaintiff filed a pretrial offer of judgment in the amount of $750,000 on September 29, 1981. The defendants failed to accept this offer. For reasons spelled out in Gionfriddo I, the plaintiff ultimately recovered damages of $478,239 as a result of a jury verdict, and an additional $706,524 as a result of the treble damages awarded by the trial court. In toto, the plaintiff therefore recovered $1,184,763. The trial court determined that, because the jury verdict was less than $750,000, the plaintiff was not entitled to interest under the statute governing pretrial offers of judgment, General Statutes § 52-192a. The plaintiff has appealed.
General Statutes § 52-192a provided in relevant part, as of the date of the judgment, June 28,1982, that “(a)
The defendants argue that § 52-192a must be read to require a comparison between the amount of the offer of judgment and the jury verdict, in this case between $750,000 and $478,239. If this is the correct comparison, the plaintiff cannot qualify for the § 52-192a interest. The trial court upheld the defendants’ argument and denied the plaintiff’s claim. The court acknowledged that, under its reasoning, offers of judgment would not include the possibility of treble damages, since the statute authorizing such multiple damages; General Statutes § 14-295;*
A recent case in the federal courts; Murphy v. Mar-mon Group, Inc., 562 F. Sup. 856 (D. Conn. 1983); contains a persuasive analysis of § 52-192a. There a plaintiff, seeking to recover part of the proceeds under a deferred compensation plan, made an offer of judgment. The defendant filed a motion to strike the plaintiff’s offer of judgment alleging, inter alia, that § 52-192a is limited to jury cases only, which the plaintiff’s case concededly was not. As in the case currently before us, the defendant argued that the term “verdict” in the text of § 52-192a (b) necessarily refers to a determination by a jury and not by a court, and that therefore the plaintiff Murphy’s offer of judgment stood outside the remedial scope of the statute.
The federal court, Zampano, J., held that the plaintiff’s offer of judgment, for a number of reasons, fell within the ambit of § 52-192a. The purpose of the statute, the encouragement of settlements, provides no basis for distinction between jury cases and court cases. Indeed, a defendant’s offer of judgment, under General Statutes § 52-193, is not limited to jury trials. Consistent with this broad statutory intent, § 52-192a (a) authorizes a plaintiff’s offer of judgment for the trial of “any civil action based upon contract or for the recovery of money . . . .” (Emphasis added.) In that same subsection, if a defendant accepts a plaintiff’s offer of judgment, the acceptance constitutes an agreement “to a stipulation for judgment,” which is to be entered for judgment without reference to the existence or the nonexistence of a claim for a jury trial. These broad statutory provisions should not
In its discussion of the significance of the use of “verdict,” the federal court stated: “It is true that as a general rule the term ‘verdict’ refers to a final decision of a jury and does not relate to a finding by a court. But this is not its only meaning. Webster’s New World Dictionary 1577 (2d ed. 1978) defines ‘verdict’ to include ‘any decision or judgment.’ See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Dorius, 343 Mass. 533, 179 N.E.2d 885, 886 (Mass. 1962) (proper interpretation of a statute required that the word ‘verdict’ be construed ‘to include a finding by a judge sitting without a jury’); Ex parte Traxler, 147 Tex. Cr. R. 661, 184 S.W.2d 286, 288 (Tex. 1944) (where jury waived, judgment of court partakes of the nature of a verdict and may be denominated a ‘verdict’). Moreover, the Connecticut legislature, in the context of other statutes, has employed the term ‘verdict’ to include judgments rendered after court trials. See, e.g., Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-243 (costs when plaintiff is partly successful); Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-349 (interest on judgments); Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-592 (accidental failure of suit).” Id., 860.
We agree with the holding of Murphy v. Marmon Group, Inc., that § 52-192a, read as a statutory totality, encompasses recoveries in court cases as well as in jury cases. See Verdon v. Transamerica Ins. Co., 187 Conn. 363, 365-73, 446 A.2d 3 (1982); Sienkiewicz v. Sienkiewicz, 178 Conn. 675, 680-83, 425 A.2d 116 (1979). The defendants argue, however, that, even if such an interpretation were generally appropriate, this case, because it involves statutory treble damages, is distinguishable. They maintain that an offer of judgment may not cover treble damages because such damages can only be awarded by the court and only after the case has been decided in both its liability and its
Once it is established that § 52-192a must be read to include court judgments as well as jury verdicts it is difficult to discern any reason of policy in support of the defendants’ position. The plaintiff’s offer of judgment must offer to settle the case on all counts, including his count for multiple damages. Before the commencement of trial, the plaintiff cannot be sure of damages from either the jury or the court. The policy of encouraging settlements counsels against piecemeal offers of judgment. We therefore conclude that the trial court was in error in holding that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover interest under § 52-192a.
This appeal cannot end, however, with a determination of the applicability of § 52-192a in general. The parties have raised a number of subsidiary issues about the calculation of § 52-192a interest. The trial court, because of its holding of nonentitlement, did not reach these issues, but, since further proceedings will be required, it is useful for us to address them.
There are two principal calculation issues: (1) what is the relationship between interest under § 52-192a and the postjudgment interest statute, General Statutes § 37-3a; and (2) what is the effect of the post-judgment amendment of § 52-192a? We shall consider each of these in turn.
The plaintiff claims that the interest at the rate of 12 percent which is authorized by § 52-192a continues to accrue until final payment of the principal debt has
There is error, the supplemental order denying interest under § 52-192a is set aside, and the case is remanded for the award of interest in accordance with this opinion.
In this opinion Speziale, C. J., Parskey and Ment, Js., concurred.
The full text of General Statutes § 52-192a, in effect on the date of judgment, was as follows:
“(a) After commencement of any civil action based upon contract or for the recovery of money only, the plaintiff may before trial file with the clerk of the court a written ‘offer of judgment’ signed by him or his attorney, directed to the defendant or his attorney, offering to settle the claim underlying such action and to stipulate to a judgment for a sum certain. The plaintiff shall give notice of such offer of settlement to the defendant’s attorney, or if the defendant is not represented by an attorney, to the defendant himself. Within thirty days after being notified of the filing of such ‘offer of judgment,’ the defendant or his attorney may file with the clerk of the court a written ‘acceptance of offer of judgment’ agreeing to a stipulation for judgment as contained in plaintiffs ‘offer of judgment.’ Upon such filing, the clerk shall enter judgment forthwith on the stipulation. If such ‘offer of judgment’ is not accepted within thirty days, such ‘offer of judgment’ shall be considered rejected and not subject to acceptance unless refiled. Following such rejection of any ‘offer of judgment,’ the plaintiff may file a new ‘offer of judgment’ and may continue to do so up to the time of trial. All such ‘offers of judgment’ and any ‘acceptance of offer of judgment’ shall be included by the clerk in the record of the case.
“(b) After trial the court shall examine the record to determine whether the plaintiff made an ‘offer of judgment’ which the defendant failed to accept. If the court ascertains from the record that the plaintiff has recovered an amount equal to or greater than the sum certain stated in his ‘offer of judgment,’ the court shall add to the verdict twelve per cent annual
“(c) This section shall apply to all claims, except claims which were assigned for trial on or before October 1, 1976.”
“[General Statutes] Sec. 14-295. double or treble damages. Each person who, by neglecting to conform to any provision of sections 14-230 to 14-242, inclusive, or section 14-245, or 14-247, causes any injury to the person or property of another, shall be liable to the party injured in double or treble damages if, in the discretion of the court in which any action is pending, double or treble damages are just, with the costs of such action.”
“[General Statutes] Sec. 37-3a. rate recoverable as damages. Except as provided in sections 37-3b and 52-192a, interest at the rate of eight per cent a year, and no more, may be recovered and allowed in civil actions or arbitration proceedings under chapter 909, including actions to recover money loaned at a greater rate, as damages for the detention of money after it becomes payable except as otherwise provided with respect to demand obligations in section 42a-3-122 (4) (a). Judgment may be given
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). Because of my disagreement with part I of the majority opinion in Gionfriddo I which upholds the award of treble damages against the owner-lessors of the vehicle involved in the collision, I would have to conclude that the plaintiff’s verdict of $478,239 was less than the amount of his pretrial offer of judgment, $750,000. Accordingly, there would be no basis for a recovery of interest prior to judgment.