In connection with two home invasions in Louisville, Jefferson County, Kyle Gilmore and Christopher Young were tried, along with two other individuals, on multiple counts of an indictment. A fifth individual, B. M., sixteen years old at the time of the break-ins, was charged also in the indictment, but accepted a plea deal that allowed him to be treated as a juvenile. Thereupon testifying as a state’s witness at the joint trial of his co-indictees, B. M. confessed that he *86 had participated in the criminal incidents and identified as participants the four co-defendants. The jury found each co-defendant guilty of numerous offenses. In Case Nos. A11A2142 andAllA2143, respectively, Gilmore and Young appeal their convictions. Because B. M.’s identification testimony of them, however, was not corroborated as required pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-8, the evidence was insufficient to support the verdicts. Gilmore’s and Young’s judgments of conviction are therefore reversed.
Testimony of the victims and police investigators showed the following. At about 3:00 a.m. on July 2, 2007, at least five male individuals — with their faces concealed — broke into a residence. The intruders encountered a woman in one bedroom, pointed guns at her, and demanded money. When she told them that she did not know where any money was, the intruders began searching the room. Several of them went to another bedroom, where they encountered a man and a woman. The intruders pointed guns at the couple and demanded money. One intruder used his gun to strike the man about his head, then other intruders dragged the man out of the bedroom and into another room. One of them continued to point a gun at the man’s head, as the intruders again demanded money. Because the man insisted that he did not know where any money was, an intruder used his gun to strike him again about the head, causing the man to fall. The intruders began fleeing the residence, and one of them fired a shot. The intruders took with them cash that belonged to the man and a cell phone that belonged to the second woman they encountered.
The mayhem had lasted about ten minutes, during which time, the male resident recognized B. M. when his facial covering slipped down. The male resident had recognized two others as his cousins (neither cousin was Gilmore or Young). The remaining intruders, however, the male resident had not recognized. The women at the residence had recognized none of the intruders. The guns used by the intruders were never recovered, and the state adduced no evidence regarding whether any property taken from the victims was ever recovered.
Within an hour of that home invasion, several individuals broke into a different residence. No one was home, so the intruders began to ransack the home. The resident and his friend arrived, however, while the intruders were still inside. When the resident walked through the back door, shots were fired, striking the resident in the leg. The intruders ran away. Neither the resident nor his friend was able to identify any of the perpetrators; and no gun used by any perpetrator was ever recovered.
At trial, B. M. testified that he had been one of five intruders at *87 both home invasions, and he identified as his cohorts the four co-defendants: Gilmore, Young, and the two cousins of the male victim at the first residence. B. M. testified that they had gone to the first residence to commit robbery; they were looking specifically for drugs and money. He acknowledged at trial, also, that he previously had said that their purpose for going to that residence was to collect a debt, adding at trial that they had planned to do so by force. B. M. testified that they had gone to the second residence also looking for drugs and money.
None of the four co-defendants testified.
Case No. A11A2142
Regarding the crimes committed during the first home invasion, Gilmore was convicted of burglary; one count of attempted armed robbery, with respect to the first woman encountered after the intrusion; two counts of armed robbery, with respect to the couple; and three counts of aggravated assault, by pointing a gun at the three occupants. Regarding the crimes committed during the second home invasion, Gilmore was convicted of burglary.
1. Gilmore contends that the evidence was insufficient, pointing out that none of the victims was able to identify him as a perpetrator and further asserting that his felony convictions rested solely on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, B. M., in violation of OCGA § 24-4-8.
“That Code section provides that the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice is insufficient to support a felony conviction.” 1 And as the Supreme Court of Georgia has further noted, “the corroboration rule of OCGA § 24-4-8 is made more stringent by the requirement, not contained in the statute, that the state must provide corroboration of an accomplice’s testimony regarding the identification and participation of the defendant.” 2
Under [OCGA § 24-4-8], testimony which concerns the identity of other participants must be corroborated by some means independent of the testimony of the accomplice. . . . Therefore, a distinction must be made between evidence which tends to prove the truth of the accomplice’s general testimony and that which tends to prove the identity and *88 participation of the accused____[I]nsofar as the participation and identity of the accused is concerned, there must be independent corroborating evidence which tends to connect the accused with the crime. Simply because an accomplice’s testimony is corroborated in most details, it does not follow that his testimony alone as to the identity and participation of the accused is sufficient to justify conviction. 3
As set forth above, B. M. was the state’s sole witness who identified Gilmore (or Young) as a participant of the crimes committed at the residences. And although the state presented several witnesses who corroborated numerous particulars of B. M.’s account of the crimes committed there, 4 the state failed to adduce evidence required to corroborate B. M.’s testimony identifying Gilmore (or Young) as a participant therein. 5
[S] light evidence of a defendant’s identity and participation from an extraneous source is all that is required to corroborate the accomplice’s testimony and thus support the verdict. Moreover, the corroborating evidence itself need not be sufficient to warrant conviction, but only tend to connect and identify defendant with the crime. The corroborating evidence may consist entirely of circumstantial evidence and may include defendant’s conduct before and after the crime was committed. 6
But in this case, the state presented no such corroborating facts or circumstances; nor did the state adduce any evidence of Gilmore’s (or Young’s) conduct, before or after the crimes were committed, that tended to connect and identify him with the crimes.
(a) On appeal, the state first asserts that testimony by the victims provided the requisite corroboration. But no victim could identify Gilmore as one of the perpetrators.
(b) Second, the state asserts that corroboration was supplied by *89 Gilmore’s statement to police. 7 The state elicited a police investigator’s recollection of a portion of Gilmore’s statement:
Q: Who did Kyle Gilmore say he was with during the early morning hours or the night of July 2d, 2007?
A: Kyle stated that he, along with [B. M.] and another, went to the park.
The investigator’s testimony — merely that, at some point on the night or early morning in question, for some unknown duration, at a park of unspecified location and with no reference to either residence burglarized, Gilmore was in the company of B. M. and another — did not tend to connect and identify Gilmore with any crime at issue. Nothing in the testimony either placed Gilmore at one of the crime scenes 8 or otherwise connected him to any crime committed at those locations; 9 the investigator’s testimony revealed nothing about Gilmore’s conduct at the time Gilmore and another were in B. M.’s company; 10 and it showed nothing about Gilmore’s conduct either before or after *90 either home invasion. 11 “Testimony which shows nothing more than the defendant was ... in the company of the accomplice at [even] the approximate time of the offense charged is insufficient corroboration.” 12
(c) Third, the state cites evidence of a redacted confession of Gilmore’s co-defendant, Merkeith Lane. A second accomplice may corroborate testimony of another accomplice, but only where both accomplices testify and thus are available for cross-examination. 13 Because Lane did not testify, the cited evidence was not admissible as against Gilmore (as the trial court instructed), 14 and consequently contributed no corroboration for B. M.’s testimony. 15
(d) Finally, the state cites evidence that, one night about a week before the underlying criminal incidents, Gilmore had an encounter *91 with Isaac Thompson, who lived at the first residence burglarized. (Thompson was not at home at the time of the burglary.) Thompson testified that Gilmore, whom he knew “by face,” and several other guys were shooting dice on the sidewalk in front of his (Thompson’s) grandmother’s house and making a lot of noise, so he told them to move. Thompson recalled that, when Gilmore “got a little smart out of the mouth[,] ... I just told him, this ain’t what you want.” Gilmore and the others left — although none appeared happy to do so, according to Thompson.
This episode, the state asserts in its brief, motivated Gilmore to commit the crimes the following week at Thompson’s residence. But even where — unlike in this case — “[t]here is considerable evidence in the record tending to show that the defendant... had ample motive to commit the crime with which he was charged,... mere motive is not sufficient corroboration.” 16 Furthermore, no fact or circumstance of that episode tended to connect and identify Gilmore with the crimes committed about a week later, or lead to an inference that he was guilty thereof. 17
The rule is well established that, to sustain a conviction in a felony case upon the testimony of an accomplice, there must be corroborating facts or circumstances, which, in themselves and independently of the testimony of the accomplice, directly connect the defendant with the crime, or lead to the inference that he is guilty, and are more than sufficient to merely cast on the defendant a grave suspicion of guilt. 18
“[T]he sufficiency of the corroboration evidence is peculiarly a matter for the jury to determine. If the verdict is founded on slight evidence of corroboration connecting a defendant with the crime, the *92 verdict is legally sufficient.” 19 Here, evidence that Gilmore was with B. M. and another at some point during the night or early morning of July 2, together with evidence of Gilmore’s prior encounter with Thompson, did not tend to directly connect Gilmore with any crime at issue. And without going to that extent, such evidence could merely cast a grave suspicion upon Gilmore. Because the state did not introduce even slight evidence corroborating B. M.’s testimony identifying Gilmore as a participant in the crimes, the verdicts returned against him were not legally supported. Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence was insufficient, and consequently, Gilmore’s convictions cannot stand. 20
2. Gilmore’s remaining claims of error — that the trial court erred under Bruton v. State 21 and its progeny by allowing in evidence his co-defendant’s redacted confession; that the trial court erred by not instructing the jury on the law regarding corroboration of accomplice testimony in felony cases; 22 and that his trial counsel was ineffective because, inter alia, the lawyer withdrew a request to instruct the jury on the law regarding corroboration of accomplice testimony in felony cases •— are moot. We therefore do not reach them.
Case No. A11A2143
Regarding the crimes committed during the first home invasion, Young was convicted of burglary; one count of attempted armed robbery, with respect to the first woman encountered after the intrusion; two counts of armed robbery, with respect to the couple; two counts of aggravated assault, by pointing a gun at the couple; and another count of aggravated assault, by using a gun to strike the male resident about the head. Regarding the crimes committed during the second home invasion, Young was convicted of burglary.
3. Young challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions, arguing that they all rested solely on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, B. M., in violation of OCGA § 24-4-8.
The state cites: (i) the victims’ testimony; (ii) the redacted confession of his co-defendant, Merkeith Lane; and (iii) evidence of *93 Young’s police statement. Regarding the latter, the state elicited a police investigator’s recollection of a portion of Young’s statement:
Q: Did Christopher Young tell you who he was with during the morning of July 2nd, 2007?
A: Yes, ma’am, he did.
Q: Who did Christopher Young tell you that he was with?
A: He said that he, [B. M.], and others went to the park.
Under our analysis set forth in Division l, 23 the evidence admissible against Young did not tend to directly connect him with any crime at issue here. Thus, the verdicts returned against him were not legally supported. Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence was insufficient, and consequently, Young’s convictions cannot stand. 24
4. Young’s remaining claims of error — complaining of a ruling upon an objection during closing argument and complaining that certain counts were not merged with others for purposes of sentencing — are moot. We therefore do not reach them.
Judgments reversed.
Notes
Parkerson v. State,
Id. at 439 (2) (footnote omitted). The Parkerson Court expressly declined to review the propriety of this additional, nonstatutory requirement for separate corroboration of the identification and participation. Id. at n. 4.
Hill v. State,
But see
Caldwell v.
State,
See Hill, supra.
King v. State,
See
Moore v. State,
Compare, e.g.,
Jones v. State,
Compare, e.g.,
Jupiter v. State,
Compare, e.g.,
Parkerson,
supra;
Bradford v. State,
Compare, e.g.,
Drake v. State,
Adams v. State,
See Gallimore v. State,
See
Bridges v. State,
See OCGA § 24-3-52 (“The confession of one joint offender or conspirator made after the enterprise is ended shall be admissible only against himself.”);
Brooks v. State,
Nix v. State,
Compare, e.g.,
Edmond v. State,
Bradford v. State,
Bradford,
See
Jackson v. Virginia,
Supra.
See OCGA § 24-4-8; Council of Superior Court Judges of Georgia, Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases (4th ed.) § 1.31.90.
Supra.
See Jackson v. Virginia, supra; Hill, supra; Adams, supra; Nix, supra.