In these consolidated appeals, petitioners are all prisoners serving parolable life sentences for unrelated criminal convictions. Common in these appeals are the questions whether, in light of
Glover v Parole Bd,
I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW
A. GILMORE v PAROLE BOARD
In 1978, a jury convicted Wayne Gilmore of second-degree murder for aiding and abetting a murder and the trial court sentenced him to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole. Following his conviction and sentencing, Gilmore testified for the prosecution both at a trial and a retrial against the trigger-man and an accomplice, despite the risk of personal danger to which testifying exposed him.
The record reveals a criminal history before Gilmore’s second-degree murder conviction, including multiple convictions and multiple arrests without con
victions. At the time of the current offense, Gilmore was on parole for a previous conviction. While in prison for the current conviction, Gilmore incurred at least ten “major misconducts” and was involved in a fraudulent telephone-use scam; however, during his years of incarceration he has completed his ged and other educational programs, maintained employment in the resident
At issue here is the Parole Board’s August 8, 1997, decision that states that after Gilmore’s most recent interview, “the majority of the Parole Board has no interest in taking action at this time.” The decision does not explain why the Parole Board came to this conclusion. On March 18, 1998, Gilmore filed a petition for judicial review seeking review and reversal of the Parole Board’s decision on the bases that the Parole Board failed to articulate reasons justifying its decision, which denied Gilmore due process, and that the Parole Board abused its discretion in not permitting the case to proceed to a public hearing. The circuit court granted an appeal, finding that it has appellate jurisdiction over the matter, and remanded the matter to the Parole Board for a written explanation of the reasons for “the denial of a parole.” On January 6, 1999, relying on
In re Parole of Glover,
B. VARGAS v PAROLE BOARD
In 1972, a jury convicted Martin Vargas of raping a seventeen-year-old female. The trial court sentenced him to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole.
The record reveals that Vargas had no criminal history before the instant offense. While in prison for the current conviction, Vargas incurred several “misconducts” and a “major misconduct.” However, Vargas completed his ged, obtained an associate’s degree and a bachelor of arts degree, in addition to completing other classes. He maintained employment in various prison positions, received letters of appreciation for certain acts, such as providing artwork for a volunteer appreciation banquet, for designing a book cover for health care, and for translating materials into Spanish. He is an artist and he donated paintings to be sold at a benefit for victims of Hurricane Mitch. Vargas received commendations when he came to the aid of a staff member being assaulted by another inmate and when he came to the assistance of a prisoner attempting suicide. Vargas has a supportive extended family and a wife whom he married while in prison. Vargas completed sex offender therapy and received treatment from prison psychologists. According to one psychologist, Vargas “continues to hold to the position that he is innocent of the kidnapping, rape and robbery of the complainant,” but, despite this information, the psychologist opined that Vargas “poses a low risk or [sic] danger to the community.”
Despite the Parole Board’s March 27, 1992, unanimous vote to proceed with a public hearing, after the 1992 legislative reorganization of the Parole Board, an equally divided newly constituted Parole Board voted “no interest” in proceeding with a public hearing, despite a positive recommendation by the Parole Board member who interviewed Vargas. Thereafter, another Parole Board member met Vargas when Vargas was translating for
Meanwhile, five years had passed since the 1993 action, and in 1998, Vargas was again interviewed by a Parole Board member and received a favorable recommendation. Despite the favorable recommendation, an April 20, 1998, decision indicated that the Parole Board had “no interest in taking action at this time.” But, on June 16, 1998, our Supreme Court, noting that Judge Kaczmarek had been disqualified from the case as of October 17, 1991, and thus was no longer the successor judge, remanded the case to the Saginaw Circuit Court judge properly assigned to Vargas’ case and directed him to “review the Parole Board’s intent to hold a public hearing on the petitioner’s parole, examine the information as to the offense and offender, and decide whether to file a written objection within 30 days of this order.” The Supreme Court retained jurisdiction. On remand, Saginaw Circuit Court Judge Leopold P. Borrello found “no reason to object to a public hearing by the Parole Board.” Thereafter, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, the Supreme Court remanded the matter to the Parole Board for another parole release interview and directed that Judge Kaczmarek’s written objection to parole release be stricken from Vargas’ file and replaced with the opinion of the successor judge.
In compliance with the Supreme Court’s order, the Parole Board chairperson interviewed Vargas. In a March 5, 1999, decision, the Parole Board stated that after “your most recent interview, the majority of the Parole Board has no interest in taking action at this time.” The decision further states that “[f] olio wing an interview and review of this case, the Parole Board does not have interest [in] proceeding to a public hearing at this time.” The decision does not explain why the Parole Board came to this conclusion.
On April 13, 1999, Vargas filed an application for leave to appeal to the circuit court, seeking review and reversal of the Parole Board’s decision. Relying heavily on Johnson, the circuit court determined that Vargas had never reached the point where he was “eligible” for parole because the Parole Board terminated the parole process at the preliminary stage of deciding whether to conduct a public hearing. Thus, the circuit court denied leave to appeal the decision of the Parole Board. Vargas appeals this order by leave granted.
C. CESPEDES v PAROLE BOARD
After a nonjury trial in 1982, the trial court convicted Merquiades Cespedes of possession with intent to deliver more than 650 grams of cocaine, apparently for his involvement as a doorman during a drug deal. The trial court sentenced Cespedes to life imprisonment. 2
Cespedes had a criminal history before the instant drug conviction, including previous drug charges as well as unspecified convictions. Although Cespedes received “major misconducts” during his imprisonment
After a March 1, 1999, interview, the Parole Board issued a notice of action stating that “[b]ased upon the seriousness of the offense, the large amount of cocaine seized, and your institutional conduct, the Parole Board takes no interest in parole at this time.” On appeal, the circuit court determined that Cespedes was denied parole and it remanded the matter to the Parole Board for an articulation of reasons. The Parole Board appeals from the circuit court’s decision by leave granted.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The issues in these cases involve questions of law, including statutory interpretation and parole eligibility, that are reviewed de novo.
People v Webb,
The rules of statutory construction are well established. The foremost rule, and our primary task in construing a statute, is to discern and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. This task begins by examining the language of the statute itself. The words of a statute provide “the most reliable evidence of its intent. ...” If the language of the statute is unambiguous, the Legislature must have intended the meaning clearly expressed, and the statute must be enforced as written. No further judicial construction is required or permitted. Only where the statutory language is ambiguous may a court properly go beyond the words of the statute to ascertain legislative intent.
In interpreting the statute at issue, we consider both the plain meaning of the critical word or phrase as well as “its placement and purpose in the statutory scheme.” As far as possible, effect should be given to every phrase, clause, and word in the statute. The statutory language must be read and understood in its grammatical context, unless it is clear that something different was intended. [Id. at 236-237 (citations omitted).]
m. OVERVIEW
To reiterate, the common issues in these appeals are (1) whether an inmate serving a parolable life sentence is entitled to a written explanation for the Parole Board’s decision of “no interest” in taking further action after the prisoner’s statutorily mandated interview, MCL 791.234(6)(a), and (2) whether the Parole Board’s decision of “no interest” is reviewable by the circuit court. Resolution of these issues depends on whether our Supreme Court’s decision in
Glover
implicitly overrules this Court’s decision in
Johnson.
Having studied
Glover
and
Johnson,
we conclude that
Johnson
remains good law. Accordingly, we hold that an inmate serving a parolable life sentence is entitled to a written explanation only after the inmate has been interviewed and has received a notice indicating interest in taking further action, has avoided a judicial veto, and has proceeded
IV. ARGUMENTS PRESENTED
The prisoners herein make the following arguments. 4 The prisoners are entitled to a written explanation of the Parole Board’s determination of “no interest” in taking farther action after the prisoner’s statutorily mandated interview by a member of the Parole Board. Glover clearly held that MCL 791.235 gives lifers the right to a statement of reasons for adverse Parole Board decisions. Further, the “no interest” decision is a final order, an adverse decision, and a decision denying parole, and the decision of “no interest” is appealable. To the extent that Johnson holds otherwise, it was overruled by Glover. Glover is controlling and nothing in that case ties the right to appeal to the fact that a public hearing took place. Rather, Glover held that subsection 34(8), MCL 791.234(8), creates judicial review rights with respect to all adverse parole decisions, and the decision not to proceed to a public hearing is an adverse parole decision.
In contrast, the Parole Board argues that “a lifer is only denied parole when he or she has avoided a judicial veto, has had a public hearing, and has been denied parole after a vote by the entire Parole Board.” Further, a Parole Board’s notice of action declining interest in proceeding to a public hearing is not a final decision of the Parole Board that is appeal-able to or reviewable by the circuit court. According to the Parole Board, Johnson was correctly decided, and Glover is distinguishable from Johnson because the prisoner in Glover had been granted a public hearing and the Parole Board had issued its final decision. Furthermore, the Glover Court made no mention of overruling Johnson, and those two decisions are capable of harmonious inteipretation. Moreover, the history of paroles in Michigan makes it clear that the taking of no further action after an interview does not constitute a denial of parole. The Parole Board fur ther argues that MCL 791.235 does not apply to prisoners serving a life sentence. According to the Parole Board, the amendments made to the statutory provisions dealing with parole demonstrate that the Legislature did not intend to give inmates serving a life sentence a right to receive a written explanation for the decision not to advance them to a public hearing.
V. THE LAW IN QUESTION
A. THE STATUTORY SCHEME
Our Legislature has created a statutory scheme addressing parole eligibility. MCL 791.234 (§ 34) governs the Parole Board’s jurisdiction and MCL 791.235 (§ 35) governs parole interviews.
Glover, supra
at 523. Within this statutory scheme, there is a distinction between the parole process for those prisoners serving indeterminate sentences and for those prisoners serving parolable life sentences; however, there are also provisions applying to both categories of prisoners. See
id.
at 523, n 18. The significance of the statutory provisions dealing with the process during which inmates
Subsection 6 . . . provides that a person serving a parolable life sentence “is subject to the jurisdiction of the parole board” after serving either ten or fifteen years, depending on when the crime was committed, “subject to” certain enumerated “conditions.” MCL 791.234(6); MSA 28.2304(6). This subsection, however, “simply means that a defendant will be eligible for review by the parole board” after serving ten or fifteen years, not that the defendant will be released. See People v Legree,177 Mich App 134 , 141;441 NW2d 433 (1989); see also People v Lino (After Re mand),213 Mich App 89 , 96-97;539 NW2d 545 (1995) (because of the many conditions imposed by the statute, persons sentenced to life in prison are rarely paroled after ten years), overruled on other grounds by People v Carson,220 Mich App 662 , 673-674;560 NW2d 657 (1996).
All prisoners covered by subsection 6 “shall” be interviewed by a member of the Parole Board after serving ten years, and every five years thereafter, without regard to sentencing date. MCL 791.234(6)(a); MSA 28.2304(6)(a). Thus, “inmates are interviewed although not eligible for parole consideration.” People v Hurst (After Remand),169 Mich App 160 , 164;425 NW2d 752 (1988). The Parole Board then decides whether to “take action” toward paroling the prisoner.
However, even if the board votes to consider a prisoner for parole after the initial interview, the statute provides that “parole shall not be granted . . . until after a public hearing' [is] held . . . .” MCL 791.234(6)(b); MSA 28.2304(6)(b). Although a hearing is clearly required, this Court has held that the Parole Board cannot be compelled to hold one. Middleton v Parole Bd (On Remand),208 Mich App 563 , 566-568;528 NW2d 791 (1995).
Notice of the hearing must be given to the sentencing judge or the judge’s successor. MCL 791.234(6)(b); MSA 28.2304(6)(b). The statute further provides that “parole shall not be granted if the sentencing judge, or the judge’s successor in office, files [timely] written objections to the granting of the parole . . . .” MCL 791.234(6)(b); MSA 28.2304(6)(b).
“[A] prisoner’s release on parole is discretionary with the parole board.” See MCL 791.234(6)(d), (7); MSA 28.2304(6)(d), (7) (emphasis added); see also In re Parole of Glover,226 Mich App 655 , 664-665;575 NW2d 772 (1997), lv gtd458 Mich 866 (1998). The board’s discretion is circumscribed by regulations issued by the Department of Corrections. See 1996 AACS, R 791.7701 et seq. [Johnson, supra at 23-25.]
The Johnson Court also addressed the statutory provision regarding appealability:
Finally, “[t]he action of the parole board in granting or denying parole is appealable by the prisoner, the prosecutor of the county from which the prisoner was committed, or the victim of the crime for which the prisoner was convicted.” MCL 791.234(7); MSA 28.2304(7) (emphasis added). The board’s decision is reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re Parole of Roberts,232 Mich App 253 , 257-258;591 NW2d 259 (1998). Appeals are only by leave of court. MCL 791.234(7); MSA28.2304(7). [Johnson, supra at 25.]
In conjunction with provisions of § 34, § 35 “sets forth an inmate’s rights during the interview process and details, among other things, the permissible considerations at the interview, the right to advance notice of the interview, and the right to representation at the interview.” Glover, supra at 523. Subsection 35(12) provides that “[w]hen the parole board makes a final determination not to release a prisoner, the prisoner shall be provided with a written explanation of the reason for denial and, if appropriate, specific recommendations for corrective action the prisoner may take to facilitate release.”
The interpretation and application of some of the provisions in §§ 34 and 35 are at issue in the present cases, and in order to resolve the questions presented, we must first determine whether our Supreme Court’s decision in Glover implicitly overruled this Court’s decision in Johnson. Thus, a synopsis of those cases follows.
B. In re PAROLE OF JOHNSON
The appellant in Johnson, an inmate serving a parolable life sentence since 1980 for second-degree murder, received a letter after a member of the Parole Board interviewed him in 1996 that indicated that a majority of the Parole Board had “no interest in taking action” toward his release and that in the future he would be interviewed again as required by law. Johnson, supra at 22. The appellant appealed this decision by leave granted, and the circuit court found that he was ineligible for parole and that the “no action” letter was not an appealable decision denying him parole. Id. This Court granted leave to appeal. Id.
Noting that parole eligibility is governed by statute, see MCL 791.234, the Johnson Court explained that “it is clear that, for a person to be eligible for parole within the meaning of the applicable statute, several legal hurdles must be overcome.” Johnson, supra at 23 (emphasis in original). Those hurdles include the Parole Board’s decision whether to “take action” toward paroling the prisoner after a member of the board interviews the prisoner, the avoidance of a judicial objection by the sentencing judge or that judge’s successor, a public hearing, and the discretionary decision of the Parole Board whether to release the prisoner. Id. at 24-25. Citing subsection 34(6), the Johnson Court summarized, “under the statute, a prisoner is not truly ‘eligible’ for parole until each and every one of the statutory ‘conditions’ has been met; otherwise, parole ‘shall not’ be granted.” Id. at 25. Finally, it is the action of the Parole Board in granting or denying parole that is appealable by leave of the circuit court. Id.
With regard to appealability, the Johnson Court concluded:
We are also convinced that only the Parole Board’s ultimate decision to grant or deny parole is appealable. We note that the statute unequivocally forbids the granting of parole to any prisoner who fails to overcome any of the statutory hurdles. See MCL 791.234(6); MSA 28.2304(6); see also [People v] Hurst [(After Remand),169 Mich App 160 , 164;425 NW2d 752 (1988)]. Until all the statutory conditions are met, the Parole Board lacks the discretion to parole a prisoner. An appeal from any such failure would be futile because the statute clearly predetermines the outcome: “parole shall not be granted” to any prisoner — such as plaintiff — who does not overcome the interview, hearing, and objection hurdles. See MCL 791.234(6); MSA28.2304(6). [Johnson, supra at 25-26.]
Under this reasoning, the Johnson Court concluded “that the trial court correctly refused to review the Parole Board’s decision to take no action in appellant’s case.” Id. at 26.
C. GLOVER v PAROLE BOARD
The facts in Glover are distinct from those in Johnson. In Glover, the appellant, after having served in prison eighteen years of her three concurrent parolable life sentences, the Parole Board voted to proceed to a public hearing and the successor judge filed no written objection. Glover, supra at 514. At the public hearing, supporters of the appellant gave testimony urging that the Parole Board grant parole, whereas relatives and friends of the victims and community members opposed parole. Id. at 514-515. When the hearing concluded, the chairperson of the Parole Board indicated that “ ‘we wouldn’t be here if it wasn’t close’ ” and that the Parole Board would have to weigh the information before it. Id. at 516.
Months later, the Parole Board issued a notice of action declining to grant parole that stated:
“After full consideration of the positions taken by those testifying at the public hearing and consideration of the adjustment, attitude and behavior of the prisoner, the parole board withdraws interest in proceeding toward parole at this time. You will next be interviewed by the parole board five years from your most recent interview as indicated in the official date above.” [Id. at 516.]
The appellant sought judicial review of this denial of parole with the circuit court, arguing, among other things, that the Parole Board failed to provide a sufficiently detailed statement explaining its decision to deny her parole.
Id.
As noted by the Supreme Court, after the circuit court rejected the appellant’s claims, this Court granted leave to appeal and found the Parole Board’s explanation for denying the appellant parole inadequate,
id.
at 516, stating that the limited reason given by the Parole Board did not pass “ ‘federal or state due process constitutional muster.’ ”
Id.
at 517, quoting
Having granted leave to appeal,
5
the Michigan Supreme Court identified the primary issue as whether the appellant “is entitled to a written explanation of the reason the [P] aróle [B]oard denied her request for parole.”
Id.
at 518. The Supreme Court noted that after exercising its discretion to grant or
deny parole, the Parole Board was required under MCL 791.234(8)
6
to provide a sufficient explanation for its decision, thereby allowing meaningful appellate review.
Glover, supra
at 519. Concluding that the Parole
The Supreme Court reversed this Court’s ruling that the appellant’s federal due process rights were violated because “[t]he United States Supreme Court is the final arbiter regarding the meaning of the federal constitution” and its majority opinion in
Greenholtz v Inmates of Nebraska Penal & Correctional Complex,
Next, the Supreme Court addressed the statutory right to a written explanation of a Parole Board decision. The Court agreed with the appellant’s argument that Michigan parole statutes mandate that the Parole Board provide a petitioner a written explanation of its decision. Id. at 522-523. In arriving at this conclusion, the Supreme Court explained:
The Court of Appeals held that the “written explanation” provision in § 35(12) is applicable only to prisoners serving indeterminate sentences. We find nothing in § 35 remotely suggesting that parolable life prisoner interviews are excluded from the requirements detailed in subsection 12, and the parole board has not offered any compelling reasons why it should be so construed. Moreover, in addition to protecting a petitioner’s statutory right to a written explanation, the need for a written explanation providing reasons for a parole decision is necessary in order to facilitate judicial review as provided for in § 34(8). Accordingly, we hold that individuals serving parolable life terms and denied parole are statutorily entitled to a sufficiently detailed written explanation for the board’s decision and, where appropriate, “specific recommendations for corrective action the prisoner may take to facilitate release.” MCL 791.235(12); MSA 28.2305(12).
We conclude that the Court of Appeals remand in the instant case was well within its authority, although its cited justification for the remand was in error. Our holding today is narrow: Our decision is not based, as the Court of Appeals erroneously concluded, on a constitutional right to a written explanation; rather, it is simply an incident of the right to a written explanation expressly provided for in MCL 791.235(12); MSA 28.2305(12), and implicitly provided for in MCL 791.234(8); MSA 28.2304(8). Moreover, the parole board is not required to provide extensive findings of fact and conclusions of law, nor do we insist upon legal opinions when it denies or grants a life prisoner parole. Rather, the board should simply indicate what it relied onin reaching its decision. 7 [Glover, supra at 523-525 (emphasis supplied).]
In applying this reasoning to the facts in Glover, the Supreme Court noted that there was both positive and negative evidence about the appellant’s “adjustment, attitude and behavior,” and because the record was not one-sided, the Parole Board needed to provide a greater explanation for its decision in order to cany out the Legislature’s directive in subsections 35(12) and 34(8). Glover, supra at 525-526, & n 22.
VI. ANALYSIS
A. WRITTEN EXPLANATION
In these consolidated appeals, the prisoners maintain that they are entitled to a written explanation from the Parole Board of the reasons why they were not advanced to the next stage of the parole process. The prisoners rely on the Supreme Court’s language in Glover that “[w]e find nothing in § 35 remotely suggesting that parolable life prisoner interviews are excluded from the requirements detailed in subsection 12, and the parole board has not offered any compelling reasons why it should be so construed.” Glover, supra at 523-524. On the basis of this language, the prisoners conclude that to the extent that Johnson can be read to deny a statement of reasons to an inmate serving a parolable life sentence who is subject to an adverse action of the Parole Board, it is overruled by Glover. The prisoners interpret Glover to mean that a prisoner is entitled under subsection 35(12) to an explanation at any stage in the parole process that concludes with the Parole Board expressing no interest in advancing the prisoner further along in the parole process. Each “no interest” decision, according to the prisoners, is a denial of parole that requires the Parole Board to state its reasons. We reject such a broad interpretation of Glover.
Clearly,
Glover
stands for the principle that subsection 35(12) applies to parolable lifers as well as prisoners serving indeterminate sentences.
Glover, supra
at 523-524. However, in
Glover,
the question before the Supreme Court was not whether an inmate serv
ing a parolable life sentence, after being interviewed, is entitled to a written explanation of a decision of no action; rather, the question before the Court was whether an inmate serving a parolable life sentence, who has proceeded through the statutory interview, has avoided an objection from the sentencing judge or the successor judge, and has proceeded through a public hearing, is entitled to a written explanation of the reason that the Parole Board denied parole. In
Glover,
the Supreme Court was not addressing a prisoner’s rights after the initial interview, but after a public hearing, and determined that at this point the prisoner is entitled to a written explanation pursuant to subsection 35(12), and thus the facts in
Subsection 35(12) provides:
When the parole board makes a final determination not to release a prisoner, the prisoner shall be provided with a written explanation of the reason for denial and, if appropriate, specific recommendations for corrective action the prisoner may take to facilitate release. [Emphasis supplied.]
The Legislature expressly limits the written explanation requirement to “a final determination not to release a prisoner.” This phrase is ambiguous because in the context of the eligibility for parole of an inmate serving a parolable life sentence, it could mean the ultimate determination of the Parole Board after the prisoner has advanced through the entire subsection 34(6) process, as in
Glover,
or it could mean any other decision or determination, such as the Parole Board’s decision of “no interest” in taking action or a judge’s objection. Although, arguably, a prisoner would consider a notice indicating “no interest” in taking action as the equivalent of “denying parole,” we believe that the inclusion of the word “final” in subsection § 35(12) demonstrates that the Legislature recognized that the steps in the lifer parole process led to a “final determination” and purposefully limited the written explanation to apply only in that circumstance. Where “effect should be given to every phrase, clause, and word in the statute,”
Sun Valley, supra
at 237, we conclude that there is no reason for the Legislature to say “final determination” unless that determination is distinguishable from some other determination. Because our Legislature has considered parole for both prisoners serving indeterminate sentences and those serving parolable life sentences and has legislated that a more burdensome process must be undertaken and survived by a lifer to be paroled,
8
see subsection 34(6), we conclude that the Legislature focused
B. APPEALABILITY
The second common issue in these consolidated appeals is whether the Parole Board’s decision of “no interest” is appealable. The prisoners maintain that the Glover Court’s interpretation of subsection 34(8) creates judicial review rights with respect to all adverse parole decisions, including the decision not to proceed to a public hearing. Thus, the prisoners argue that to the extent that Glover states that all adverse decisions are appealable, it implicitly overrules Johnson.
With regard to appealability, subsection 34(8) 10 then provided in pertinent part:
[A] prisoner’s release on parole is discretionary with the parole board. The action of the parole board in granting or denying a parole is appealable by the prisoner, the prosecutor of the county from which the prisoner was committed, or the victim of the crime for which the prisoner was convicted. The appeal shall be to the circuit court in the county from which the prisoner was committed, by leave of the court. [Emphasis supplied.]
Some confusion exists surrounding appealability where the
Glover
Court, after noting that the Parole Board’s jurisdiction is governed by § 34, made the following statement regarding appealability: “As explained above, § 34(8) expressly creates judicial review rights with respect to all parole decisions, providing both parolable lifers and those inmates serving indeterminate sentences a right of appeal by leave to the circuit court from adverse decisions by the parole board.”
Glover, supra
at 523. From this statement, it can be argued that
all
parole decisions are appeal-able. However, in making this statement, the Supreme Court makes no analysis of the statutory language “in granting or denying a parole.” Moreover, because appealability was not an issue in
Glover,
this statement is dictum.
11
Unlike the
Glover
Court, the
We note that the statute unequivocally forbids the granting of parole to any prisoner who fails to overcome any of the statutory hurdles. See MCL 791.234(6); MSA 28.2304(6); see also Hurst, supra at 164. Until all the statutory conditions are met, the Parole Board lacks the discretion to parole a prisoner. An appeal from any such failure would be futile because the statute clearly predetermines the outcome: “parole shall not be granted” to any prisoner — such as plaintiff — who does not overcome the interview, hearing, and objection hurdles. See MCL 791.234(6); MSA 28.2304(6). [Johnson, supra at 25-26.]
Pursuant to Johnson, only the ultimate decision to grant or deny parole of an inmate serving a parolable life sentence is appealable. Because the Glover Court’s statement regarding appealability is dictum and because Glover did not implicitly overrule Johnson, this Court is bound by Johnson and its holding regarding appealability. MCR 7.215(I)(1).
m APPLICATION TO THE PRESENT CONSOLIDATED APPEALS
Petitioners herein, inmates serving parolable life sentences, are not entitled to a written explanation for the Parole Boards’ decisions of “no interest” in taking further action because those are not final decisions for which subsection 35(12) requires a written explanation. Nor are the inmates entitled to appeal the decision of “no interest” because none of them progressed through all the steps in the parole eligibil ity process to the point where an appealable “ultimate decision” to grant or deny parole was rendered. 12
VIII. OTHER STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS (CESPEDES v PAROLE BOARD)
On appeal, Cespedes presented an alternative argument for affirming the trial court’s decision
13
remanding the matter to the Parole Board for an articulation of reasons,
14
that being that the Parole Board
Cespedes argues that pursuant to the statute, the Parole Board must consider the criteria listed in this provision, because the statutory language provides that “the parole board
shall
consider all of the following: . . . MCL 791.234(8) (emphasis supplied). In a statute, use of the word “shall” indicates a mandatory action.
Adams v Linderman,
Cespedes continues by arguing that “[e]ven a casual reading of the statutory criteria demonstrates a clear Legislative intent to impose a duty on the parole board to determine whether the prisoner seeking parole was a major or minor player
However, Cespedes fails to address why this statutory requirement must be accomplished at the time of the initial interview rather than at a later time in the parole process for inmates serving life sentences. A closer look at the statutory language reveals that the Legislature indicated when the criteria at issue should be considered:
In determining whether a prisoner convicted of violating or conspiring to violate section 7401(2) (a) (i) of the public health code,1978 PA 368 , MCL 333.7401, and sentenced to imprisonment for life before October 1, 1998 is to be released on parole, the parole board shall consider all of the following:____[MCL 791.234(8).]
The statutory language clearly indicates that the consideration must occur when determining whether the prisoner in question “is to be released on parole.” Thus, the question becomes when does the Parole Board determine whether a prisoner should be released on parole?
Judicial construction is necessary here because this phrase is ambiguous. This Court has explained:
“ ‘[A]mbiguous statutes are to be interpreted as a whole and construed so as to give effect to each provision and to produce a harmonious and consistent result. Specific words in a given statute are to be assigned their ordinary meaning, unless a different interpretation is indicated. Erickson v Dep’t of Social Services,108 Mich App 473 ;310 NW2d 428 (1981).’ ” [Niggeling v Dep’t of Transportation,183 Mich App 770 , 775;455 NW2d 415 (1990), quoting Young v Michigan,171 Mich App 72 , 77;429 NW2d 642 (1988), quoting Action Auto, Inc v Anderson,165 Mich App 620 , 628;419 NW2d 36 (1988).]
In. light of Johnson, supra, we hold that the “release” decision occurs only after the inmate serving a parolable life sentence has proceeded through the initial interview, avoided judicial veto, and advanced through a public hearing to the ultimate decision of the Parole Board, at which time the Parole Board either grants or denies parole. In other words, in light of this Court’s analysis in Johnson, the statutory language “[i]n determining whether a prisoner ... is to be released on parole” can only refer to the Parole Board’s determination made at the end of the parole process for inmates serving life sentences. Until that point, there is no appealable decision. Johnson, supra. Moreover, at that point, the prisoner is entitled to a sufficient written explanation of a denial of parole. Glover, supra. Consequently, we conclude that the considerations found in subsections 34(8) (a) to (c) need not be made until after the lifer has proceeded through the parole eligibility process to the point where the Parole Board makes the final determination regarding release of the prisoner.
IX. CONCLUSION
None of the inmates in these consolidated appeals are entitled to a written explanation of the Parole Board’s decisions of “no interest” in taking further action, nor are those decisions appealable. Further, the Parole Board need not address the
Gilmore v Parole Board, reversed
Vargas v Parole Board, affirmed.
Cespedes v Parole Board, reversed.
Notes
The Supreme Court affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with regard to our opinion in
Glover,
At the time Cespedes was convicted and sentenced, possession with intent to deliver more than 650 grams of cocaine, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(i), required imposition of a nonparolable life sentence, and thus Cespedes was sentenced to imprisonment for “natural life without parole.” However, in 1998, the Legislature amended the law to allow parole in certain circumstances. See
See MCR 7.21500(1).
Although each prisoner in these consolidated appeals presents separate arguments on appeal, we combine their arguments here for ease in addressing them.
“[Subsection] 34(8) provides that an inmate’s release on parole is discretionary with the parole board, but is also appealable to the circuit court.”
Glover, supra
at 519, n 12. The provisions in that subsection are currently found in subsection 34(9), as amended. See
In a concurring opinion in Glover, Justice Taylor, with whom Justice Corrigan concurred, relied on MCR 7.104(D)(7) to arrive at the same result as the majority:
I agree with the result and reasoning of the majority opinion with the exception of its holding that [the appellant] had a statutory right to a written explanation pursuant to MCL 791.235(12); MSA 28.2305(12). I do not find it necessary to reach this disputed issue, as I believe we should affirm the remand ordered by the Court of Appeals on the basis of MCL 791.234(8); MSA 28.2304(8), [which provides that a prisoner’s release on parole is discretionary with the parole board, but is also appealable to the circuit court] and MCR 7.104(D)(7). This court rule provides:
"On timely motion by a party, or on the court’s own motion, the court may remand the matter to the parole board for an explanation of its decision.”
The Legislature has implicitly chosen in MCL 791.234(8); MSA 28.2304(8) to give a reviewing court the ability to request a written explanation should it deem further explanation necessary. Furthermore, MCR 7.104(D)(7), which echoes in part the legislation, provides a procedure for a reviewing court to invoke. [Glover, supra at 528 (Taylor, J., concurring).]
Yet, the majority addresses this analysis in a footnote in the majority opinion, stating:
The concurring opinion’s reliance on MCR 7.104(D)(7) does not resolve whether a petitioner is entitled to a written explanation at the time of the board’s decision, and whether such explanations must be routinely furnished. By its very terms, MCR 7.104(D)(7) is a discretionary rule (“the court may . . .”) designed to assist the decisional process employed by the circuit court, the Court of Appeals, and this Court. [Glover, supra at 524, n 21.]
As the Glover Court explained in a footnote:
Subsections 1 to 5 of § 34 apply to inmates who are serving sentences which contain a minimum term, i.e., indeterminate sentences; subsection 6 applies to inmates serving parolable life terms, and establishes a more stringent set of procedures that such inmates must successfully navigate to be granted parole. [Glover, supra at 523, n 18.]
We also note that the Legislature continues to further limit the rights of an inmate serving a parolable life sentence. For example, effective March 10, 2000, subsection 34(6)(a) provides that a prisoner will be interviewed by the Parole Board after serving ten years of a sentence, and “thereafter as determined by the parole board,” unlike the previous version that provided the ten-year interview and an interview “every 5 years thereafter.” Now, a prisoner’s file is reviewed every five years rather than the prisoner being interviewed every five years. Also, the statutory provision addressing appealability, then subsection 34(8) [now subsection 34(9)], eliminates the right of a prisoner to appeal a denial of parole.
This statutory language, as amended, is now found in subsection 34(9). See
See
People v Puertas,
Vargas also argues that an inmate serving a parolable life sentence who is-under consideration for parole has due process rights in the parole proceedings. To the extent that Vargas’ argument is based on the federal constitution, it must fail.
Glover, supra
at 520-521. This Court declines to reach the issue whether the Michigan Constitution confers greater due process rights on parolable life prisoners than the federal constitution, see
id.
at 522, because Vargas failed to present an argument that a compelling reason justifies that interpretation,
id.
See
Prince v MacDonald,
“[A]n appellee need not file a cross appeal in order to argue an alternative basis for affirming the trial court’s decision, even if that argument was considered and rejected by the trial court.”
Kosmyna v Botsford Community Hosp,
We decline to address the Parole Board’s argument regarding at what point parole guidelines must be prepared because Cespedes made no such argument, and thus to address the argument would be to address an issue not in controversy.
Note:
See
The relevant portion of § 34, now subsection 8, provides in full:
(8) In determining whether a prisoner convicted of violating or conspiring to violate section 7401(2) (a) (i) of the public health code,1978 PA 368 , MCL 333.7401, and sentenced to imprisonment for life before October 1, 1998 is to be released on parole, the parole board shall consider all of the following:
(a) Whether the violation was part of a continuing series of violations of section 7401 or 7403 of the public health code,1978 PA 368 , MCL 333.7401 and 333.7403, by that individual.
(b) Whether the violation was committed by the individual in concert with 5 or more other individuals.
(c) Any of the following:
(i) Whether the individual was a principal administrator, organizer, or leader of an entity that the individual knew or had reason to know was organized, in whole or in part, to commit violations of section 7401 or 7403 of the public health code,1978 PA 368 , MCL 333.7401 and 333.7403, and whether the violation for which the individual was convicted was committed to further the interests of that entity.
(n) Whether the individual was a principal administrator, organizer, or leader of an entity that the individual knew or had reason to know committed violations of section 7401 or 7403 of the public health code,1978 PA 368 , MCL 333.7401 and 333.7403, and whether the violation for which the individual was convicted was committed to further the interests of that entity.
(in) Whether the violation was committed in a drug-free school zone.
(iv) Whether the violation involved the delivery of a controlled substance to an individual less than 17 years of age or possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance to an individual less than 17 years of age.