21 N.H. 149 | Superior Court of New Hampshire | 1850
It is alleged that the instructions given to the jury in this case were erroneous. The jury were told that “ if the defendant had erected a building upon the lot in question, designed to accommodate several families, suitably constructed for that purpose, and put to that use by him, it was a violation of the condition of the deed to Ziba Gay, notwithstanding there were doors in the several partitions between the different tenements.” Was this instruction correct ? Bid the direction thus given contain a proper construction of the condition of the deed, relative to the character of the building to be erected upon the lot ? The clause in the condition of the deed, which was the subject of consideration, was as follows, namely, — “ And whereas the corporation is induced to dispose of its lands in large parcels, and at prices below the true value, in order that the buildings erected thereon may not be crowded together, but may each be surrounded by a space of open ground; and for this purpose it has been agreed between the parties to these presents, that only one single dwelling-house, with a shed, barn, and other out-buildings requisite
The case finds that the building (which was two stories high) was so finished as to accommodate three different families in severalty, and was so fitted up as to be actually occupied by six families at a time. The instructions then were, in effect, that such a building as was erected on the lot was' not such an one-as the- condition contemplated, but was in violation of its provisions ; that such a building-was not a single dwelling-house, but was something more or different therefrom.
In giving a construction to a deed or other contract, regard .is to be had ■ to the intention of the parties, such intention being gathered from the language of the whole instrument, and viewed in the light of surrounding circumstances. It is apparent that the corporation had in view, in annexing the condition to the deed, the prevention of a too crowded state of the buildings, and, as a consequence, of too great a density of. population upon the lot. The construction of-the building was tó be such as to allow of open space around each building upon the lot. It is apparent that the lot was not intended to be fully occupied to1 the- extent of- its capacity' by buildings. It was sold for less than its real value, and for the express reason of the restricted right of occupancy of it by buildings specified in the condition of the deed. Now that the condition did not contain, and was not intended-to contain, a restriction-of-the right of the- grantee, in relation to the extent- of -the occupancy of the lot with buildings, is not open to doubt, indeed, it is not denied by the defendant. But it is contended that the building, although • designed to accommodate several families, and suitably constructed for that purpose; is not beyond the restriction, and is not a violation of the condition of the deed."
But the court are unable to adopt the view of the defendant, and are of the opinion that it cannot be sustained. - We are of the opinion that under the restriction, imposed by the condition, the defendant had-the right-of erecting a dwelling-house
Tbe evidence offered by the defendant, and which was registered by tbe court below, could have made no difference in tbe result, in determining whether tbe building was a violation of tbe condition of tbe deed or not.
It was not offered to show that tbe words “ single dwelling-house ” were used in a technical sense in tbe condition of the deed, or that those terms have, by usage among builders and architects, acquired any settled meaning and definition in Manchester, the locality of tbe building. Nor were tbe words, descriptive of tbe building, new, or apparently used in any
It is further contended, that inasmuch as the corporation, on the 19th of October, 1842, gave the defendant a notice in writing, requiring him to remove the building erected upon the lot, and inasmuch as the corporation did not, within three years thereafter, proceed to take possession of the building, according to the condition of the deed, their right so to do, after that time, became barred; and that the right, could not be revived by any subsequent notice.
But we are of opinion that, although the light of the corporation to enter into possession, resulting, from the erection of the building, and the notice of October 19,1842, may have been forfeited or waived by reason of their failure to proceed to take or acquire possession within three years from and after- the date of said notice, nevertheless, by the new notice of July 10,1847, and the continuance of the erection, the right to enter upon the premises was revived and renewed. The condition is, that ££ If any building, other than those before-mentioned, shall, within twenty-five years from this date, be erected or placed on the said land, and shall not be removed therefrom .within three months
The failure to proceed to enter within three years after the notice of October, 19, 1842, did not operate as a forfeiture of all right to enter at all, and to take possession of the buildings erected prior to said notice; but only all right to enter until after a new notice should be given. A failure thus to enter within three years did not give a right to continue the erection made without right, in violation of the condition of the deed, but only created a waiver of the right to enter, flowing from the erection and the first notice. We regard the meaning of the condition to be this: That whenever a building other than a single dwelling-house, &c., is found erected and being upon the lot in question, within twenty-five years after the date of the deed, and a notice is given to remove it, and it is not done within three months, the corporation may enter and take possession, provided fit be done within three years after such notice is given. And this right in the corporation, to give notice and enter within three years after any such notice, shall continue so long as any buildings, other than “ a single dwelling-house,” shall be found placed and being upon said lot. In short, so long as the erection shall continue placed upon the lot, which is not such as is contemplated by the deed, the right will remain in the corporation, upon notice and within three years after any such notice, to enter and possess the premises. Such we regard as the plain meaning of the condition of the deed under consideration. The ruling of the court, in this particular, was therefore correct.
The objection taken to the sufficiency of the authority of Read to lease the premises, was well founded.
His authority was derived from a power of attorney, executed by the treasurer of the corporation and approved by five of the
The authority thus conferred by the by-laws, is that under which the directors, acted in the appointment of Read as the attorney of the corporation, to lease the lots of land forfeited to the corporation by the acts of the grantees, done in violation of the conditions of the grants.
.Here was no express authority given the directors to delegate any portion of their power to sell or lease such lands of the corporation, nor is any such authority implied iri the language employed in the by-laws, or in any way necessary or requisite for
Mr. Chancellor Kent lays down the doctrine upon this subject thus: “ An agent, ordinarily and without express authority or a fair presumption of one, growing out of the particular transaction, or of the usage of trade, has not power to employ a sub-agent to do the business without the knowledge or consent of his principal. The maxim is that delegatus non potest delegare; and the agency is generally a personal trust and confidence which cannot be delegated ; for the principal employs the agent from the opinion which he has of his personal skill and integrity, and the latter has no right to turn his principal over to another, of whom he knows nothing.” 2 Kent, Com. (4th ed.) 633.
The case of Stoughton & al. v. Baker & al., 4 Mass. Rep. 522, was thus: Tillinghast, Loud, and Turner, by a resolve of the Massachusetts Legislature, were appointed a committee to give notice to the parties to repair the several dams on the Neponset River, between the sea and Paul’s bridge, and to order such
So in Emerson & al. v. The Providence Hat Manufacturing Company, 12 Mass. Rep. 237, it was decided that although a general agent of a trading company, being himself one of the company, may have authority to make promissory notes, binding on the corporation, yet a sub-agent appointed by him would have no such authority. Parker, C. J., says “ If Buffam is to be viewed as an agent, deriving his authority from the choice of the company, his power must be considered to be limited by the terms of the appointment, and although the general administration of the affairs of the company was intrusted to him, we see no power given to him to appoint sub-agents; nor can such power be implied, for a confidence is supposed to exist between principal and agent which is not communicated to sub-agents selected and appointed only by the agent.”
In Brewster v. Hobart, 15 Pick. 302. Wilde, J., says “ It is quite clear that where there is no assent of the principal, either express or implied, an agent or attorney cannot delegate his authority to a sub-agent, so as to authorize him to bind the principal, especially in matters which require any degree of judgment or discretion, however small.”
Mr. Paley says, (Paley on Agency, 128,) “If, therefore,
The case of Commercial Bank of Lake Erie v. Norton & Fox, 1 Hill’s Rep. 501, was assumpsit against the defendants, two of the partners of the firm of E. Norton & Co., as acceptors of certain bills of exchange. The acceptance was in form thus, “ E. Norton & Co. per A. G. Cochrane,” and was in Cochrane’s handwriting. Henry Norton was the general- agent of the firm of E. Norton & Co., having competent authority to accept the bills in their behalf; and Cochrane was the bookkeeper of E. Norton & Co., and was directed by Henry Norton to accept the bills. Cowen, J., who delivered the opinion of the court, says, “ Henry Norton was the factotum of the firm.” . “ But it is said he could not delegate the power to accept. This is not denied, nor did he do so. The bills came for acceptance, and having, as agent, made up his mind that they should be accepted, he directed Cochrane, the bookkeeper, to do the mechanical part, write the acceptance across the bill. He was the-mere amanuensis. • Had any thing like the trust which is in its nature personal to an agent, a discretion for instance, to accept what bills he pleased, been confided to Cochrane, his act would have been void. But to question it now, would be to' deny that the general agent of a mercantile firm could retain a carpenter to- make a box, or a cooper to make a cask.. The books go on the question whether the delegation be of a discretion.” Blore v. Sutton, 3 Merivale, 237, is a case holding a doctrine of a stricter character. There the clerk of the agent put his own initials to the memorandum by direction of the agent;. and it was held insufficient to bind the principal.
But it is not necessary to inquire .or decide, in the present case, whether an agent can delegate the power to perform a mere ministerial act.
The judgment of the Court, therefore, is, that the verdict be set aside, and
A new trial granted.