OPINION
{1} Dеfendant, an automobile dealership, appeals from a judgment on a jury verdict in a motor vehicle accident case awarding Plaintiff punitive damages and from the district court’s award of costs. Defendant raises five issues on appeal: (1) there was insufficient evidence to support the award of punitive damages; (2) the district court’s instructions on punitive damages constituted reversible error; (3) it was reversible error to deny Defendant’s request for a limiting instruction with respect to the post-accident dishonesty of its employee; (4) the punitive damage award violated due process; and (5) the district court abused its discretion in awarding costs.
{2} We hold that substantial evidence supports the jury’s award of punitive damages, but because the district court’s instructions on punitive damages constituted reversible error, we reverse and remand for a new trial on that issuе. We reverse the costs award in part and remand for reconsideration.
Background
{3} Michael Hinkle, a salesman and employee of Defendant, collided with and injured Plaintiff, while driving a car belonging to Defendant within the scope of his employment. Plaintiff sued Hinkle and Defendant. The jury found Hinkle negligent and awarded Plaintiff compensatory damages. Because Hinkle was on the job at the time of the collision, Defendant does not dispute that it is vicariously liable for those damages.
{4} The jury also found that separate conduct of Hinkle and Defendant was evidence of culpable mental states which were willful, reckless, or wanton. It found punitive damages against Hinkle and Defendant to be $250 and $275,000, respectively. The district court denied Defendant’s objections to the bill of costs for $49,045.02 filed by Plaintiff. Defendant appeals from the awards of punitive damages and costs.
Evidence Bearing on Punitive Damages
{5} As instructed by the district court, in order to determine that Plaintiff recover punitive damages from Defendant, the jury was required to find that Defendant’s conduct was evidence of a culpable mental state that was “willful, reckless, or wanton.” See UJI 13-1827 NMRA 1998. Defendant asserts that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury’s affirmative finding.
{6} Consistent with Uniform Jury Instruction 13-1827, the jury was instructed as follows:
Willful conduct is the intentional doing of an act with knowledge that harm may result.
Reckless conduct is the intentional doing of an act with utter indifference to the consequences.
Wanton conduct is the doing of an act with utter indifference to, or conscious disregard for, a person’s safety.
{7} Plaintiff contends that Defendant waived its right to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence because it failed to renew its motion for a directed verdict at the close of the evidence. This contention is without merit. During the settling of jury instructions and before closing arguments, counsel for Defendant argued that the “motion for directed verdict on [punitive damages] should be sustained.” Defendant’s arguments caused the district court to rule, “To the extent that you have renewed any of your motions for directed verdict, the same are denied for reasons previously stated by the Court.” Thus, Defendant fairly invoked a ruling on its renewed motion. See Rule 12-216(A) NMRA 1998.
{8} “The standard of review for an аward of punitive damages is whether the award is supported by substantial evidence.” Sunwest Bank of Albuquerque, N.A. v. Daskalos,
{9} Hinkle, a twenty-one-year-old man, applied for a vehicle sales job with Defendant on February 27, 1994. Hinkle’s prior work expеrience was as a cook and restaurant manager. When Defendant hired Hinkle as a salesman, it anticipated that he would drive its vehicles throughout Albuquerque. Defendant’s representative acknowledged that motor vehicles have the potential for causing horrible damages if they are not driven properly.
{10} Hinkle stated on his application that he had a valid driver’s license. Hinkle also disclosed that he had previоusly been cited for driving 65 m.p.h. in a 55 m.p.h. zone. In the course of completing paperwork subsequent to his acceptance of a job, Hinkle produced, and Defendant accepted, a New Mexico identification card rather than a driver’s license. Defendant had access on its premises to a computer connection with the Motor Vehicle Division of the New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Depаrtment that would have enabled it to verify Hinkle’s driver’s license information within minutes, but it chose not to investigate Hinkle’s status because it thought it was unnecessary under the circumstances.
{11} Had Defendant used the computer connection to check Hinkle’s status at the time of his application, it would have learned that he had been cited on separate occasions for improper backing and speeding over 75 m.p.h., and that his license had been suspended in February 1993 after he failed to appear in court to respond to a traffic citation. Defendant would not have permitted Hinkle to drive its vehicles if it had known that he had a suspended license.
{12} Defendant did not test or monitor Hinkle’s driving nor provide him with any safe driving instructions or training. Three weeks after Defendant hired Hinkle, he collided with Plaintiff while negligently driving an automobile that he had taken for a customer test drivе.
{13} The foregoing evidence permits the reasonable inferences that: (1) Defendant did not investigate Hinkle’s driving record or take any steps to ensure that he would drive safely; and (2) the dealership focused only on the potential economic benefit to be derived from hiring a new salesperson and it did not care about the risk of harm to the public posed by an unlicensed or incompetent driver. Such behavior may qualify as rеckless or wanton conduct. See DeMatteo v. Simon,
{14} We acknowledge that other inferences from the foregoing facts, plus other facts of record and inferences from them, would support a contrary verdict. However, when considering a claim of insufficiency of the evidence, the appellate court resolves all disputes of facts in favor of the successful party and indulges all reasonable inferences in support of the prevailing party. See Clovis Nat’l Bank v. Harmon,
Instructions on Punitive Damages
{15} Defendant argues that the instructions submitted to the jury improperly allowed it to award punitive damаges against Defendant based on Hinkle’s culpable state of mind. In order to resolve this issue, we must consider the jury instructions as a whole. See Cowan v. Powell,
{16} We first review whether Defendant preserved its position. Plaintiff contends that Defendant failed to clearly object to Plaintiffs instruction number 40, and coupled with Defendant’s submission of special verdict instructions, that the issue is not preserved for review on appeal. In order to prеserve an error in jury instructions, Rule 1-051(1) NMRA 1998 requires that an “objection must be made to any instruction given ... or, in the case of failure to instruct on any point of law, a correct instruction must be tendered.”
{17} The court appropriately rejected Defendant’s alternative instruction number 40 and special verdict form because they focused upon Defendant’s theory that the punitive damages could only be awarded based upon authоrization, participation, or ratification by Defendant of Hinkle’s conduct. Defendant did not submit a correction to Plaintiffs instruction number 40 as to punitive damages, but it did alert the issue to the attention of the trial court. During objections to jury instructions, Defendant stated “[0]n the instruction number 40 that covers punitive damages, we believe that the instruction should separate out the conduct of Mike Hinkle and Reliable Chevrolet____We object to lumping bоth the conduct of Mike Hinkle and Reliable Chevrolet together.”
{18} This case is not one in which there was a failure to instruct on a point of law; the district court gave instruction number 40, as tendered by Plaintiff, on the issue of punitive damages. See Kennedy v. Dexter Consol, Schs.,
{19} Instruction number 40 states in pertinent part: “If you find that Frank Gillingham should recover compensation for damages, and if you further find the conduct of Michael Hinkle or Reliable Chevrolet evidenced a culpable mental state which was willful, reckless, or wanton, then you may award punitive damages.” (Emphasis added.) By its terms, this instruction permitted the jury to award punitive damages if the conduct of either Hinkle or Defendant evidenced a culpable state of mind. At first glance, the instruction given does not appear to be problematic; both Hinkle and Defendant were potentially liable for punitive damages as independent actors. See DeMatteo,
{20} The instruction neglected, however, to specify that the jury could award punitive damages against Defendant based only on its own willful, reckless, or wanton conduct, independent of Hinkle’s behavior. See Gallegos v. Citizens Ins. Agency,
{21} Plaintiff comments that Defendant’s argument might have merit but for the fact that a special verdict form required separate findings as to punitive damages with respect to both Hinkle and Defendant. The special verdict form did elicit separate affirmative answers to the questions of whether the individual conduct of Hinkle and Defendant was evidence of a culpable mind state that was willful, reckless, or wanton. Considering the jury instructions as a whole, however, the special verdict form did not cure the problem because the jury was nowhere instructеd that only Defendant’s culpable state of mind, and not Hinkle’s, could serve as a basis for an award of punitive damages against Defendant.
{22} Additionally, Defendant argues that the district court erred in refusing his request for an instruction limiting the admissibility of evidence that Hinkle had engaged in forgery two and one-half years after the accident with Plaintiff. Plaintiff sought to introduce this evidence of Hinkle’s dishonesty in order to impeach his credibility. Defendant immediately rеquested “that a limiting instruction be given to the jury that the questions and answers or any documents offered against Mr. Hinkle ... shall not be considered as evidence and shall not be admissible as evidence against Reliable Chevrolet for any of ... Plaintiffs claims against Reliable Chevrolet under Rule 11-105 [NMRA 1998].” Defendant’s timely oral request for a contemporaneous limiting instruction was adequate to preserve its claim of error. See Garcia ex rel. Garcia v. La Farge,
{23} We do not review the district court’s refusal to give a limiting instruction in isolation. The potential for unfair prejudice to Defendant from the admission of evidence of Hinkle’s post-accident dishonesty is greater because the district court did not constrain the jury from awarding punitive damages against Defendant based on Hinkle’s culpable state of mind. When we consider the instructions as a whole, we conclude that the jury was not properly instructed as to punitive damages. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new trial on the issue of punitive damages.
Due Process
{24} Defendant contends that the award of punitive damages violated due process. Defendant has not informed us of how this issue was preserved. See Rule 12-213(A)(4) NMRA 1998 (brief in chief shall contain a “statement explaining how the issue was preserved in the court below”). We will not consider this issue on appeal. See Rule 12-216(A); see also In re Eventyr J.,
Award of Costs
{25} Defendant challenges the district court’s аward of costs for consulting fees, investigation fees, postage, computerized research, photocopying, telephone, facsimile, courier, and attorney per diem expenses. Generally, the prevailing party may recover the costs of litigation. See NMSA 1978, § 39-3-30 (1966) (prevailing party shall recover costs “unless the court orders otherwise for good cause shown”); Rule 1-054(E) NM'RA 1998 (costs allowed as a matter of course to the prevailing party unless court directs otherwise). Costs are considered to be ii statutory allowance for expenses incurred in litigation. See Dunleavy v. Miller,
{26} Items 9, 10, 12-16, 22, 23, and 26-29 are consulting fees paid to four physicians who qualified as experts and testified at trial. These items were properly taxed as costs by statute. See NMSA 1978, § 38-6-4(B) (1983) (district court may order compensation for time required in preparation prior to the giving of expert testimony); see also Ulibarri Landscaping Material, Inc. v. Colony Materials, Inc.,
{27} Items 1, 2, 18, and 19 are сonsulting fees paid to two treating physicians listed by Defendant as potential expert witnesses. Such consultations are designed to prepare parties so that no unexpected surprises would arise when the physicians testify at trial. We cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in awarding these challenged costs. See Bower v. Western Fleet Maintenance,
{28} Item 3 is a $18.13 fee to St. Joseph Rehabilitation listed under thе heading “EXPERT WITNESSES AND TREATING HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS.” We are not clear how this expenditure assisted Plaintiff in preparing for expert testimony. Items 37-54 are fees totaling $829.11 paid to obtain Plaintiffs own medical records. We are unaware of any New Mexico statute or precedent specifically authorizing such expenses to be taxed as costs. Nor can we find any authority sanctioning the taxation of fees for investigatory services, such as enumerated in Items 113-117 fоr a total of $1909.88. Cf. 10 Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 2677, at 462 (1998) (taxation usually is denied for investigation charges). Similarly, we are unaware of any New Mexico statute or precedent permitting the award of the non-legal computer research charges shown in Items 131, 132, 134, and 143, totaling $67.62 and the postage fees of $256.75 for Item 155 as costs.
{29} Finally, expenses for photocopies, telephone, facsimile, сourier, mileage, travel, and per diem listed in Items 145-154 and 157-162 for a total of $2526.03 are generally not recoverable pursuant to Rule LR2302(D) NMRA 1998. See Lopez,
{30} The unusual items total $5607.52. Plaintiff suggests that the district court’s comments at the costs hearing adequately provided its explanation for taxing the unusual items as costs. The district court stated:
The Court, having considered the pleadings that are on file in this case, I have considered all of the testimony that was taken at the time of trial, the evidence that was proffered, the evidence that was admitted at the time of trial, the arguments of counsel, feels — in all sincerity, I’m not looking at this cost bill and the proposition that hindsight is the best sight. I’ve looked at the cost bill carefully. I think all of the items contained in the cost bill are allowable under Rule [l-0]54 of'the New Mexico Rules of Civil Procedure or under local Rule [LR2-]302 for the Second Judicial District as being aрplicable to those rules and representing thorough and appropriate trial preparation.
The district court’s characterization of Plaintiffs preparation for trial as “thorough” is not sufficient to explain why items not specifically authorized by statute or precedent were taxed as costs in this case. Indeed, we would imagine that thorough trial preparation is a hallmark of the work of almost all attorneys who represent prevailing parties.
{31} Plaintiff also argues that the record reflects unusual circumstances justifying the district court’s award of costs based upon the district court’s admonitions to defense counsel during closing argument. We reject this claim. There is no indication that the district court determined that defense counsel’s arguments to the jury were the basis for an imposition of sanctions in the form of approval of Plaintiffs request fоr costs. See generally Lopez,
{32} Consequently, we reverse the award of costs of the unusual costs in the amount of $5607.52. Based upon Lopez, we remand for reconsideration. See id. ¶ 14. If, upon reexamination, the district court determines that some or all of thе unusual items identified above should be taxed as costs, it must specifically explain the circumstances justifying its award. See Rule LR2-302(C), (D).
Conclusion
{33} We hold that substantial evidence supports the jury’s award of punitive damages, but because the district court’s instructions on punitive damages constituted reversible error, we reverse and remand for a new trial on the issue of punitive damages. We also reverse the costs award in the amount of $5607.52 and remand for reconsideration consistent with this opinion.
{34} IT IS SO ORDERED.