Plaintiff, Garry V. Giddens, brought this cause of action, premised upon the Federal Employer’s Liability Act, 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq., for injuries he sustained on May 18, 1989, while working for the defendant as a maintenance-of-way foreman. He appeals from the Circuit Court’s order granting defendant Kansas City Southern Railway Company’s Motion for New Trial.
On May 17, 1989, the plaintiff was dispatched to check a railroad track for water damage due to heavy rains, which had washed away the roadbed. On May 18,1989, he was again called to assess further damage along the right of way. On May 19,1989, the рlaintiff was instructed to take his crew to milepost 612 to repair the washout by building a box bridge structure under the rails to hold them up. He was told to use the crane and caboose chains to lift the rails while the box bridge was being built.
Upon arriving at milepost 612, the plaintiff was instructed to supervise a backhoe operator and to place the washed out mud and rock back into the washout. The plaintiff and the crew were then to use the locomotive crane to raise the tracks and place ties on top of the mud and rock to support the track.
While repairing the tracks, the plaintiff was under a raised rail assisting in placing ties to shim up the rail. Because of the slope of the fill material, the plaintiff had to prop himself up with his left hand while he guided the ties in with his right hand. While the rails and ties were in mid-air, the chain broke and they fell on the plaintiff’s left hand. It took approximately six minutes to remove the track and ties from the plaintiffs hand.
The plaintiff sought emergency treatment and spent the weekend in the hospital. The following Monday, the plaintiff went to see a physician, selected by the defendant, who specialized in the treatment of hands. Between 1989 and 1992, the plaintiff underwent seven surgical procedures, primarily on the long and ring fingers, to restore function to his left hand.
The plaintiff received treatment and did not work from the time of the accident until June 1990. He then worked until December 1990, at which time he took off until. May 1991 for further treatment. He then returned to work until December 1991. He did not work for the railroad thereafter.
In February 1992, a company doctor examined the plaintiff for fitness for duty and medically disqualified him from performing his previous job on the railroad. In September 1992, the surgeon who operated on the plaintiffs hand advised the defendant’s Division Engineer that the plaintiff was restricts ed from lifting anything over ten pounds with his left hand and was prohibited from using vibrating tools and sledge hammer.
The defendant had the plaintiff undergo a field test, which he was unable to successfully complete. Plaintiff was taken off the payroll on October 31, 1992, and was not offered another position.
Between the time of the original accident in 1989 and the plaintiffs last absеnce in October 1992, he received his regular wages *303 under the defendant’s wage continuation program, and he continued to accrue credited months towards eligibility for the Railroad Retirement Board disability pension. The first point on appeal concerns the admission of the plaintiffs benefit payments under the Railroad Retirement Act. 1
When the case was first tried, the jury returned a verdict of $500,000. The trial court sustained the defendant’s motion for new trial on the ground that a mitigation instruction was not given. No appeal was taken. The сase was retried, and the jury returned a verdict in the amount of $1,400,-000 for the plaintiff. The court sustained the defendant’s motion for new trial on two grounds, which now have been briefed on appeal.
Defense counsel sought to introduce evidence of the plaintiffs disability payments. The trial court
refused to allow
the plaintiff to be questioned about his pension proceeds because it violated
Eichel v. New York Cent R.R. Co.,
The defendant maintains that the benefits paid by the Railroad Retirement Board were not a “collateral source” payment but were relevant to plaintiffs ability and incentive to work and to his obligation to mitigate damages. Further, the defendant argues that even if the evidence is generally excludable, the plaintiff had “opened the door” to its admission. Specifically, the defendant сontends that the plaintiffs vocational rehabilitation expert, Dr. Samuel Bernstein, invited introduction of the evidence when he testified that the plaintiff was well-motivated to work. Plaintiff maintains that the evidence of his benefits was not admissible under any set of facts because they constituted collateral source evidence.
On a motion for new trial, a trial court may reconsider its rulings on discretionary matters and may order a new trial if the court believes its discretion was not wisely exercised and that the losing party was thereby prеjudiced.
State ex rel. Missouri Highway and Transp. Comm’n v. Pedroley,
However, the discretion accorded the trial court in granting a motion for new trial presupposes a determination of fact, not law.
Highfill v. Brown,
Eichel v. New York Cent. R.R. Co.,
*304 At the trial, counsel for resрondent argued that the pension would show “a motive for [petitioner’s] not continuing work, and for his deciding not to continue going back to work after the last accident.” On the basis of this argument the Court of Appeals concluded that the disputed evidence should have been admitted because: “Its substantial probative value cannot reasonably be said to be outweighed by the risk that it will ... create substantial danger of undue prejudice through being considered by the jury for the incompetent purpose of a set-off against lost eаrnings.” We disagree. In our view the likelihood of misuse by the jury clearly outweighs the value of this evidence. Insofar as the evidence bears on the issue of malingering, there will generally be other evidence having more probative value and involving less likelihood of prejudice than the receipt of a disability pension.
Id. (footnote omitted).
Eichel
instructs that the relevancy of the evidence is not the key issue but rather that it is the balancing of unduly prejudicial evidence against its probative value. The court came down on the side of the potential harm that may be caused by the introduction of this evidence outweighing its probative value. The court held it is improper for disability pension benefits to be considered by the jury in assessing mitigation of damages or to show malingering. In
Moore v. Missouri Pac. R.R. Co.,
The defendant maintains that the rule set forth in Eichel is not absolute and that Dr. Bernstein’s testimony opened the door to rebuttal evidence of the plaintiffs pension benefits. At trial, Dr. Bernstein was asked what recommendations he had for vocational retraining or rehabilitation of the plaintiff. He stаted:
I felt [the plaintiff] was well motivated. That’s number one. Motivation is not a problem, as I saw it, in this particular ease.
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First, he can’t go back and do what he did. That’s just that. Secondly, the man wants to do something with his life. He’s interested in working.
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Because I felt that he was motivated and because he’s motivated, I want to encourage him to go — I told him to look.
The trial court held in its order granting the defendant’s motion for new trial that Dr. Bernstein’s testimony opened the door to evidence of the disability payments. Specifically, the trial court stated:
[T]he disability payments create a reason for plaintiff not to secure employment. Plaintiff receives $1500 per month in disability payments. If he earns more than $400 рer month the disability payment is correspondingly reduced_ Not working for that amount allowed him to create the impression before this jury that he had no income. This no doubt encouraged the jury to award him substantial damages .... Some limited evidence about the disability payments should have been admitted to challenge Dr. Bernstein’s comments about motivation.
The plaintiff first argues that a witness for the plaintiff cannot open the door, claiming that only the plaintiff, and he alone, can raise the issue of hardship or financial distress to permit introduction of the evidence of plaintiffs retirement benefits. We have not located any authority that suggests such a requirement. The plaintiff relies primarily on
Moore v. Missouri Pac. R.R. Co.
for this argument. Contrary to his assertion,
Moore
does not restrict the introduction of the rebuttal evidence to those times when the plaintiff himself raises the issue of his dire financial condition. The court in
Moore
observed that “[t]here is no functional distinction between the plaintiff injecting his dire financial condition on direct examination or on cross-examination.”
Moore,
The defendant correctly argues that there are exceptions to the rule set forth in
Eichel. Gladden v. P. Henderson & Co.,
In
Moore v. Missouri Pac. R.R. Co.,
If the plaintiff injects his financial condition into the proceedings and implies financial distress, the defendant may challenge this evidence by showing that the plaintiff had financial assistance available.
Moore,
The trial court granted the defendant a new trial on the alternative ground that plaintiffs closing argument was improper. The plaintiff raises a number of points in defense of his closing argument. First, he maintains that the defendant failed to object to the alleged improper arguments as a choice of trial strategy and should not be allowed plain error review. He also contends that the trial court held, in its order granting a new trial, that the jury award was not excessive, thereby negating any basis for the new trial. Finally, he contends that his closing argument consisted of proper commеnts on the evidence or permissible inferences *306 drawn from the evidence and fair retorts to contentions made by the defendant.
In his motion for new trial, the defendant claimed that plaintiff's closing argument violated Rules 3.3 and 3.4 of the Missouri Rules of Professional Conduct and the trial court’s rulings on defendant’s pretrial motions in limine, which dealt with the Americans With Disabilities Act and the discharge and accommodations of the plaintiff. The defendant contended that these violations incited the bias and prejudice of the jury as evidenced by the еxcessive damage award to the plaintiff.
Although the defendant failed to object to the plaintiffs closing argument, the point of error was preserved in its motion for new trial. Following arguments, the trial court ordered a new trial on this alternative point, stating:
Defendant is also entitled to a new trial due to the closing argument of plaintiff. That argument taken as a whole exceeds the bounds of propriety. It attacks opposing counsel and suggests he has no interest in the truth. It improperly suggests that the plaintiff risked being fired for complеting the washout repair in another way. It discusses kicking plaintiff off the railroad to create animosity toward the defendant. The argument is designed to inflame the jury. Apparently, it worked. Within one hour the jury returned a 1.4 million dollar verdict without requesting any of the exhibits.
Plaintiff directs our first inquiry to defense counsel’s failure to object. Plaintiff properly points out that an objection would have permitted the trial court to take corrective action by its ruling, instructions to counsel or the jury, or both. Further, he contends, an objection and the court’s ruling would have allowed him to correct his argument. Plaintiffs argument is not without merit. It points out the significance of timely objections as well as the hazards of plain error review. We are certain that these factors were not lost on the trial court which considered them, among others, when it decided the motion pursuant to the plain error rule. While the plaintiffs contention must be given serious consideration by the trial court, we are presented with another, equally sound proposition of law, which is that each case must be decided on its own facts. The motion for new trial enables the trial court to consider its rulings in a more reflective atmosphere.
Farley v. Johnny Londoff Chevrolet, Inc.,
Further, Rule 78.08 permits the trial court to review post trial matters, which affect substantial rights, pursuant to plain error, when the court finds that a manifest injustice or miscarriage of justice has resulted. The review is accomplished by the trial judge, who occupies a far better position than this court to fairly determine the effects of unob-jected argument, evidence, or court instructions on the jury’s verdict.
There is ample authority for the trial court to grant a new trial because of counsel’s improper argument even though there was no objection to the argument. In
Greenwell v. Huffman,
The trial judge was in an excellent position to gauge the effect of the improper and objectionable argument, and, if he deemed the overall effect to have been so prejudicial as to deprive plaintiff of a fair and impartial trial as he undoubtedly did, he had the duty to cause the entry of the new trial order, although no objection had been made to such argument.
Id.
at 31 (emphasis in original)(Robbins,
Next, the plaintiff contends that the trial court held the verdict not to be excessive and this showed that the jury was not moved by bias, passion or prejudice. The plaintiff asserts that the trial court’s express finding that the jury verdict of $1.4 million was not excessive is inconsistent with a finding of prejudice. In support of his argument, the plaintiff cites to both a passage in the trial court’s order granting the defendant’s motion for new trial, wherein the court acknowledged that the plaintiff was severely injured, and the court’s cover letter accompanying the order, wherein the court stated that there was no doubt that a jury would return a substantial verdict each time the case was tried.
A trial court’s ruling on a motion for a new trial is not required to set forth its reasons for the conclusion reached or the mental process by which the determination was made,
Resco Constr. Co. v. Dawson Cabinet Co.,
In
Bierman v. Langston,
An observation that plaintiff was severely injured and that a jury will return a substantial verdict in another trial are not necessarily inconsistent with a ruling that the verdict is excessive. These remarks explained to the parties and thеir attorneys that a jury verdict less than $1,400,000 would still be substantial for the injuries that the plaintiff sustained. A trial court’s explanation for its ruling is a practice which should not be discouraged. However, the trial court’s comments, obviously designed to provide an explanation, cannot be used to misconstrue its order.
However, whether the verdict was excessive is not necessarily a controlling factor in determining whether the closing argument was prejudicial. In
Tune v. Synergy Gas Corp.,
*308
Thе plaintiffs final position is that there was no impropriety in his closing arguments. The plaintiff argues that his closing argument was based upon permissible inferences reasonably drawn from the evidence and was a fair retort to arguments asserted by the defendant. In evaluating the plaintiffs claims, we are cognizant of the fact that the trial court is in the best position to appraise the consequence of closing argument and that the appellate court may intervene only if it concludes that the trial court abused that discretion.
Hammer v. Waterhouse,
The trial court made its decision based on the overall tenor of plaintiffs closing argument. The court noted examples wherein the plaintiffs counsel attacked opposing counsel by suggesting that he “had no interest in the truth,” where he improperly suggested that the plaintiff risked being fired for not repairing the washed out track bed in the way suggested by the defendant, and where he made an unjustifiable argument about the plaintiffs termination with the purpose of creating animosity toward the defendant. The court characterized the plaintiffs argument as designed to inflame the passions of the jury.
The parties argue back and forth on this issue, placing their own spin on their respective positions as to each other’s understanding of the argument: why the argument was based on the evidence, whether it was a fair retort, and why it was no more or less than a malicious attack on the defendant or its attorney. The plaintiff casts his argument in neutral terms to suggest that there was no intent to inflame the jury. On the other hand, the defendant maintains that the plaintiffs only purpose was to incite jury passion and bias.
The argument by plaintiffs counsel did make repeated references to opposing counsel, including that: (1) all of the defendant’s safety rules which had been marked and placed in evidence were now opposing counsel’s rules and that opposing counsel decided they had been violated; and (2) that opposing counsel circumvented the truth when trying to explain away plaintiffs argument. Plaintiffs counsel also made references to the defendant that included: (1) that if an employee got hurt at this comрany, its defense is that he broke a safety rule, and if he can’t work, the company will fire him and the employee should not look to it for compensation; (2) that the company “could care less” about safety; and (3) a personal opinion on the credibility of one of the defendant’s witnesses. Plaintiffs counsel then stated the following:
I think there is a real strong inference here that the railroad wanted to avoid the whole medical question and stage this field test, brought him back, failed him so they could run him right off the railroad. They’re tired of paying his wage continuation. They’re tired of paying them. If we can get rid of this guy who, for 20 years gave us the sweat off his brow and didn’t give them a moment’s problem.... He wasn’t good enough for Kansas City Southern anymore. They got rid of him. They didn’t accommodate him like people are accommodated on other jobs with disability.
We believe that the trial judge was justified in its determination that plaintiffs closing argument was unwarranted, untrue, and that the contentions noted above were not fair retorts, fair comments on the evidence, or reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom. These remarks were not on the merits of the case, but rather were an attempt to inject hatred and prejudice against opposing counsel and his client. Reckless assertions by counsel, unwarranted by proof and intended to arouse hatred or prejudice, are condemned as tending to cause a miscarriage of justice.
Critcher v. Rudy Fick, Inc.,
We are mindful that counsel is afforded wide latitude to argue the evidence and inferеnces drawn from the evidence. “[T]he law indulges a liberal attitude toward argument, particularly where the comment complained of is fair retort or responds to prior argument of opposing counsel.”
Keith v. Burlington N. R.R. Co.,
The determination as to whether a new trial is warranted because of jury argument rests within the trial court’s sound discretion.
Cook v. Cox,
The defendant has raised other issues, which are moot and we trust will be resolved on retrial.
Order granting a new trial is affirmed.
Notes
. The Railroad Retirement Board annuities are funded partially by the employer and partially by the employee. Under Tier Two, the employee pays 4.9 percent on his first $45,000 of earnings and the employer pays 16.1 percent. Contributions to the fund hy both parties are mandatory. After 20 years of credited service with the defendant, the employee qualifies for a disability pension. The employee is limited to $400 per month outside earnings; any earnings in excess decrease his $1,500 monthly pension dollar for dollar.