Gibson v. State
144 S.W.3d 530
Tex. Crim. App.
2004
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OPINION

HERVEY, J.,

delivered the opinion of the Court

in whiсh KELLER, PJ., MEYERS, PRICE, KEASLER, HOLCOMB and COCHRAN, JJ., joined.

In this case, we decide that the Court of Appeals misapplied the “clearly erroneous” appellate standard of review in overturning the trial court’s ruling that the prosecutor did not use a race-based peremptory challenge to strike veniremember 11. See generally Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986).

The Court of Appeals decided that the prosecutor did use a race-based peremptory challenge to strike veniremember 11 becausе the prosecutor did not peremptorily strike veniremember 7 and the only difference between these veniremembers was their race. See Gibson v. State, 117 S.W.3d 567, 577-80, 580 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi, 2003) (only remaining difference to explain prosecutor’s disparate treatment of the two veniremembers is race). 1 We exercised our discretionary authority to review this decision. The sole ground upon which we granted review states:

The Court of Appeals erred when it found the trial court’s ruling on the Bat-son issue to be clearly erroneous.

The record reflects that each party had 30 minutes to conduct their voir dire examination. Based on prosecution questioning of the entire venire, the parties believed that veniremembers 7 аnd 11 expressed reservations about convicting a defendant on the basis of the testimony of one witness. The record, however, does not clearly reflect this. Veniremember 7 expressed reservations about convicting on the basis of one witness. Veniremember 11 arguably did not have these reservations if this one witness was an eyewitness.

[PROSECUTOR]: Let’s talk about one witness cases, okay. I expect that [an eye-witness police offlcer] is gоing to be the only State’s actual fact witness in this particular case, okay.
Now, think about that for a second. If you accept his testimony and you believe — and you hear the evidence and you believe his testimony bеyond a reasonable doubt, is that going to be enough for you to return a guilty verdict? Assuming that all of the elements are satisfied and you believe his testimony beyond a reasonable doubt, is that going to be enough or would you require some other evidence just to be sure?
And this is an important question. It’s an important question. It’s important for you to think about it and I’m going to go row by row because I can tell you, the law is it is enough. I mean, legally that’s enough.
What happens, you made [sic] guess is that a lot of ‍‌​‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‍crimes — a lot of crimes are one witness cases.
Have any of y’all been held up before or assaulted? Unfortunately, a lot of things like that happen with only one witness. Of course, it’s рerfectly within the law.
Anybody on the first row think that, even though you believe him beyond a *532 reasonable doubt, you want something else?
Anybody?
[VENIREMEMBER 7]: Idó.
[PROSECUTOR]: You feel like you would?
[VENIREMEMBER 7]: I could believe in a man’s testimony, if he’s a policeman, but still people make mistakes. And I have to have a little more evidence.
[PROSECUTOR]: Okay. That’s fíne. I appreciate your honesty.
[PROSECUTOR]: Okay. Anybоdy on the second row feel like [Veniremember 7], you need some additional evidence?
[VENIREMEMBER 11]: I probably would.
[PROSECUTOR]: You think you would?
[VENIREMEMBER 11]: Yeah.[ 2 ]
[PROSECUTOR]: [Veniremember 11]?
[VENIREMEMBER 11]: Because he was not a[sic] eye-witness; correct?
[PROSECUTOR]: No. He’s an eye-witness. He’s an eye-witness.
[VENIREMEMBER 11]: Okay. He’s an eye-witness?[ 3 ]
[PROSECUTOR]: Yes, ma’am. We’ll talk about that in just one second.
[VENIREMEMBER 11]: Oh, okay.
[PROSECUTOR]: We’re not going to talk about it right now.

Apparently because the allotted time for conducting his voir dire ran out, the prosecutor did not further question venire-members 7 and 11 or the venire about eyewitness and one-witness eases. Later, while conducting his voir dire, appellant did nоt question veniremember 11 about a one-witness case. Appellant, however, did question veniremember 7 about a one-witness case, and veniremember 7 ultimately stated that he “would follow the law in this case.”

[DEFENSE]: Okay, [veniremеmber 7], you stated that you may need more evidence than the testimony of one officer?
[VENIREMEMBER 7]: Yes.
[DEFENSE]: If the Judge were to — At the end of this and you were picked and the Judge were to give you what is called the Charge and these are all of the items; that mere presence alone is not — is not sufficient to convict somebody and whatever law you’re suppose to apply in this case; would you follow that law? Say you had no more evidencе than what the officer stated or would you say, no, I’m going to need more evidence before I can vote?
[VENIREMEMBER 7]: Well, you know what I’m saying, people make mistakes and sometimes in the process of doing things you make mistakes. And if he’s got more evidence to show and if I can see it. But if there’s no more evidence and I have to take just the word of a policeman or anyone person, I have my doubts.
[DEFENSE]: Okay. But would you put the State to it’s ‍‌​‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‍[sic] burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt?
[VENIREMEMBER 7]: Yes.
[DEFENSE]: So you would follow the law in this case?
[VENIREMEMBER 7]: Yes, I would.
[DEFENSE]: And vote your conscience, okay.

*533 Veniremember 7 later stated in response to questioning by appellant that a defendant should testify and “explain his part.”

[DEFENSE]: And [veniremember 7] again, you would require the Defendant tо speak?
[VENIREMEMBER 7]: Yeah, I believe he needs to speak up for hisself [sic] and explain his part. I want to hear all stories.

The prosecutor used a peremptory challenge to strike veniremember 11. Appellant сlaimed that this violated Batson because it was race-based, which appellant claimed was shown by the prosecutor’s disparate treatment of veniremembers 7 and 11 by peremptorily striking the latter but not the former. 4 After thе prosecutor provided reasons for why these venire-members were treated differently, the trial court denied appellant’s Batson motion.

[THE COURT]: Would you give me a race neutral reason why you struck [veniremember 11]?
[PROSECUTOR]: Judge, I struck [veniremember 11] because she had spoken up and said that she would require more than one witness to testify.
[THE COURT]: All right.
[DEFENSE]: Your Honor, in response to that, [veniremember 7] stated the same thing, that he would need more evidence than one witness thоugh he was not struck by the State.
[THE COURT]: All right. Can you answer that, please?
[PROSECUTOR]: I can, Judge. He qualified his answer — And we can go back to the record. But he qualified his record [sic] at one point and said, but if there is more evidence I would be okay. And, in fact, there is more evidence in this case.
I can’t state strongly enough, Judge — I don’t want to — We want to give ‍‌​‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‍[appellant] a fair trial and if there’s anything here that’s not fair—
[THE COURT]: Well, that’s what I’m trying to find out.
You struck Number 11 for the reason you stated and did not strike Number 7 for the reason you statеd; is that correct?
[PROSECUTOR]: That is correct with the caveat I just added.
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[THE COURT]: Okay. I’m going to deny the Batson challenge, [appellant’s lawyer].
[DEFENSE]: Your Honor—
[THE COURT]: He’s given race neutral reasons.
Yes, sir.
[DEFENSE]: Just as a request to clarify your ruling. Their reason for striking [veniremember 11], that he [sic] needed more evidence and the similar and same reason [veniremember 7] was not struck, is that — has he given a sufficient race neutral reason to strike Number 11?
[THE COURT]: In my judgment he has. They’re pre-emptory [sic] challenges and he’s given a race neutral reason.

The Court of Appeals applied the correct substantive legal standard by ex- *534 amining the genuineness instead of the reasonableness of the prosecutor’s asserted nonracial motive for peremptorily striking veniremember 11. See Gibson,, 117 S.W.3d at 577-78. 5 The Court оf Appeals also correctly recognized that appellate courts must apply a “clearly erroneous” standard of appellate review to a trial court’s ruling on a Batson claim. See Gibson, 117 S.W.3d at 571-72. This is a highly deferential standard because the trial court is in the best position to determine whether a prosecutor’s facially race-neutral explanation for a peremptory strike is genuinely race-neutral. See Jasper v. State, 61 S.W.3d 413, 421-22 (Tex.Cr.App.2001) (because the trial court is in a unique position to determine whether prosecutor exercised peremptory challenge for race neutral reason, the trial court’s decision is accorded great deferencе and will not be overturned unless it is clearly erroneous). 6

The Court of Appeals, however, misapplied this “clearly erroneous” standard of appellate review when it substituted its judgment for the trial court’s in deciding that the prоsecutor’s facially race-neutral explanation for striking venire-member 11 was a pretext. The term “pretext” is solely a question of fact; there is no issue of law. Therefore, the trial court was in the best position tо make that credibility determination. See Jasper, 61 S.W.3d at 421-22; see also Purkett, 115 S.Ct. at 1772; Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89.

In addition, even with characterizing both veniremembers 7 and 11 as having initially expressed reservations about convicting on the basis of the testimony of one witness, the trial court could have rеasonably determined (based on the limited voir dire conducted ‍‌​‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‍in this case) that the prosecutor genuinely believed (whether actually true or not) that veniremembers 7 and 11 ultimately were not the same because venirеmember 7 “qualified his answer” on the one-witness issue during questioning by the defense. See Jasper, 61 S.W.3d at 421-22; Ford, 1 S.W.3d at 693-94. Veniremember 7 also stated that he believed a defendant should testify and “explain his part.” The trial court could have reasonably determined that this wаs another genuine race-neutral motivation explaining why the prosecutor would peremptorily strike veniremember 11 but not veniremember 7 and that the defense was overlooking this significant distinction between these two veniremembers. An appellate court should not substitute its judgment on a credibility determination for the trial court’s based on a cold record such as the one presented in this case.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is rеversed and the cause is remanded there for further proceedings.

JOHNSON, J., concurred. WOMACK, J., not participating.

Notes

1

. See Young v. State, 826 S.W.2d 141, 143-44 (Tex.Cr.App.1991) (trial court may consider prosecutor’s disparate treatment of similarly situated veniremembers of different races to call into question the genuineness of prosecutor's race-neutral explanations for his peremptory challenges and to suggest that the race-neutral explanations may be pretexts).

2

. The Court of Appeals aрparently believed that this was an unknown veniremember. See Gibson, 117 S.W.3d at 576-77. We, however, read the record to reflect that this was veniremember 11 and not an unknown veniremember.

3

. It, therefore, appears that veniremember 11 may hаve ultimately indicated that she could convict on the basis of one eye-witness,

4

. In its brief, the State claims that we should resolve this case on the basis that appellant failed to carry his burden to show that venire-members 7 and 11 are members of different racial groups. A supplemental clerk’s transcript (which is part of the record) indicates that these veniremembers are members of different racial groups. We, therefore, do not address the State's claim or the Court of Appeals decision that “deem[ed] it established that [veniremember 7] is a member of a different racial group than [veniremember 11]” because the prosecutor "did not object that [these two veniremembers] are members of the same racial group.” See Gibson, 117 S.W.3d at 575.

5

. See also Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 1771-72, 131 L.Ed.2d 834 (1995) (lower court erroneously focused on reasonableness of the asserted nonracial motive rather than genuineness of the motive); Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 649 (Tex.Cr.App.2002) (trial court not required to find Batson violation merely because a party’s explanation for peremptory strike turns out to be incorrect); Ford v. State, 1 S.W.3d 691, 693-94 (Tex.Cr.App.1999) (trial court not required to find Batson violation because party gives erroneous ‍‌​‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‍reason for peremptory strike).

6

. See also Purkett, 115 S.Ct. at 1772 (trial court’s finding of no racial motive turns primarily on an assessment of credibility); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Cr.App.1997) (appellate courts should afford almost total deference to a trial court’s ruling on a legal question whose resolution turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor).