26 N.W.2d 864 | Mich. | 1947
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[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *56 Plaintiff brought suit in the circuit court, seeking a writ of mandamus to compel the payment of 123 drain orders and due bills issued by a former drain commissioner of Monroe county. The petition for the writ alleged that all of the choses in action involved were past due and unpaid, that payment thereof had been refused, and that the owners had executed an assignment to plaintiff, a copy of which was attached to the petition. Plaintiff further claimed that payment should be required out of the funds of the particular drains against which orders or due bills were issued, or, if such funds were not sufficient, out of the general fund of the county. *57
The answer admitted execution of the various obligations referred to in the petition, that the same were past due, and that payment had been refused. Defendants also pleaded that recovery on many of the instruments in question was barred because of lapse of time between the due dates and the starting of the suit, September 8, 1943, and further that certain of the orders and due bills were illegal and void for various reasons. Defendants also denied that mandamus was a proper remedy.
Following the hearing in the trial court an order was entered requiring the payment of 32 of the orders and due bills, such payment to be made out of the funds of the respective drains, if sufficient. The order further recited that plaintiff had not established a clear right to the payment of the other drain orders involved. From such order plaintiff has appealed.
The printed record contains a stipulation, filed June 21, 1946, from which it appears that 22 drain orders and due bills have been paid, three of which, referred to as exhibits 51, 52 and 97, were not included among the obligations of which the order of the trial court required payment. Said stipulation lists by reference to exhibit numbers, the various obligations as to which questions are raised on this appeal, designating in each instance the order number, the drain, the amount of each order or due bill, the due date, the amount remaining in the fund of the drain on which the order was drawn, if there was a balance, and also the amount of the drain taxes that were delinquent, if any. The stipulation further refers to the withdrawal by plaintiff of exhibits 23 and 118, and recites that exhibits 29, 48, 49, 68, 70, 71, 80, 106, 107, 109, 110, and 117, are not in dispute, but that money for the payment thereof was not available in the various drain funds against *58 which the exhibits were drawn and defendants denied any obligation to pay out of the general fund of the county. It may also be noted that the order of the trial court directed payment of exhibit 122, which exhibit is not referred to in the stipulation. For convenience the various orders and due bills involved in the case are referred to by their respective exhibit numbers as contained in the stipulation of the parties.
On the hearing in the circuit court 38 of the exhibits which had matured prior to May 12, 1931, were excluded from evidence. This action was based on 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 13976, subdivision 7, as last amended by Act No. 72, Pub. Acts 1941 (Comp. Laws Supp. 1945, § 13976, Stat. Ann. 1946 Cum. Supp. § 27.605), which reads as follows:
"7. Actions upon bonds, notes or other like instruments which are the direct or indirect obligation of, or which were issued by (although not the obligation of), the State of Michigan or any county, city, village, township, school district, special assessment district, or other public or quasi-public corporation, in the State of Michigan, may be brought within 10 years after the respective causes of action accrue, but not afterwards: Provided, That actions may be brought upon any such bonds, notes or other like instruments which matured prior to October 1, 1933, but subsequent to a date 10 years preceding the effective date of this amendment, at any time prior to October 1, 1943, and upon those which matured on or after October 1, 1933, within the 10-year period above provided."
The act of 1941 was approved May 12th of that year and was given immediate effect. While drain orders are not specifically enumerated in the statute they are choses in action of such general character as to be within its provisions. The amendment made by the addition of subdivision 7 to the section *59 cited, may properly be regarded as remedial legislation and as such is entitled to liberal construction. Quite obviously, it was the intention of the legislature to extend from 6 to 10 years the period of time within which the owners of obligations of the character in question might institute proceedings for recovery.
Plaintiff contends that the statute does not apply to mandamus actions. While such actions are not specifically referred to, the doctrine of laches is applied therein by analogy. Generally speaking, the lapse of such period of time as would render the applicable statute of limitations a bar to recovery will constitute laches in the absence of exceptional circumstances.McRae v. Auditor General,
It appears from the testimony of the defendant county treasurer that when an order was presented for payment, and there was not enough money in the drain fund to permit payment in full, the interest to date was paid, if possible, and a due bill issued for the balance. If no payment on interest was made on such presentation no due bill was issued. Several of the exhibits involved in the case were in the form of due bills issued prior to May 12, 1931. Obviously, taking up the order and issuing an obligation designated as a due bill did not change the *60
character of the obligation. The legal effect was the same as though the payment of the interest had been merely indorsed on the order. It follows that the due bills were subject to the same considerations as were the orders and that the application of the doctrine of laches barred recovery on the instruments in question, referred to in the record as exhibits 2, 7, 11, 12, 20, 30, 31, 32, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, and 91. However, four other due bills were issued after May 12, 1931. The conclusion follows that payments of interest were made on the orders for which the due bills were substituted, within the time fixed by the statute for bringing actions, although the orders themselves were, in each instance, issued prior to May 12, 1931. In accordance with the general rule such payments tolled the statute. Brown v.Hayes,
Eight of the exhibits introduced in evidence by plaintiff were duplicates of orders that were due prior to May 12, 1931. The record does not indicate that any payments were made on such orders at the time of the issuance of the duplicates. Rather, interest was computed in each instance from the date of issuance and added to the principal. Our attention is not called to any provision of the statute authorizing such action on the part of the drain commissioner and the record contains no explanation therefor. It must be held to have been unauthorized. The status of the original orders was not changed thereby and, in consequence, laches barred recovery. This applied to exhibits 55, 56, 57, 62, 64, 65, 66, and 69.
Defendants objected to exhibits 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, and 89, on the ground that they were fraudulently *61
issued and that they bore forged indorsements of the payees named therein. In support of such claim the testimony of a handwriting expert was offered. It appears that these orders were sold by the drain commissioner to the present owner, who assigned them to plaintiff for the purposes of this suit. The claim of defendants is clearly supported by the evidence, and the conclusion necessarily follows that the trial court was correct in denying the writ of mandamus as to such orders. See People, for use ofLapeer County Bank, v. O'Connell,
Exhibits 77 and 78 were issued under date of March 5, 1931, payable April 15, 1932, to the Waterloo Ice Company. In terms each order was given for damages. It appears, however, that the property owner named as payee in the orders, released the right of way for the drain, including "all claims to damages in any way arising from or incident to the opening and maintaining of said drain across said premises." The conclusion follows that the exhibits were unauthorized and payment thereof was properly denied.
Defendants also objected to four orders, exhibits 50, 53, 62, and 98, on the ground that the total amount of the orders issued in each of the drain proceedings involved exceeded the contract price, and to exhibits 10, 28, 50, 53, 61, and 91, because the aggregate of the orders in each proceeding exceeded the total assessment made. The proofs offered in support of the objection were, as appears from the record, somewhat limited. Apparently the drain commissioner did not keep as complete and accurate records of his proceedings as are contemplated by pertinent provisions of the statutes relating to the construction of drains. We think that the evidence produced on the hearing before the trial court was not sufficient to justify the conclusion that the exhibits *62
in question were fraudulent, or that they were mere nullities. See Graves v. Bliss,
Defendants also objected to exhibits 50 and 61D on the ground that no engineer's certificates were filed as required in certain cases by 1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 4915 (Stat. Ann. § 11.79). Said section reads in part as follows:
"No warrant or drain order for the payment of any part of such drain contract shall be drawn until said work has been inspected and approved as herein provided. The commissioner may inspect and approve any tile or open drain, or he may designate any competent surveyor or engineer to make such inspection: Provided, That on all drains where a dredge is used in such construction the commissioner shall designate a competent surveyor or engineer to make such inspection. * * * It shall be unlawful for the commissioner to issue warrants or orders on the fund of any drain exceeding four-fifths of the amount earned on any contract until after the certificate of inspection and the order of approval is entered as herein provided."
Exhibit 50 was issued January 23, 1935, payable out of any moneys in the hands of the treasurer of the county belonging to the Loranger drain, and purporting to have been given for "dredging from Monroe St. to Outlet." The exhibit also contained a certification by the drain commissioner that the work for which the order was given had been completed and accepted by him. The records in the *63 office of the drain commissioner indicate the order was issued for cleaning the drain rather than for construction work under the contract. Likewise, exhibit 61D, dated August 30, 1932, shows that it was for cleaning, with a dredge, the Otter Creek drain. Under the proofs it cannot be said that either exhibit was actually issued in violation of the provisions of the statute above quoted. The conclusion follows that defendants' objections were not well founded.
A careful examination of the record discloses that there were no valid objections to recovery on exhibits 26, 67D, 83, 94, and 113. The order of the trial court should have required the payment of these exhibits, and, for the reasons above stated, of exhibits 10, 43, 50, 53, 61D, 98, and 119A, in addition to the various exhibits specifically set forth in said order.
This brings us to the question whether any of the exhibits were shown to be payable out of the general fund of the county. Section 4918, 1 Comp. Laws 1929, as it read when most of the exhibits involved in this case were issued, contained the following proviso:
"Provided further, That the holder of such order issued subsequent to August 18, 1921, may if he so desires have the right to require payment thereof out of any moneys in the general fund of the county treasury that may be available. If the drain fund is insufficient for such purpose because of delinquency in the payment of drain taxes after the lands on which the said taxes shall have become delinquent have been offered for sale, in any such case where payment is made by the county treasurer out of the general fund and all delinquent drain taxes received by said treasurer thereafter shall be credited to the general fund until the same is reimbursed." *64
Said section was amended by Act No. 216, Pub. Acts 1933,*
in such manner as to transfer to the county drain commissioner the right to require payment out of the general fund of the county. In the instant case it does not appear that the drain commissioner made any such requirement as to orders issued by him subsequent to October 17, 1933, the effective date of the amendment. Such amendment cannot be construed as taking from the holder of an order previously issued the right to require payment under the statute as it was at the time such order was issued. Such right was an incident of a chose in action and could not be taken away without impairing the obligation thereof. McGavock
v. Ducharme,
The conclusions reached with reference to the various orders and due bills involved in the case render it unnecessary to consider other matters discussed by counsel in their briefs. Questions raised by appellant in his assignments of error, but not argued in his brief, will be considered as abandoned or waived. Sykes v. City of Battle Creek,
The order of the trial court is set aside and the cause remanded for entry of an order conforming with this opinion. Neither plaintiff nor defendants having fully prevailed on this appeal, and questions of public interest being involved, no costs are allowed.
BUTZEL, BUSHNELL, SHARPE, BOYLES, REID, NORTH, and DETHMERS, JJ., concurred.