Lead Opinion
The appeals in this case, of which there are two, were originally presented to the district court of appeal for the second appellate district, hut the judges thereof being unable to agree in a judgment therein, the appeals were ordered to this court for disposition. Accompanying such order are the opinions filed by the respective judges of the district court of appeal. One of said opinions is as follows:—•
*587 “Judgment was for plaintiff and both parties appeal. In view of the conclusion reached and the order made it is deemed advisable to consider the two appeals together.
“Plaintiff’s appeal (No. 149) is from an order denying its motion to vacate and set aside the judgment in the cause and to enter a different judgment, increasing the amount thereof. Defendant’s appeal No. 154 is from the whole judgment and from an order denying its motion for a new trial.
“The action was brought to recover damages for breach of warranty of quality of dried apricots sold by defendant to plaintiff. The damages claimed ($1748.22) were alleged in the amended complaint to be $1126.47 for the loss actually sustained by,the breach complained of, and $621.75, profits which plaintiff alleges it would have made if the goods had been as warranted. The contract between the parties, which was reduced to writing, was silent as to any warranty of the goods, but parol evidence was admitted by the court, on behalf of plaintiff, for the purpose of establishing that the sale was made upon an express warranty by sample. It is' claimed by defendant that this was error, and that the findings upon which the judgment is based are unsupported without this parol-evidence.
“The findings material here show: The plaintiff purchased a lot of dried apricots from.defendant to be resold in the markets in cities east of the Rocky Mountains; the defendant knowing such purpose, warranted said fruit to be according to certain samples delivered to- plaintiff; the fruit was in Pomona and the sale took place in Los Angeles and plaintiff relied upon such samples for quality and weight (the number of boxes being given) and had no opportunity to inspect the bulk of the fruit; plaintiff paid to defendant the full amount of the purchase price, to wit: $4352.25, and delivery for shipment was made f. o. b. cars at Pomona, as agreed; plaintiff, without examination, shipped the fruit to the city of Philadelphia for sale, where its representative, on inspection, discovered it to be inferior in quality.to the samples shown, and light in weight; after notice to defendant and the refusal of the latter to take any action in the matter, plaintiff sold the apricots in the market at Philadelphia for $3225.78 over and above the freight and usual and necessary expenses *588 of making the sale, which was the best price obtainable for such apricots. Had the apricots been of the quality of the samples exhibited to plaintiff they could and would have been sold by it in Philadelphia for the sum of $4974, in excess of freight and expenses of sale. As an inference from these facts, the court finds that by reason of such breach of warranty plaintiff has been damaged in the sum of $1748.22; $1126.47 being actual loss and $621.75 being the profits which would have been made on resale if the apricots had been as warranted. Judgment is then given for $1126.47 and denied as to the $621.75, profits. Argumentatively, and as a conclusion of law.based on specific findings made, the reason for not including the ‘profits’ in the judgment is stated by the court in its findings to be ‘that defendant did not have notice that plaintiff intended to sell said apricots in any specific market, or at any definite price.’ Plaintiff claims that on the findings of fact made it was entitled to a judgment for $1748.22.
“Plaintiff’s Appeal No. 149.
“Considering first the plaintiff’s appeal (No. 149) which involves but one question and must be determined from the judgment-roll, we are of the opinion that the segregation of the damages into actual loss and profits in such a case as this is not necessary under the statute. “Speculative’ profits are one thing and that portion of the price of goods having an actual value in the market above what was paid for them is another. The goods delivered in Philadelphia were actually worth only $3225.78 over and above freight and expenses of sale. Had they been according to sample they would have been of the value of $4974 over freight and expenses at the same place. That is, the same quantity of apricots purchased by plaintiff of defendant of the quality of the samples shown were actually worth $4974 in Philadelphia at the time 'the ones delivered to plaintiff by defendant were sold for the smaller sum named. There is nothing ‘speculative’ about these differences of value. The findings to this effect are express, and may be considered independent of the finding upon the theory of a resale which also fixes the last-mentioned value at the same amount ($4974) for that purpose.
“Defendant sold goods to plaintiff which it knew the latter would have no opportunity to inspect until they reached some *589 eastern market. The court finds Philadelphia to be one of the places that must be included in the term ‘eastern market.' The inspection at that place disclosed goods worth $3225.78, instead of $4974. The reason for the difference was the failure and breach of defendant’s warranty. If there had been any element of special additional damage by reason of plaintiff’s inability to make good some contract of sale made by it, at the time of, or prior to, the purchase from defendant, and the fulfillment of such contract had been dependent upon the goods being up to sample, notice to defendant of such special sale at a definite price would have been necessary in order to hold it for such special damages. No damages are asked here for profits on a contract for resale at an advanced price.
“Damages for breach of an obligation are measured by the amount which will compensate the party aggrieved for all the detriment proximately caused thereby, or which in the ordinary course of things will be likely to result therefrom. (Civ. Code, sec. 3300.)
“ ‘The detriment caused by the breach of a warranty of the quality of personal property is deemed to be the excess, if any, of the value which the property would have had at the time to which the warranty referred, if it had been complied with, over its actual value, at that time/ (Civ. Code, sec. 3313.)
“The cases cited by both parties relating to the interference with, discontinuance of, or destruction of a business, or the prevention of one from pursuing a vocation, and dealing with the question of what profits are too remote, or speculative or uncertain to be included in an action for damages for such interference or destruction, only indirectly aid in solving the question here under consideration and are to be distinguished from this case.
“In Hughes v. Bray,60 Cal. 284 , an instruction to a jury was sustained which uses the following language: ‘You should ascertain . . . what portion of the. barley delivered, if any, was of an inferior quality, and in the second place you should award to the plaintiff the difference between the market value of such portion, and the market value of an equal quantity of barley of the same quality as the sample, at the time of delivery/
*590 “In Shearer v. Park Nursery Co.,103 Cal. 415 , [42 Am. St. Rep. 125 ,37 Pac. 412 ], the time of the breach of warranty was held to mean the time at which the breach was discovered, or, with ordinary care and attention might have been discovered by the purchaser. That is, at the time at which,, under the circumstances of the case, it reasonably should have been discovered. In the ease at bar this could not have-been expected to occur until the goods reached the place to which they were shipped.
“The same ride has been applied in this state in case of an implied warranty, under section 1771 of the Civil Code,, that merchandise inaccessible to the examination of the buyer is warranted to be merchantable.
(Silberhorn
v.
Wheaton,
(Cal.)
-“The damages which plaintiff sues for in this ease may all be recovered as general damages, and it is not necessary that the ‘profits’ be specially alleged. (Tahoe Ice Co. v. Union Ice Co.,109 Cal. 249 , [41 Pac. 1020 ].) As the conclusion reached on defendant’s appeal will require a new *591 trial of the case, it is not necessary for us to consider whether- or not the amended complaint and the findings of fact would support the judgment here indicated as proper on the case made. The foregoing opinion will suffice to guide the parties, as to all matters affected by this appeal, if a new trial be had.
“By the opinion filed in appeal No. 154, it being held that the evidence was insufficient to support the findings made in the ease, it would be idle to make an order overruling the-trial court’s action in denying plaintiff’s motion. This appeal,, therefore, must be governed by the order made in No. 154.
“Defendant’s Appeal No. 154.
“The real question to be determined on this appeal relates-to the admissibility of the parol evidence to affect the terms, of'the writing executed by the parties at the time said dried, apricots were sold. This writing was as follows:—
“ ‘Los Angeles, Cal., Oct. 19, 1901.
“‘This agreement made by and between the J..K. ArmsbyCo., and the Germain Fruit - Company, Witnesseth: .
“ ‘That the said J. K. Armsby Co. has this day sold and' the said Germain Fruit Company has this day bought twenty-five hundred boxes apricots, more or less, consisting of:
“ ‘Lot ‘A,’ ................... 287 boxes
“ ‘Lot ‘K,’ ................... 104 boxes
“‘Lot ‘C,’ ...................1400 boxes
‘“Lot ‘E,’ ................ 715 boxes
at seven-'(7) cents per pound plus One per cent net cash f. o. b.. cars at Pomona, on surrender of bill of lading; shipment to-be made during the month of October, 1901.
“ ‘Signed in duplicate.
“ ‘The J. K. Armsby Company,
“ ‘By A. B. Miner.
“ ‘Germain Fruit Company,
“ ‘By Eugene Germain/
“Measured by the criterion that the completeness of a written contract, as a full expression of the parties, is the writing itself, the writing appears upon its face to contain all the necessary elements of a complete contract of sale. The de *592 scription of the property sold is admittedly ineorrect and it contains no express warranty of quality of the goods sold, but contracts of sale may be complete without the latter.
“The contract calls for apricots, while the evidence shows and both parties admit that
dried
apricots were the subject of the agreement. It is conceded that this defect of description may be supplied by parol. Respondent contends that the same rule warrants the introduction of parol evidence to determine what apricots were intended to be described by lot ‘A,’ lot ‘K/ lot ‘C/ and lot ‘E/ and also to identify them by sample. There is no question as to the former proposition, and in a proper case and under' proper circumstances the latter would no doubt be true. For instance, if the fruit itself, the label- on the box, the package, or the method of packing were peculiar, or so different in character from other fruit or packages of dried apricots, as- generally prepared for market, that the sample box would serve to identify or aid in identifying the goods from which the box was taken, such evidence might be admissible for the purpose of identifying the subject-matter of the written contract. ‘Lot A, 287 boxes/ does not so clearly describe the goods sol'd as to preclude the admission of evidence for purposes of identification, if necessary. (Ontario
D. F. G. Assoc.
v.
Cutting F. P. Co.,
“No effort, however, was made to show such circumstances as would warrant the introduction of the samples or the testimony in relation thereto upon this theory., If the facts had been such as to make the evidence proper upon this theory alone, the purpose of its introduction should have been limited so as to exclude its consideration in connection with the question of warranty of quality. On the contrary, the very purpose of its introduction was apparently to: add to the written contract of sale another term, a parol' warranty of quality by sample.
“The court permitted the introduction of parol evidence as to sample and applied it on the theory that it was competent proof of a warranty. It expressly found such a warranty, and the judgment for damages rests upon its breach. There is no other evidence to support the finding, except the inferences to be drawn from plaintiff’s exhibit 5. This was' a receipted bill" showing on its face words and figures, which *593 taken with plaintiff’s explanation of them served to corroborate plaintiff’s testimony that the sale was made by sample. Alone, it was insufficient as evidence in writing to justify a finding to that effect. The finding and judgment therefore rest on the parol evidence.
“It is urged by respondent in support of the court’s action, that an ambiguity or uncertainty appearing in the language of the instrument by the use of the terms ‘Lot A, 287 boxes,’ etc., the matter is open for explanation by parol evidence; and, that such ambiguity or uncertainty may as well be removed by showing the term was intended to mean ‘according to sample A,’ as by showing that it was intended to mean some certain pile of 287 boxes marked ‘A,’ or designated as *A’ in some other manner for purposes of description or identification. In other words, that the term being ambiguous there is no good reason why such ambiguity may not be resolved upon the assumption of an ambiguity in expressing the warranty as well as upon the theory of an ambiguity in description. There is much weight in this contention. We must, however, bear in mind that the law permits no new term to be introduced into a written contract by parol, while it does permit such evidence for the purpose of making certain an ambiguous description or for purposes of identification.
“To hold that the words, ‘Lot A, 287 boxes,’ considered either in their ordinary use or as used in a commercial way, relate to warranty rather than identification would do violence to the use of language. It would amount to what the rule does not permit even in cases of description, the supplying by parol of something not expressed in the instrument in any manner. Neither the grammatical construction of the language used in the contract nor the definition given to the word ‘lot’ by the lexicographers justifies attributing to it a meaning which imports quality or warranty.
“While from the parol evidence introduced the inference may be drawn that the parties intended the sale should be on a warranty by sample, we cannot permit any bias or knowledge of the fact to lend weight to the construction of the instrument. Admitting that such was the intention, an examination of the writing shows that if this were the case there was an entire failure to embody such intention in the *594 contract. The language used was unfit and inappropriate to express a warranty of quality by sample or otherwise, being language importing description and identity only. ‘Lot’ is not an ambiguous word of warranty, but a word used solely to describe and identify. All definitions of the word display its derivation from ‘share, portion or parcel.’ (See Century Dictionary.)
“There are well-considered cases holding that an express warranty can be proven by parol evidence where the contract of sale is silent in this respect. The decisions in these cases are based upon the principle that a warranty is not one of the essential elements of a sale, but is a mere collateral undertaking.
(Chapin
v.
Dobson,
“This view, however, is not in harmony with the cases upon which the latest declarations of the law on this subject by our supreme court rest. In
Thompson
v.
Libby,
“Where the written sale contains no warranty or expresses the warranty that is given by the vendor, parol evidence is inadmissible to prove the existence of the warranty in the former case or to extend it in the latter. (Johnson v. Powers,65 Cal. 181 , [3 Pac. 625 ] ; citing Benjamin on Sales, 621.)
“ ‘If it (the writing) imports on its face to be a complete expression of the whole agreement,—that is, contains such language as imports a complete legal obligation,—it is to be presumed that the parties have introduced into it every material item and term; and parol evidence cannot be admitted to add another term to the agreement, although the writing contains nothing on the particular one to which parol evidence is directed. The rule forbids to add by parol when the writing is silent, as well as to vary where it speaks.’ (Harrison v. McCormick,89 Cal. 330 , [23 Am. St. Rep. 469 ,26 Pac. 830 ] ; citing Thompson v. Libby,34 Minn. 377 , [26 *595 N. W. 2] ; and Naumberg v. Young, 44 N. J. L. 331, [43 Am. Rep. 380 ].)
“The effect and limitations of
Guidery
v.
Green,
“The rule declared in
Harrison
v.
McCormick
was affirmed in
Gardiner
v.
McDonogh,
“Even Mr. Wigmore, who in his work on Evidence argues most strenuously for an extension of the rule relating to the admission of parol evidence, so that, what he calls, ‘all the terms of the contract,’ may be considered by the court, recognizes a distinction in the application of the rule to the matter of warranty and its, application to matters of description (secs. 2401, 2434, and 2465). We cannot help suggesting, howrever, that, in his discussion on this subject, Mr. Wigmore has not given sufficient weight to the possibility, or rather probability, that the extension urged might result in the admission not only of ‘all the terms of the contract,’ but some additional ones, and, in rare cases, might even result in removing from the written contract some of the most important terms that had been formally, carefully and intentionally put down therein. To hold parties to diligence and care in reducing their negotiations to writing, and to hold the writing to be subject to attack only by specific allegations of fraud or mistake, appears to be the better rule, and is now supported by the weight of authority. Like the statute of frauds, this rule is founded upon long and convincing experience that written evidence is more certain and accurate than ‘slippery memory.’ So long as the rule is applied, the actual contract made can be preserved without fear of its being affected in its terms by the frailties of an interested human recollection. That sometimes the written contract does not include all the terms intended by reason of neglect or oversight, and injustice is thereby done in particular cases, does not justify the aban *596 donment of the rule. To construe it away is to destroy one of the greatest barriers against fraud and perjury.
“Without specially indicating the rulings to which this opinion is applicable, it is sufficient to say that the admission of testimony to show a sale by sample for the purpose of establishing an express warranty of quality of the apricots sold was error. The finding of such a warranty was without competent evidence to sustain it, and the case was tried on an erroneous theory inconsistent with the rule declared in
Gardiner
v.
McDonogh,
“The other points made by appellant on this appeal need not be considered further than they come within the reasoning. in appeal No. 149.”
We are satisfied that the foregoing opinion correctly states the law applicable to the points presented on both appeals, and we adopt it as the opinion of this court.
The judgment and order appealed from are reversed.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the judgment, on the authority of the decision in
Gardiner
v.
McDonogh,