657 N.W.2d 143 | Mich. Ct. App. | 2003
GERLING KONZERN ALLGEMEINE VERSICHERUNGS AG, subrogee of the University of Michigan Regents, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Cecil R. LAWSON and American Beauty Turf Nurseries, Inc., Defendant-Appellant.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*144 Lacey & Jones (by Michael T. Reinholm), Birmingham, for the plaintiff.
G.W. Caravas & Associates, P.C. (by Gary W. Caravas), and Kopka, Landau & Pinkus (by Mark L. Dolin), Clinton Township, Farmington Hills, for the defendants.
Before: COOPER, P.J., and JANSEN and R.J. DANHOF[*], JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendants appeal by leave granted the trial court's order denying leave to file a motion to dismiss pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8). We reverse and remand for entry of an order dismissing plaintiff's claim with prejudice.
This case arose from a traffic accident involving one vehicle occupied by Ricki Ash and James Nicastri; one vehicle driven by Barry Maus, who was employed by the University of Michigan Regents; and a semi truck driven by defendant Cecil R. Lawson, who was employed by defendant American Beauty Turf Nurseries, Inc. Plaintiff in this case is the insurer of Maus and the regents. Ash, Nicastri, and Lawson sued Maus and the regents for their injuries; the cases were settled with plaintiff, on behalf of the regents, paying Ash and Nicastri approximately $2.2 million and Lawson $85,000.
Plaintiff then filed a complaint against defendants for statutory contribution pursuant to M.C.L. § 600.2925a. Defendants answered, asserting inter alia that plaintiff "failed to state a cause of action upon which relief may be granted." Several months later, defendants filed a motion for summary disposition that alleged plaintiff and the regents had not complied with the notice requirements of the contribution statute. The motion was denied.
One year later, after the trial court's dispositive motion cutoff date, mediation, and settlement conferences, defendants moved for leave to file a motion to dismiss pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8). Defendants argued that the 1995 tort reforms, specifically M.C.L. § 600.2956, M.C.L. § 600.2957(1), and M.C.L. § 600.6304(1), abrogated plaintiff's cause of action for contribution. Without addressing the substantive issue, the trial court denied defendants' motion, stating, "The period for raising such issues was long since passed. The case is ready for trial. The motion for leave to file a motion to dismiss based on this case law from over a year ago is denied." The trial court also issued an order denying defendants' motion for a stay.
We review a trial court's refusal to allow further filings after a discovery deadline under an abuse of discretion standard. See, e.g., Carmack v. Macomb Co. Community College, 199 Mich.App. 544, 546, 502 N.W.2d 746 (1993). A decision on *145 a motion for summary disposition is reviewed de novo. Singerman v. Muni Serv. Bureau, Inc., 455 Mich. 135, 139, 565 N.W.2d 383 (1997). Questions regarding the interpretation and construction of statutes are questions of law, which this Court also reviews de novo. Stozicki v. Allied Paper Co., Inc., 464 Mich. 257, 263, 627 N.W.2d 293 (2001).
Whether the 1995 tort reform legislation permits contribution in cases where one tortfeasor settled with the injured party is a question of first impression for this Court. Our primary goal when interpreting statutes is to give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Nawrocki v. Macomb Co. Rd. Comm., 463 Mich. 143, 159, 615 N.W.2d 702 (2000). We must first examine the language of the statute, affording the words their common and ordinary meaning. Stozicki, supra at 263, 627 N.W.2d 293; Nawrocki, supra at 159, 615 N.W.2d 702. If the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, it reflects the intent of the Legislature and judicial construction is not permitted. Michalski v. Bar-Levav, 463 Mich. 723, 731, 625 N.W.2d 754 (2001). Furthermore, this Court will not read anything into the statute that is not within the manifest intent of the Legislature as gathered from the act itself. In re S R, 229 Mich.App. 310, 314, 581 N.W.2d 291 (1998).
In its enactment of 1995 PA 161 and 1995 PA 249 (the 1995 tort reform legislation), the Legislature made many changes to the Revised Judicature Act, including the elimination of joint liability in a variety of circumstances. See M.C.L. § 600.2956, M.C.L. § 600.2957, and M.C.L. § 600.6304; Kokx v. Bylenga, 241 Mich.App. 655, 662, 617 N.W.2d 368 (2000).
MCL 600.2956 states:
Except as provided in section 6304, in an action based on tort or another legal theory seeking damages for personal injury, property damage, or wrongful death, the liability of each defendant for damages is several only and is not joint. However, this section does not abolish an employer's vicarious liability for an act or omission of the employer's employee.
MCL 600.2957(1) further provides:
In an action based on tort or another legal theory seeking damages for personal injury, property damage, or wrongful death, the liability of each person shall be allocated under this section by the trier of fact and, subject to section 6304, in direct proportion to the person's percentage of fault. In assessing percentages of fault under this subsection, the trier of fact shall consider the fault of each person, regardless of whether the person is, or could have been, named as a party to the action.
Moreover, M.C.L. § 600.6304 provides, in relevant part:
(1) In an action based on tort or another legal theory seeking damages for personal injury, property damage, or wrongful death involving fault of more than 1 person, including third-party defendants and nonparties, the court, unless otherwise agreed by all parties to the action, shall instruct the jury to answer special interrogatories or, if there is no jury, shall make findings indicating both of the following:
(a) The total amount of each plaintiff's damages.
(b) The percentage of the total fault of all persons that contributed to the death or injury, including each plaintiff and each person released from liability under section 2925d, regardless of whether the person was or could have been named as a party to the action.
* * *
*146 (4) Liability in an action to which this section applies is several only and not joint. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (6), a person shall not be required to pay damages in an amount greater than his or her percentage of fault as found under subsection (1).
Also relevant to the instant action is the contribution statute, M.C.L. § 600.2925a(1), enacted before the 1995 tort reform legislation, which provides, in pertinent part:
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this act, when 2 or more persons become jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury to a person or property or for the same wrongful death, there is a right of contribution among them even though judgment has not been recovered against all or any of them.
(2) The right of contribution exists only in favor of a tort-feasor who has paid more that his pro rata share of the common liability and his total recovery is limited to the amount paid by him in excess of his pro rata share. A tortfeasor against whom contribution is sought shall not be compelled to make contribution beyond his own pro rata share of the entire liability.
The 1995 tort reform legislation applies to contribution claims; thus, contribution claims based on tort involving the fault of more than one person are no longer viable because there is no joint liability in those circumstances. Kokx, supra at 663-664, 617 N.W.2d 368. Specifically, this Court has stated:
[U]nder the plain and mandatory language of the revised statutes, a defendant cannot be held liable for damages beyond the defendant's pro-rata share, except in certain specified circumstances. Accordingly, in actions based on tort or another legal theory seeking damages for personal injury ... there would be no basis for a claim of contribution. Moreover, because joint liability remains in certain circumstances, the Legislature would have no reason to repeal § 2925a, which provides for a right of contribution.... [Id. at 663, 617 N.W.2d 368.]
Further, this Court held: "[T]o the extent that the statutes enacted as part of the Legislature's 1995 tort reform do not allow a person to be held responsible for paying damages beyond the person's pro-rata share of responsibility as determined under § 6304, claims for contribution are no longer viable." Id. at 664, 617 N.W.2d 368.
Plaintiff, however, argues that this rule does not apply where the action from which the contribution claim arises has been settled before trial, that there must be a specific finding regarding the fault of each tortfeasor to determine its pro rata share of the common liability, and that it must be given the opportunity to establish that it has paid more than its pro rata share of the common liability.
We find plaintiff's argument unpersuasive. The statutory provisions at issue are clear and unambiguous, as is the case law. Smiley v. Corrigan, 248 Mich.App. 51, 56, 638 N.W.2d 151 (2001); Kokx, supra. The 1995 tort reform legislation abolished joint and several liability, replacing it with "fair share liability" in actions of this nature; the parties never become jointly and severally liable in tort as required by M.C.L. § 600.2925a. Smiley, supra at 55, 638 N.W.2d 151. The purpose of this legislation is to ensure that exposure to liability is limited to a party's own pro rata degree of fault. Id. Therefore, there is no longer a basis for a party to assert that it was exposed to liability greater than its pro rata share, and parties in these instances are no longer entitled to *147 contribution. For purposes of settlement, a party must assess its pro rata share of liability in arriving at the settlement amount, that is, the amount for which it could be found liable if the action were to proceed to trial. Under the 1995 tort reform legislation, plaintiff was not exposed to liability beyond its pro rata share; therefore, plaintiff's decision to voluntarily pay pursuant to a settlement must be attributed to its own assessment of liability based on its insured's negligence. Plaintiff's claim for contribution based on its allegation that it made a payment greater than its pro rata share thus cannot be sustained.
In light of the dispositive nature of defendants' proposed motion for summary disposition, we find that the trial court abused its discretion in denying them leave to file the motion for summary disposition. Because plaintiff may not seek contribution from defendants, defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law; on remand, the trial court should dismiss plaintiff's claim with prejudice.
Although the time set forth in the scheduling order for dispositive motions had expired, the court rules expressly provide that defendants may "at any time" assert that plaintiff has failed to state a cause of action. MCR 2.116(D)(3). MCR 2.116(D)(3) "serves to remove any time limit for asserting [MCR 2.116(C)(8) ] as a basis for summary disposition." Yee v. Shiawassee Co. Bd. of Comm'rs, 251 Mich.App. 379, 392, n. 16, 651 N.W.2d 756 (2002). This is clearly logical, because no party should have to defend a claim that is not recognized in the state. Moreover, a scheduling order cannot give rise to a cause of action that does not exist. We find the denial of defendants' motion, on the basis of its relative untimeliness, was an abuse of discretion and, therefore, in error.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
NOTES
[*] Former Court of Appeals judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
