Opinion
INTRODUCTION
Three health care workers sued their hospital employer in this putative class and private attorney general enforcement action for alleged Labor Code violations and related claims. In this appeal, their primary complaint is the hospital illegally allowed its health care employees to waive their second meal periods on shifts longer than 12 hours.
A statute requires two meal periods for shifts longer than 12 hours. But an order of the Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC) authorizes employees in
This is our second opinion in this case. Our first opinion concluded the IWC order is partially invalid to the extent it authorizes second meal break waivers on shifts over 12 hours and we reversed. (Gerard v. Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center (Cal.App.).)
After the California Supreme Court granted the hospital’s petition for review in Gerard I, that court transferred the case back to this court with directions to vacate our decision and to reconsider the cause in light of the enactment of Statutes 2015, chapter 506 (Sen. Bill No. 327 (2015-2016 Reg. Sess.); Senate Bill 327).
Upon reconsideration we conclude the IWC order is valid and affirm.
PLEADINGS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiffs and appellants Jazmina Gerard, Kristiane McElroy, and Jeffery Carl (plaintiffs) are health care workers who were formerly employed by defendant and respondent Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center (hospital). Gerard, McElroy, and Carl alleged they usually worked 12-hour shifts, but from time to time worked shifts longer than 12 hours.
A hospital policy allowed health care employees who worked shifts longer than 10 hours caring for patients to voluntarily waive one of their two meal periods, even if their shifts lasted more than 12 hours. Plaintiffs alleged they signed second meal period waivers, and they occasionally worked shifts longer than 12 hours without being provided a second meal period.
Plaintiffs’ complaint alleged second meal period waiver and other Labor Code violations, and sought penalties, unpaid wages, and injunctive relief. Gerard alleged claims on her own behalf, and on behalf of others as a private attorney general action (Lab. Code, § 2698 et seq.; PAGA). McElroy and Carl also alleged claims on their own behalf, and on behalf of others as a class action (Code Civ. Proc., § 382).
As relevant here, the meal period cause of action alleged: “51. . . . Plaintiffs and other class members who were scheduled to work for a period of time in excess of twelve (12) hours were required to work for periods
Hospital answered and asserted as an affirmative defense, “Plaintiffs’ claim for an alleged failure to provide meal periods fails because Defendant utilized valid meal period waivers.” Hospital then moved for summary judgment against Gerard on all of her individual and PAGA claims. The motion asserted in relevant part, “There is no disputed issue of material fact as to Plaintiff’s first cause of action for meal period violations because Plaintiff was provided meal periods as required by law.”
The court granted summary judgment finding, “There is no disputed issue of material fact as to Plaintiff’s first cause of action for meal period violations because Plaintiff was provided meal periods as required by law.” The court found Gerard’s illegal meal period waiver argument was “incorrect per Brinker Restaurant Corp. v. Superior Court (2012)
Hospital next moved to deny class certification and to strike the class allegations. The court granted the motion and stated: “One of the most basic requirements for class certification is ... a prima facie claim. . . . Here, the proposed Representative Plaintiffs have failed to show that they have any claim against Defendant. . . .” McElroy and Carl appealed the order.
LABOR CODE PROVISIONS, IWC ORDERS AND SENATE BILL 327
Labor Code section 512 (all statutory references are to this code unless otherwise indicated) and IWC wage order No. 5-2001 (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11050; Wage Order No. 5) prescribe meal periods. Employers who fail to provide these meal periods must pay premium wages. (§ 226.7, subd. (c); Wage Order No. 5, § 11(B).)
Section 512 was adopted in 1999 and became effective on January 1, 2000. (Assem. Bill No. 60 (1999-2000 Reg. Sess.) § 6; Assembly Bill 60.) Subdivision (a) of section 512 (section 512(a)) states in relevant part: “An employer may not employ an employee for a work period of more than 10 hours per day without providing the employee with a second meal period of not less than 30 minutes, except that if the total hours worked is no more than 12 hours, the second meal period may be waived by mutual consent of the employer and the employee only if the first meal period was not waived.” (Italics added.)
On the date section 11(D) was adopted as part of Wage Order No. 5, section 516 stated: “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the [IWC] may adopt or amend working condition orders with respect to break periods, meal periods, and days of rest for any workers in California consistent with the health and welfare of those workers.” {Ibid., italics added; see Assem. Bill 60, § 10.)
After Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D) was adopted, but before it became effective, former section 516 was amended to say: “Except as provided in Section 512, the [IWC] may adopt or amend working condition orders with respect to break periods, [and] meal periods . . . . ” (Ibid., italics added; see Sen. Bill No. 88 (1999-2000 Reg. Sess.) § 4, eff. Sept. 19, 2000; Sen. Bill 88.)
After we decided Gerard I, section 516 was further amended by Senate Bill 327. The language quoted in the preceding paragraph was unchanged but labeled separately as subdivision (a), and a new subdivision (b) was added, which stated: “Notwithstanding subdivision (a), or any other law, including Section 512, the health care employee meal period waiver provisions in Section 11(D) of [IWC] Wage Orders 4 and 5 were valid and enforceable on and after October 1, 2000, and continue to be valid and enforceable. This subdivision is declarative of, and clarifies, existing law.”
Senate Bill 327 also contained legislative findings and declarations which stated:
“SECTION 1. The Legislature finds and declares the following:
“(a) From 1993 through 2000, [IWC] Wage Orders 4 and 5 contained special meal period waiver rules for employees in the health care industry. Employees were allowed to waive voluntarily one of the two meal periods on shifts exceeding 12 hours. On June 30, 2000, the [IWC] adopted regulations allowing those rules to continue in place. Since that time, employees in thehealth care industry and their employers have relied on those rules to allow employees to waive voluntarily one of their two meal periods on shifts exceeding 12 hours.
“(b) Given the uncertainty caused by a recent appellate court decision, Gerard v. Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center (2015)234 Cal.App.4th 285 [183 Cal.Rptr.3d 721 ], without immediate clarification, hospitals will alter scheduling practices. [¶] . . . [¶]
“SEC. 3. This act is an urgency statute necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety within the meaning of Article IV of the Constitution and shall go into immediate effect. The facts constituting the necessity are:
“In order to confirm and clarify the law applicable to meal period waivers for employees in the health care industry throughout the state, it is necessary that this act take effect immediately.” (Sen. Bill 327, §§ 1, 3.)
DISCUSSION
In Gerard I we held Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D) invalid to the extent it sanctions second meal period waivers for health care employees who work shifts of more than 12 hours, because it conflicts with section 512(a), which allows such waivers only if the total hours worked is no more than 12 hours. Moreover, we held the IWC exceeded its authority by enacting Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D), because it created an additional exception for health care workers, beyond the second meal period waiver exception in section 512(a), all in violation of section 516(a). For these reasons, we concluded hospital’s second meal period waiver policy violates sections 512(a) and 516(a) and is invalid.
Upon reconsideration, it appears we erred in Gerard I. The lynchpin of our analysis was the conclusion that Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D) conflicts with section 512(a). However, in reaching this conclusion we failed to account for a subtle but critical distinction in administrative law—the date an agency regulation or order is adopted is not the same as the date it becomes effective. (Compare Gov. Code, § 11346 et seq. [“Procedure for Adoption of Regulations” (italics added)] with Gov. Code, § 11343.4, subd. (a) [adopted regulations filed with Secretary of State “become effective” in accordance with prescribed schedule (italics added)]; also compare § 1173 [authorizing the IWC to “adopt an order” (italics added)] with § 1184 [adopted order “shall be effective ... not less than 60 days from the date of publication” (italics added)].) Long-settled case law validates the distinction
In this case, as the supplemental amicus curiae brief points out, the Senate Bill 88 amendment to section 516(a) took away the IWC’s authority to adopt wage orders inconsistent with the second meal period requirements of section 512(a) as of September 19, 2000. But the IWC had already adopted Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D) on June 30, 2000, under the Assembly Bill 60 version of section 516(a) which authorized the IWC to do so “notwithstanding” section 512(a). Thus, the Senate Bill 88 amended version of section 516(a) should have been irrelevant to our analysis in Gerard I. Instead, it became dispositive. We concluded Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D) is subject to the Senate Bill 88 amended version of section 516(a). It isn’t.
In short, Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D) is valid—not invalid. It was specifically authorized by the Assembly Bill 60 version of section 516(a) in effect on the date it was adopted, even though it conflicts with section 512(a) to the extent it sanctions second meal period waivers for health care employees on shifts of more than 12 hours. (See also § 517, subd. (a) [IWC shall adopt by July 1, 2000, “wage, hours, and working conditions orders consistent with this chapter . . . .”].) Therefore, the IWC did not exceed its authority by adopting Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D), and hospital’s second meal period waiver policy does not violate section 512(a).
Senate Bill 327 reinforces our conclusion Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D) is valid. When the Legislature clarifies a statute in response to an appellate court opinion construing it, we must consider whether the clarification applies in the pending case. (Western Security Bank v. Superior Court (1997)
“One such circumstance is when the Legislature promptly reacts to the emergence of a novel question of statutory interpretation: “‘An amendment which in effect construes and clarifies a prior statute must be accepted as the legislative declaration of the meaning of the original act, where the amendment was adopted soon after the controversy arose concerning the proper
“Even so, a legislative declaration of an existing statute’s meaning is neither binding nor conclusive in construing the statute. Ultimately, the interpretation of a statute is an exercise of the judicial power the Constitution assigns to the courts. . . . Nevertheless, the Legislature’s expressed views on the prior import of its statutes are entitled to due consideration, and we cannot disregard them.” (Western Security, supra,
Applying these principles here, it is apparent Senate Bill 327 merely clarified rather than changed the meaning of sections 512(a) and 516(a). Our opinion in Gerard I concerned a novel question of statutory interpretation. No prior published opinion had considered the validity of Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D) in relation to sections 512(a) and 516(a). Senate Bill 327 was enacted soon after Gerard I, and in direct response to the controversy our opinion created regarding the validity of Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D).
In addition, the Legislature made plain its intent in enacting Senate Bill 327. Again section 2 of Senate Bill 327 added section 516(b) which states: “Notwithstanding subdivision (a), or any other law, including Section 512, the health care employee meed period weaver provisions in Section 11(D) of [IWC] Wage Orders 4 and 5 were valid and enforceable on and after October 1, 2000, and continue to be valid and enforceable. This subdivision is declarative of, and clarifies, existing law.” (Italics added.)
The Legislature similarly expressed its intent in section 1 of Senate Bill 327 which states, in part: “(b) Given the uncertainty caused by a recent appellate court decision, Gerard v. Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center (2015)
Linally, the Legislature’s intent was evident in its statement of the facts justifying enactment of Senate Bill 327 as an urgency measure: “The facts constituting the necessity are: [¶] In order to confirm and clarify the law applicable to meed period wedvers for employees in the health care industry throughout the state, it is necessary that this act take effect immediately.” (Sen. Bill 327, § 3, italics added.)
In sum, the Legislature’s unmistakable focus in Senate Bill 327 was the disruptive effect of our opinion in Gerard I on the long-standing and
Plaintiffs argue Senate Bill 327 changed the law, rather than clarified it, because “The expressed intent of the Legislature in enacting [Sen. Bill 88], which amended section 516[(a)] in 2000, was to clarify that under section 516[(a)] the IWC never had the authority to adopt wage orders inconsistent with section 512[(a)]. Thus, [Senate Bill 88] did not change the law; it stated what the law had always been.” We are not persuaded.
Senate. Bill 88 definitely changed the law. Before Sen. Bill 88, the IWC had unlimited authority under section 516(a) to adopt wage orders like Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D), notwithstanding any other provision of law, including section 512(a). (Assembly Bill 60, § 10.) After Senate Bill 88, the IWC had no authority under section 516(a) to adopt wage orders like Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D) which are inconsistent with section 512(a). (Sen. Bill 88, § 4.) And again, Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D) is subject to the Assembly Bill 60 version of section 516(a), not the Senate Bill 88 amended version of section 516(a).
Further, nothing in the legislative history of Senate Bill 88 suggests the Legislature intended to invalidate wage orders like Wage Order No. 5, section 11(D), which were adopted under the Assembly Bill 60 version of section 516(a) before July 1, 2000, as required by section 517. But even if the Legislature had that intent when it enacted Senate Bill 88, as plaintiffs argue against Senate Bill 327, “The Legislature is powerless to change [the] history [of section 516(a)]. More to the point, its declaration in SB [88] and section 516[(a)] as amended by SB [88], is ineffective to legislate what the effect of section 516[(a)] was prior to the amendment.”
Lastly, the cases cited by plaintiffs do not support their contention Senate Bill 88 merely clarified the law. Bearden v. U.S. Borax, Inc. (2006)
As a result, the second meal period waivers signed by plaintiffs in this case, “were valid and enforceable on and after October 1, 2000, and continue to be valid and enforceable.” (§ 516, subd. (b).) Accordingly, we conclude the court did not err by granting summary judgment, denying class certification and striking the class allegations.
This conclusion moots plaintiffs’ contention the court erroneously sustained hospital’s “ ‘failure to authenticate’ ” objection to the timecards and wage statements Gerard offered in opposition to the motion for summary judgment.
DISPOSITION
The summary judgment and the order denying class certification and striking the class allegations are affirmed. The requests for judicial notice are granted in part.
Appellants’ petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied July 12, 2017, S241655.
Notes
For clarity all subsequent references to section 516 will include the new subdivision designations, and subdivision (a) will be referred to as section 516(a).
Hospital’s requests for judicial notice filed July 18, 2014, and August 28, 2014, granted in Gerard I are granted again. Hospital’s supplemental request for judicial notice filed September 2, 2016, is granted as to exhibits 2 (excluding the letter also separately identified as exhibit 3), 5 and 6 to the declaration of Gail Blanchard-Sager, and denied in all other respects. Amicus curiae California Hospital Association’s request for judicial notice filed December 2, 2016, was granted by separate order on January 12, 2017, as to exhibits A through D to the declaration of Kiran A. Seldon, but denied as to exhibit E.