Plaintiff Andrew Geralds, by his next friend Gregory Geralds, appeals as of right from a trial court’s order striking plaintiff’s affidavit of merit, granting summary disposition in favor of defendant, and dismissing with prejudice plaintiff’s malpractice complaint. We affirm.
*227 I. FACTS
On December 21, 2000, plaintiffs counsel filed a complaint against defendant Munson Healthcare alleging that on August 21, 1997, defendant’s agent, Robert Swetnam, D.O., who was board certified in emergency medicine, committed malpractice in the treatment of a laceration to plaintiff’s left foot. The complaint was accompanied by an affidavit of merit signed by Dr. George Podgomy.
On September 13, 2001, defendant moved to strike plaintiff’s affidavit of merit on the grounds that it did not comply with MCL 600.2912d and MCL 600.2169 because Podgomy was not board certified in emergency medicine. In a medical malpractice action, MCL 600.2169 requires the affidavit of merit and to be signed by a physician with the same board certification as the physician the affidavit is offered against. Defendant asserted that because the affidavit of merit was defective, it was insufficient to commence the lawsuit, the statute of limitations was not tolled, and defendant was entitled to summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (10). Defendant asked the court to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint with prejudice.
On November 19, 2001, the trial court held a hearing on defendant’s motion to strike Podgomy’s affidavit of merit and for summary disposition. At the hearing, defense counsel argued that the trial court should strike plaintiff’s affidavit of merit because Swetnam was board certified in emergency medicine, while Podgomy, who signed the affidavit, was not. Plaintiff’s counsel asserted that William Seikaly, the attorney who signed plaintiff’s complaint, initially spoke with Dr. Ronald Krome about preparing and signing an affidavit to attach to plaintiff’s complaint, but that *228 Krome, who was board certified in emergency medicine, knew Swetnam and was therefore unable to serve as the expert.
According to plaintiffs counsel, Seikaly asked Krome if he could recommend another doctor, and Krome recommended Podgomy and specifically stated that Podgomy was board certified in emergency medicine. In addition, plaintiffs counsel asserted that when Seikaly spoke with Podgomy, he allegedly stated, “I understand you’re the past President of the Board of Emergency Medicine and I need a specialist in emergency medicine,” and Podgomy responded affirmatively.
Krome submitted an affidavit in which he asserted that he recommended Podgomy to Seikaly and that when Seikaly inquired whether Podgomy was board certified, “I indicated to him that not only was he board certified, but he was a former President of the American Board of Emergency Medicine.”
Seikaly explained in an affidavit the basis for his belief that Podgomy was board certified in emergency medicine. According to Seikaly, he believed that Podgomy was board certified in emergency medicine on the basis of Podgomy’s status as a physician/president of the organization and the representations made by Krome. Seikaly further stated in the affidavit that he had never seen a case where a physician who was an officer of a specialty board, was not certified by that board. Seikaly further pointed to the fact that the board’s website indicates that a physician must be certified in order to be an examiner for the board, and that Podgomy’s curriculum vitae indicates that he was a chief examiner for both the written and oral examinations. Thus, Seikaly asserted that his belief of Podgomy’s certification was reasonable *229 under MCL 600.2169 and MCL 600.2912d. Podgomy’s curriculum vitae does not, however, indicate that he is board certified in emergency medicine.
The trial court observed that Podgomy was “obviously . . . skilled and competent.” However, the trial court was concerned that Seikaiy had not specifically asked Podgomy if he were board certified in emergency medicine. The court reasoned that there is an obligation to confirm, before retaining an expert on any given case, whether that expert is, in fact, board certified, maintains the requisite clinical practice, and was board certified at the appropriate time in order to offer opinions in a case. The court did not accept the argument that one can simply reasonably rely upon referrals or the fact that a person may be on a particular board. The trial court held that plaintiffs counsel’s belief that Podgomy was board certified in emergency medicine was not reasonable because the core question of board certification in emergency medicine was never asked.
On December 6, 2001, the court entered an order striking plaintiff’s affidavit of merit and granting defendant’s motion for summary disposition. The trial court dismissed plaintiff’s complaint with prejudice. On February 26, 2002, the trial court denied plaintiff’s motion for rehearing. This appeal ensued.
n. standard of review
This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s grant or denial of summary disposition.
Spiek v Dep’t of Transportation,
In determining whether a party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7),
*230
“a court must accept as true a plaintiff’s well-pleaded factual allegations, affidavits, or other documentary evidence and construe them in the plaintiff’s favor.”
Farm Bureau Mut Ins Co v Combustion Research Corp,
“A motion brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support for [a] claim.”
Downey v Charlevoix Co Bd of Co Rd Comm’rs,
m. ANALYSIS
A. REASONABLE BELIEF
Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred in granting defendant’s motion for summary disposition because plaintiff’s counsel reasonably believed that *231 Podgomy was board certified in emergency medicine and because MCL 600.2912d does not contain language that requires a medical malpractice plaintiff or its attorney to conduct any specific inquiry as a basis to form a reasonable belief regarding whether a physician is board certified in a particular specialty. We disagree. 1
MCL 600.2912d(l) provides, in part, that “the plaintiff in an action alleging medical malpractice or, if the plaintiff is represented by an attorney, the plaintiffs attorney shall file with the complaint an affidavit of merit signed by a health professional who the plaintiffs attorney reasonably believes meets the requirements for an expert witness under section 2169” (emphasis added). See also MCR 2.112(L). MCL 600.2169(1) provides:
(1) In an action alleging medical malpractice, a person shall not give expert testimony on the appropriate standard of practice or care unless the person is licensed as a health professional in this state or another state and meets the following criteria:
(a) If the party against whom or on whose behalf the testimony is offered is a specialist, specializes at the time of the occurrence that is the basis for the action in the same specialty as the party against whom or on whose behalf the testimony is offered. However, if the party against whom or on whose behalf the testimony is offered is a specialist *232 who is board certified, the expert witness must be a specialist who is board certified in that specialty. [Emphasis added.]
Under MCL 600.2169(l)(a), then, if the party against whom testimony is offered is a board certified specialist, the expert witness must be board certified in the same specialty. Therefore, because Swetnam was board certified in emergency medicine, the affidavit of merit accompanying plaintiff’s complaint was required to be signed by a physician who was also board certified in emergency medicine. Plaintiff does not dispute that Podgomy, who signed the affidavit of merit that accompanied plaintiff’s medical malpractice complaint, was not board certified in emergency medicine. However, plaintiff contends that under the unique facts of this case, his belief that Podgomy was board certified in emergency medicine was reasonable as allowed by MCL 600.2912d(l). Plaintiff’s belief that Podgomy was board certified was based on a recommendation by another doctor who believed Podgomy to be board certified and by the fact that Podgomy was the former president of the American Board of Emergency Medicine.
This Court has previously held that “[a]n affidavit is sufficient if counsel reasonably,
albeit mistakenly,
believed that the affiant was qualified under MCL 600.2169.”
Watts v Canady,
In
Kirkaldy v Rim,
*233 Even if we were to accept plaintiffs’ questionable argument that McDougall I [McDougall v Elink,218 Mich App 501 ;554 NW2d 56 (1996)] invalidated the affiant requirements of MCL 600.2912d, it must be noted that in this case the Supreme Court granted leave to hear McDougall II before plaintiffs filed their complaint. Because the Supreme Court was reviewing the decision, plaintiffs were on notice that McDougall I could be reversed and MCL 600.2169 could be found constitutional. In addition, if the Supreme Court reversed McDougall I, it was likely that the Court’s holding would be applied retroactively. It is a general rule that an appellate decision is given retroactive effect unless it overrules existing precedent or decides an issue of first impression that was not clearly foreshadowed. Holmes [v Michigan Capital Medical Center,242 Mich App 703 , 713;620 NW2d 319 (2000)]. Here, it was entirely foreseeable that the Supreme Court would find the statute constitutional, and plaintiffs’ assumption that they were safe in relying on the precedential value of McDougall I was unwarranted. Therefore, it was unreasonable for plaintiffs’ attorney to assume that the holding of McDougall I would be good law throughout the pendency of this case, and the trial court did not err in determining that plaintiffs’ affidavit of merit did not meet the requirements of MCL 600.2912d.
Similarly, in this case, plaintiffs attorney relied on assumptions to conclude that Podgomy was board certified. It is unreasonable for an attorney to form a belief regarding the board certification of a physician without asking the physician about his board certification. As skilled and experienced as plaintiffs attorneys appear to be, the failure to ask the four word question, “Are you board certified?” and the failure to examine Podgomy’s curriculum vitae, which contains no mention of board certification in emergency medicine, were not reasonable under the circumstances. Thus, the trial court did not err in striking *234 the affidavit and granting defendant’s motion for summary disposition.
B. LEGAL MALPRACTICE STANDARD
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in analyzing whether plaintiff’s counsel’s belief that Podgomy was board certified in emergency medicine was unreasonable by using the standard for determining whether an attorney has committed legal malpractice. We disagree; plaintiff’s argument is without merit and is not supported by the record.
Plaintiff does not cite the hearing transcript in support of his argument that the trial court incorrectly analyzed the reasonableness of plaintiff’s counsel’s belief that Podgomy was board certified, but we believe that plaintiff’s argument is based at least in part on the following excerpts from the trial court record:
So then we get back to, after recognizing that this physician could not sign an appropriate affidavit of merit, we come back then to Section 2912(D). Was there reasonable belief on the part of Plaintiff’s Counsel that the doctor was, indeed, Board Certified? Whether a belief is reasonable or not is another way of stating did the — did Plaintiff’s Counsel behave negligently or not? Did he follow his appropriate standard of care? If he followed the standard of care and still made an error, then his actions were, by definition, reasonable.
Lawyers are not insurers on the results of their clients. Lawyers, like drivers, can behave reasonably and yet harm can still follow. . . . The standard of care is — is worded somewhat differently, but essentially goes to the same point: What does a lawyer of average skill or training do under the circumstances?
*235 Quite frankly, it is this Court’s opinion that, if you are going to retain an expert witness, no matter how favorable the referral from a brother or sister lawyer, no matter how favorable the witness testified for you personally on a prior case where you may have retained his or her services, there is an obligation, a core standard of care obligation, to confirm, before you retain the expert in any given case, to determine whether or not that expert is, in fact, Board Certified, maintains the requisite clinical practice, was Board Certified at the appropriate time, in order to offer opinions for you in this case. These are questions which must be asked. This Court does not believe that you can simply reasonably rely upon referrals or the fact that a person may be on a particular board or not.
It is clear from the record that the trial court was asking questions about the extent of plaintiffs counsel’s inquiry of Podgomy not to establish if plaintiff’s counsel committed legal malpractice, but to determine the reasonableness of plaintiff’s counsel’s belief that Podgomy was board certified in emergency medicine under MCL 600.2912d(1). The record simply does not support plaintiff’s claim that the trial court was making a determination regarding whether plaintiff’s counsel had committed legal malpractice. Accordingly, plaintiff’s claims are unsupported by the record.
c. dismissal with prejudice
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his complaint with prejudice. According to plaintiff, even if the period of limitations has run, he should be able to file a new affidavit signed by a physician certified in emergency medicine because his affidavit substantially complied with MCL 600.2912d(l). We disagree.
*236
Generally, a civil action is commenced and the period of limitations is tolled when a complaint is filed. MCR 2.101(B); MCL 600.5856. However, to commence a medical malpractice action, a plaintiff must timely file both a complaint and an affidavit of merit. MCL 600.2912d(l);
Scarsella v Pollak,
We must, then, address the issue of the appropriate sanction for plaintiff’s filing of a defective affidavit. MCL 600.2912d does not provide any sanction for a plaintiff’s failure to file an affidavit or a plaintiff’s filing of a defective affidavit. Before 1993, MCL 600.2912d specifically provided sanctions for a plain
*237
tiff’s failure to file an affidavit of merit, including dismissal of the complaint,
In
Scarsella II,
the Supreme Court held that when a medical malpractice plaintiff wholly omits to file the affidavit required by MCL 600.2912d(1), “the filing of the complaint is ineffective, and does not work a tolling of the applicable period of limitation.”
Scarsella II, supra
at 553; see also
Young v Sellers,
In Kirkaldy, this Court noted that “we have yet to determine whether a timely filed affidavit of merit that does not conform to the requirements of MCL 600.2912d requires a sanction other than dismissal without prejudice.” Kirkaldy, supra at 583. In Kirkaldy, the plaintiff filed a medical malpractice complaint and included an affidavit of merit that was signed by a doctor who was not board certified in the same specialty as the defendants. The defect in the affidavit in Kirkaldy was therefore identical to the *238 defect in the affidavit in this case. The trial court found that the affidavit did not comply with MCL 600.2912d, that it was as if the plaintiff had not filed any affidavit whatsoever and that the limitations period was not tolled. Kirkaldy, supra at 575-576. The trial court dismissed the plaintiffs claims with prejudice.
On appeal, this Court affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of the plaintiff’s complaint, but concluded that the proper sanction for the plaintiff’s defective affidavit was dismissal without prejudice. In so holding, this Court stated:
It is apparent from this review of the existing case law that we have yet to determine whether a timely filed affidavit of merit that does not conform to the requirements of MCL 600.2912d requires a sanction other than dismissal without prejudice. . . .
Although we have not yet addressed the specific issue in this case, there is adequate guidance suggesting that the proper resolution would be dismissal without prejudice. As this Court noted in VandenBerg [v VandenBerg,231 Mich App 497 ;586 NW2d 570 (1998)], dismissal is a drastic sanction that should be taken cautiously, and the trial court should consider all available options before concluding that dismissal is just and proper. Id. at 502. If dismissal in general is a drastic sanction, then surely dismissal with prejudice is even more drastic because it would preclude a plaintiff from refiling the action at a later date. See ABB Paint Finishing, Inc v Nat’l Union Fire Ins Co,223 Mich App 559 , 562-563;567 NW2d 456 (1997). We conclude that the sanction of dismissal with prejudice is not required here where the less drastic sanction of dismissal without prejudice is available. [Kirkaldy, supra at 583.]
In Kirkaldy, supra at 584, this Court declined to decide “whether filing an affidavit that does not comply with MCL 600.2912d tolls the limitation period” *239 because the issue was not raised in the defendants’ statement of questions presented or raised by the plaintiffs in their cross-appeal. However, this Court suggested that a defective affidavit could still toll the period of limitations when it stated that the defendants’ “argument presumes that the timely filing of a defective affidavit does not toll the limitation period, a position that is not supported by the existing case law.” Id. at 584. Similarly, in Holmes, supra at 712 n 4, a separate panel of this Court stated, in obiter dictum, that “[t]he Supreme Court’s language [in Scarsella Z7] seems to suggest its contemplation that an affidavit of merit failing’ to comply with the substantive requirements imposed by MCL 600.2912d(1)(a)-(d); MSA 27A.2912(4)(1)(a)-(d), when filed together with a complaint, might possibly be sufficient to commence a medical malpractice action.”
In
Mouradian v Goldberg,
*240 Semantics aside, whether the adjective used is “defective” or “grossly nonconforming” or “inadequate,” in the case at bar, plaintiffs affidavit did not meet the standards contained in MCL 600.2912d(l) and failed to meet the express language of MCL 600.2169(1) because the affiant was a doctor with a different board certification than third-party defendant’s board certification.
We hold that plaintiff’s affidavit was defective and did not constitute an effective affidavit for the purpose of MCL 600.2912d(1) and, therefore, plaintiff filed a complaint without an affidavit of merit sufficient to commence a medical malpractice action.
Scarsella II, supra
at 553; see also
Mouradian, supra
at 574 (finding that an unsworn affidavit was not a valid affidavit within MCL 600.2912d[1]). We find that because Podgomy was not board certified in emergency medicine, there was no genuine dispute that the affidavit of merit attached to plaintiff’s complaint does not comply with the requirements of MCL 600.2912d(1) and that defendant was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Decker v Flood,
Affirmed.
Notes
We note that currently there are two cases pending before our Supreme Court that may resolve this issue. On March 25, 2003, our Supreme Court granted leave to appeal in
Grossman v Brown,
The applications for leave to appeal are held in abeyance pending decisions in Halloran, supra, and Grossman, supra.