GEORGIACARRY.ORG, INC. et al. v. JAMES
S15A1901
SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA
FEBRUARY 1, 2016
(782 SE2d 284)
THOMPSON, Chief Justice.
alleged conflict of interest adversely affected the lawyer‘s representation in any way. See Barrett, 292 Ga. at 175 (3) (c) (2). For that reason, the trial court was authorized to deny White‘s motion for new trial on the ground that he failed to demonstrate an actual conflict of interest that significantly and adversely affected his lawyer‘s representation of him at trial.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.
DECIDED FEBRUARY 1, 2016.
Harold V. Jones II, for appellant.
Ashley Wright, District Attorney, Titus T. Nichols, Assistant District Attorney; Samuel S. Olens, Attorney General, Patricia B. Attaway Burton, Deputy Attorney General, Paula K. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Elizabeth M. Haase, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.
THOMPSON, Chief Justice.
On January 6, 2014, appellant Iziah Smith applied to appellee Harry B. James III, Judge of the Probate Court of Richmond County, for a renewal Georgia weapons carry license; he requested the issuance of a temporary
Several weeks later, on February 18, 2014, Smith and appellant Georgia Carry.Org, Inc. (“GCO“)1 brought this mandamus action against James in the Superior Court of Richmond County, alleging James was wrongly refusing to issue temporary renewal licenses. James answered, denying the material allegations of the complaint.
Thereafter, on April 24, 2014, appellants filed a motion for recusal, asserting that a Richmond County Superior Court Judge should not be presiding over a case in which the Richmond County Probate Court Judge was named as the defendant. The trial court denied the motion to recuse.
Following discovery, both sides moved for summary judgment. Recognizing that, at some point, James had begun issuing temporary renewal licenses to other applicants, appellants acknowledged they were no longer entitled to the issuance of a writ of mandamus. They asserted, nevertheless, that they were entitled to costs and attorney fees as the “prevailing party” in the lawsuit. See
The trial court granted James’ summary judgment motion and denied appellants’ summary judgment motion. This appeal followed.
1. In the first enumeration of error, appellants assert the trial court erred in denying the motion to recuse. We disagree.
Uniform Superior Court Rule (“USCR“) 25 establishes the procedural framework within which a motion to recuse a presiding judge must be resolved. With respect to the timeliness of such a motion, USCR 25.1 makes it clear that a motion to recuse must be filed “not later than five (5) days after the affiant first learned of the alleged grounds for disqualification . . . unless good cause be shown for failure to meet such time requirements.”
In Mayor & Aldermen of the City of Savannah v. Batson-Cook Co., 291 Ga. 114 (728 SE2d 189) (2012), relying upon USCR 25, this Court promulgated a three-prong test to determine whether a motion to recuse was meritorious. The first test reiterates the timeliness requirement of USCR 25.3: the moving party must show that the motion was filed within five days of learning of the alleged grounds for disqualification.2
In this case, the alleged ground for disqualification — defendant presided in a court which sits in the same circuit as the superior court hearing the action — was known, or should have been known, as soon as appellants chose the forum. Nevertheless, appellants waited for two months after filing the complaint before seeking to recuse the trial judge. Given appellants’ failure to file the motion within five days of learning of the alleged grounds for disqualification, it was not error for the trial court to deny the motion to recuse.
In Smith v. Guest Pond Club, Inc., 277 Ga. 143, 146 (586 SE2d 623) (2003), defendant sought recusal on the ground that the trial judge and plaintiff‘s counsel served together as the only two juvenile judges in the circuit; and that plaintiff‘s counsel was the only individual authorized to ratify the designation of the trial judge to sit as a superior court judge. The trial judge denied the motion to recuse, and this Court reversed. In so doing, this Court quoted from Opinion 220 of our Judicial Qualifications Commission:
“Simply stated, the public must believe in the integrity and impartiality of its judges. . . . Consequently, even without a showing of actual bias, prejudice or unfairness, and regardless of the merits or timeliness of a Motion to Recuse, this Commission concludes that it is inappropriate for any trial court judge to preside in any action wherein one of the parties holds a
judicial office on the same or any other court which sits in the same circuit.”
Id. (Emphasis supplied.)
Relying upon the italicized language in Guest Pond, appellants claim that, unlike a typical motion to recuse a judge for bias or favor, a motion to recuse a judge presiding in a matter affecting another judge in the same circuit can be filed at any time. We cannot accept this claim because it does not reflect this Court‘s holding in Guest Pond. That case was concerned with the appearance of impropriety where a judge presided in a matter in which another judge in the same circuit had a vested interest, but the timeliness of the motion to recuse was not put in issue. Accordingly, the italicized language upon which appellants rely is dictum and must yield to USCR 25.3 and our holding in Batson-Cook Co., supra, which prescribe a five-day time limit for any and all motions to recuse.3
To hold otherwise would be to sanction gamesmanship. See, e.g., White v. National Football League, 585 F3d 1129, 1141 (II) (B) (8th Cir. 2009) (“A motion to recuse should not be withheld as a fallback position to be asserted only after an adverse ruling.“); State v. Jenson, 440 NW2d 686, 688 (Neb. 1989) (“One cannot know of improper judicial conduct, gamble on a favorable result by remaining silent as to that conduct, and then complain that he or she guessed wrong and does not like the outcome.“). Moreover, the requirement that a motion to recuse be filed promptly is intended to promote judicial economy, that is, to ensure that “long and costly proceeding[s]” before a disqualified judge are avoided. See Pope v. State, 257 Ga. 32, 35 (2) (b) (354 SE2d 429) (1987) (citation and punctuation omitted). See also LoCascio v. United States, 473 F3d 493, 497 (2d Cir. 2007) (“[A] prompt application [for recusal] affords the district judge an opportunity to assess the merits of the application before taking any further steps that may be inappropriate for the judge to take.” (Citation and punctuation omitted)). The idea that a party could allow a judge whom the party believes to be disqualified to continue to preside over the case without objection, only later to urge the disqualification, is inconsistent with the principles of fair play and judicial economy that are embodied in the requirement that a motion to recuse be filed promptly.
State v. Hargis, 294 Ga. 818, 822-823 (756 SE2d 529) (2014). See also Hunnicutt v. Hunnicutt, 248 Ga. 516, 518 (283 SE2d 891) (1981) (recognizing sound policy reasons for strictly construing the timeliness requirements of a motion to recuse).
2. Because James began issuing temporary renewal licenses, appellants acknowledged a mandamus action was no longer necessary. They argue, however, they are entitled to recover costs and attorney fees inasmuch as they were the “prevailing party” in the lawsuit. In this regard, appellants point out that, at the time they filed this lawsuit,
When an eligible applicant fails to receive a license, temporary permit, or renewal license within the time period required by this Code section and the application or request has been properly filed, the applicant may bring an action in mandamus or other legal proceeding in order to obtain a license, temporary license, or renewal license. If such applicant is the prevailing party, he or she shall be entitled to recover his or her costs in such action, including reasonable attorney‘s fees.4
Continuing the argument, and relying on Robinson v. Glass, 302 Ga. App. 742 (691 SE2d 620) (2010), appellants contend they prevailed in this action because James began issuing temporary permits in response to appellants’ complaint,5 even though James issued the permits “without the necessity of a writ of mandamus from the trial court — or at least before a hearing could be scheduled and held.” Id. at 746.
Appellants’ argument notwithstanding, we note that Smith, the only named appellant in this case holding a weapons license, received a new weapons license from James within 30 days of filing his application — well within the time required by law. See
3. It would appear that, at least in part, the trial court granted James’ motion for summary judgment due to appellants’ “absence” from the hearing. Although this ruling plays no role in our resolution of this appeal, see Division 2, we point out, for the benefit of the bench and bar, that this is not a sufficient basis for the grant of summary judgment. See Anderson v. Matich, 186 Ga. App. 84, 86 (366 SE2d 300) (1988) (summary judgment not authorized solely because party opposing motion did not appear at the summary judgment hearing).
Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part, and case remanded with direction. All the Justices concur.
DECIDED FEBRUARY 1, 2016.
John R. Monroe, for appellants.
Robert W. Hunter III, for appellee.