George Simeon CABASUG, also known as Simeon Salum Cabasug, Jr., Petitioner, v. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, Respondent.
No. 86-7451.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
January 26, 1988.
As Amended on Denial of Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc May 27, 1988.
847 F.2d 1321
KLEINFELD, District Judge
It is clear that Congress never intended to give an employer license to discriminate against some employees on the basis of race or sex merely because he favorably treats other members of the employees’ group. We recognized in Los Angeles Dept. of Water & Power v. Manhart, 435 U.S. 702, 98 S.Ct. 1370, 55 L.Ed.2d 657 (1978), that fairness to the class of women employees as a whole could not justify unfairness to the individual female employee because the “statute‘s focus on the individual is unambiguous.” Id. [98 S.Ct.] at 1375....
The stark fact is that the Orange County Superior Court does not employ a single black male. This is strong evidence that defendants have discriminated against black males by creating an artificial barrier to their professional development, thereby frustrating Title VII‘s goals of achieving equality of opportunity. Like the behavior in Manhart, the Orange County Superior Court‘s failure to employ a single black male blatantly disregards the rights of the individual recognized and protected in Title VII. I would hold that the evidence presented by Robinson is sufficient to make out a prima facie case of disparate impact on black males. Cf. Jefferies v. Harris County Community Action Ass‘n, 615 F.2d 1025, 1032-35 (9th Cir.1980) (black females are a protected class under Title VII). Accordingly, I dissent from the majority‘s view to the contrary.
David J. Kline and Linda S. Wendtland, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Before WALLACE and POOLE, Circuit Judges, and KLEINFELD,* District Judge.
KLEINFELD, District Judge:
Petitioner seeks review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing his appeal from an immigration judge‘s deportation order and denial of discretionary relief under § 212(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (Act),
Mr. Cabasug, a citizen of the Philippines, was admitted to the United States as a permanent resident in 1968. In 1983, he was convicted in the California Superior Court of carrying a sawed-off shotgun, while on probation for assault with a deadly weapon. He was later judged deportable, under § 241(a)(14) of the Act,
The issue in this petition for review is whether
Persons who are not citizens of the United States may be excluded on a number of grounds when they attempt to enter the United States. The Attorney General has discretion to waive grounds for exclusion in certain circumstances. Aliens who are already in the United States may be deported on numerous grounds. A much more restrictive discretionary relief statute applies to deportations. In some circumstances, deportations have been treated by the Immigration and Naturalization Service as though they were exclusions, and the discretionary relief available for exclusions has been applied. Petitioner would have this court deem the statute unconstitutional unless it is construed to mean that the discretionary relief for exclusion applies to the ground at issue for deportation.
Section 1251(a)(14) provides:
Any alien in the United States (including an alien crewman) shall, upon the order of the Attorney General, be deported who—
....
(14) at any time after entry, shall have been convicted of possessing or carrying in violation of any law any weapon which shoots or is designed to shoot automatically or semi-automatically more than one shot without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger, or a weapon commonly called a sawed-off shotgun.
The Department of Labor, then in charge of immigration law enforcement, characterized the proposal for enactment of this provision as authority to “get after some of these racketeers who are not otherwise deportable.” Crime to Prevent Overthrow of Government: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, on H.R. 5138, 76th Cong., 3d Sess. 35 (1940). The language was apparently taken from the National Firearms Act. Id. at 26. The prohibited kinds of weapons have been characterized in a decision regarding the Firearms Act as “weapons used principally by persons engaged in unlawful activities.” Haynes v. United States, 390 U.S. 85, 87, 88 S.Ct. 722, 725, 19 L.Ed.2d 923 (1968). Congress originally considered discretionary relief under the deportation statute, and decided, when it added the firearms ground, not to permit discretionary relief from deportation on that ground and certain others applying to “aliens ... likely to be undesirable residents.” H.R.Conf.Rep. No. 2683, 76th Cong., 3d Sess. 9 (1940). In the 1952 Act, however, Congress decided to grant limited discretionary relief to aliens convicted of firearms offenses, which it later expanded by amendment.
A separate exclusion statute,
Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the following classes of aliens shall be ineligible to receive visas and shall be excluded from admission into the United States.
Examination of the language of the exclusion and deportation statutes discloses an elaborate and complex scheme. Any alien excludable at the time of entry is deportable under
Numerous other differences exist between exclusion and deportation. Aliens who are “paupers, professional beggars, or vagrants” are excludable under
Some grounds for exclusion cannot logically apply to deportation, such as attempted entry of a stowaway, and reapplication for admission without the Attorney General‘s consent within one year of deportation.
Other provisions are similar but not identical. For example, conviction of a “crime involving moral turpitude” before admission is a ground for exclusion, with exceptions for “purely political” and certain juvenile offenses.
Certain narcotics and marijuana offenses are grounds both for exclusion and deportation.
Section 1182(c), providing for discretionary relief in the exclusion statute, is the basis of Mr. Cabasug‘s appeal. He claims a right under this provision to be considered for discretionary relief from deportation. The statutes, however, do not make discretionary relief equally available in deportation and exclusion cases. The discretionary relief subsection for exclusion cases provides:
Aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence who temporarily proceeded abroad voluntarily and not under an order of deportation, and who are returning to a lawful unrelinquished domicile of seven consecutive years, may be admitted in the discretion of the Attorney General without regard to the provisions of paragraphs (1)-(25), (30), and (31) of subsection (a) of this section. Nothing contained in this subsection shall limit the authority of the Attorney General to exercise the discretion vested in him under section 1181(b) of this title.
On its face, the statute has no application in the case before us. Mr. Cabasug faces deportation, not exclusion. Mr. Cabasug has not “temporarily proceeded abroad voluntarily,” as required by the statute. Nor is Mr. Cabasug applying to be “admitted,” as the statute requires. He has made no “entry” to which the exclusion could apply.
We have no reason to doubt that Congress intended exactly what it accomplished when it put this discretionary provision only in the exclusion and not the deportation statute. Congress wrote a separate statute for discretionary relief from deportation,
One ground for deportation is failure to keep the Attorney General advised of changes of address.
establishes to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that such failure was reasonably excusable or was not willful.
Id. This provision manifests the detailed attention Congress gave to discretionary relief.
Congress also left the Attorney General discretion whether to seek deportation by the language “shall, upon the order of the Attorney General, be deported.”
Petitioner‘s theory is that a body of case law which developed under another subsection of the exclusion statute should be extended to the sawed-off shotgun and machine gun subsection of the deportation statute. Under the narcotics and marijuana subsection, some circuits, including ours, have applied the discretion provision of the exclusion statute to the deportation statute. The subsections relating to narcotics and marijuana are similar in the exclusion and deportation statutes. 8 U.S.
The line of authorities at issue begins with Arias-Uribe v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 466 F.2d 1198 (9th Cir.1972). That petitioner sought discretionary relief under
The literal approach of this circuit in Arias-Uribe was rejected by the Second Circuit in Francis v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 532 F.2d 268 (2d Cir.1976). Francis held that the petitioner was entitled to apply for discretionary relief in a deportation proceeding based on a state court conviction for possession of marijuana, a misdemeanor. The administrative practice of the INS was to apply the discretionary relief statute to aliens convicted of marijuana possession who had departed from and re-entered the United States, but not to aliens who had never made such a departure, regardless of whether the issue arose at the time of readmission. The INS treated its subsequent exercise of discretion as merely a nunc pro tunc correction of the record of reentry. The Second Circuit held that “the Board‘s interpretation of Section 212(c) is unconstitutional as applied to this petitioner.” Id. at 273. The court‘s rationale was that the interpretation denied due process under the Fifth Amendment, incorporating the equal protection requirement of the Fourteenth Amendment, because as applied the statute drew an arbitrary distinction:
Reason and fairness would suggest that an alien whose ties with this country are so strong that he has never departed after his initial entry should receive at least as much consideration as an individual who may leave and return from time to time. Id.
In Tapia-Acuna v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 640 F.2d 223 (9th Cir.1981), this circuit decided to follow Francis, because the decision in Arias-Uribe led to different treatment of similarly situated persons in the Ninth and other circuits. Tapia-Acuna was a deportation case arising out of a state court conviction for possession of marijuana. We agreed with Francis that “§ 1182(c), as interpreted in Arias-Uribe and its progeny, creates a distinction that lacks a rational basis.” Id. at 225 (footnote omitted). Specifically referring to subsection 11, the provision relating to narcotic drugs and marijuana, we said:
Consequently, we hold that eligibility for § 1182(c) relief cannot constitutionally be denied to an otherwise eligible alien who is deportable under § 1251(a)(11), whether or not the alien has departed from and returned to the United States after the conviction giving rise to deportability.
Id. The language in the statute providing for exclusion of aliens convicted of marijuana possession was substantially identical to the statutory language providing for deportation. In contrast, the deportation ground involved here, possession of a sawed-off shotgun or machine gun, has no counterpart in the exclusion statute.
This court considered an analogous problem of the availability of discretionary relief for a deportation ground not identical to an exclusion ground in Gutierrez v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 745 F.2d 548 (9th Cir.1984). The immigration judge had found two grounds for deportation, entry without inspection, a deportation ground not listed as a ground for exclusion, and conspiracy to distribute cocaine, a ground under both statutes. Petitioner‘s application for discretionary relief had been denied because the first ground, entry without inspection, was a basis for deportation for which no discretionary re-
We now must squarely face the issue left undecided in Gutierrez and Tapia-Acuna. We decide in accord with deference to the legislature. We see no due process violation in the policy choice made by Congress.
Francis and Tapia-Acuna are distinguishable. Both involved a ground substantially identical in the exclusion and deportation statutes. The administrative process for applying the statute to the grounds had resulted in deportation being treated like exclusion, if the alien had at any time taken a trip outside the country. The Second Circuit saw no distinction justifying different treatment between an alien possessor of illegal drugs who had traveled outside the country at some time in the past, and one who had not. This circuit first affirmed the deportation order in Tapia-Acuna, 620 F.2d 311 (9th Cir.1980), then followed Francis after a remand by the United States Supreme Court “for further consideration in light of the position presently asserted by the Solicitor General in his brief filed October 3, 1980.” 449 U.S. 945, 101 S.Ct. 344, 66 L.Ed.2d 209 (1980).
By contrast with narcotics and marijuana cases, there exists no class of persons alike in carrying sawed-off shotguns or machine guns, and deportable or not depending on the irrelevant circumstance of whether at some previous time they took a temporary trip out of the country. The gravamen of the equal protection violation identified in Francis was just such a distinction without a material difference. In the treatment of these weapons offenses, Congress has legislated no such distinction, nor has any administrative practice created one.
Appellant would have us hold that the INS, rather than Congress, has created an arbitrary distinction by its refusal to extend § 1182(c) discretion to all grounds for deportation except those explicitly excluded in § 1182(c). This is merely a rhetorical device to avoid an explicit challenge to the statute. Congress, as explained above, clearly expressed its intention that § 1182(c) relief applies only to § 1182, the exclusion statute. The Francis and Tapia-Acuna decisions held that this distinction, in combination with the administrative practice of applying the exclusion statute nunc pro tunc to aliens who had previously traveled outside the country, violated the Constitution insofar as it required different treatment for drug offenses covered under both the exclusion and deportation statutes. We are not about to overturn an Act of Congress under the pretense that we are merely correcting an administrative aberration.
Petitioner next argues that Congress could not have meant to treat the firearms offense more seriously than crimes of moral turpitude such as murder or rape, yet crimes of moral turpitude are grounds for exclusion for which § 1182(c) discretion is available. Petitioner cites an Eleventh Circuit decision, Marti-Xiques v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 713 F.2d 1511 (11th Cir.1983), vacated 724 F.2d 1463 (11th Cir.1984), decided on other grounds, 741 F.2d 350 (11th Cir.1984).
In Marti-Xiques, an alien was charged with deportability on two grounds arising out of one incident, entry without inspection and smuggling in other aliens. The court held that since § 1182(c) discretionary relief was available for the smuggling charge, the same relief must be available for the less serious charge of entry without inspection, even though entry without inspection was not listed in § 1182(c) as a
We do not agree that all crimes of moral turpitude are necessarily more serious than possession of a sawed-off shotgun or machine gun. We also do not agree with the implicit proposition that the Constitution requires Congress to lay out crimes on a spectrum, and grant at least as much discretion for the less serious as for any more serious crimes.
Congress has given special treatment to firearms offenses in various contexts. For example,
The legislative history described above suggests that Congress gave special attention to deporting “racketeers,” and saw machine guns and sawed-off shotguns as badges of such individuals. The singling out of the machine gun and sawed-off shotgun offenses in the deportation statute is a reasonable means by which to achieve the legitimate purpose of deporting “racketeers.” Congress may have decided to withhold discretion such as applies in exclusion cases because it found a public policy advantage in deporting the entire class of aliens convicted of the sawed-off shotgun and machine gun offenses which it did not perceive for some members of the classes of aliens committing certain other offenses. Congress has “almost plenary” power in this area, and “the decisions of Congress are subject only to limited judicial review.” Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1041 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111, 102 S.Ct. 3494, 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982). The treatment for deportation purposes of these firearms offenses is a rational means to achieve the legitimate purpose of deterring possession of the forbidden weapons by aliens.
The petition for review is dismissed.
WALLACE, Circuit Judge, concurring:
I concur with the majority, although my analysis is somewhat different. In Tapia-Acuna v. INS, 640 F.2d 223 (9th Cir.1981) (Tapia) we held that when the basis upon which the INS seeks deportation is identical to a statutory ground for exclusion for which discretionary relief would be available, the equal protection component of the fifth amendment due process clause requires that discretionary relief be accorded in the deportation context as well. Id. at 224-25; accord Francis v. INS, 532 F.2d 268 (2d Cir.1976) (Francis); see also Gutierrez v. INS, 745 F.2d 548, 550 (9th Cir.1984) (dicta). We reached this result because persons situated in a like manner must receive like treatment. We did not think it rational to distinguish between aliens who had committed the same crime on the basis of whether they traveled abroad recently, and reach a different result depending on whether they were in a deportation or exclusion proceeding. Tapia, 640 F.2d at 225; see also Francis, 532 F.2d at 273.
In this case, however, the holdings of Francis and Tapia are not applicable. The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) held
Cabasug nonetheless argues that he has been denied equal treatment because he is being treated unlike those aliens deportable under section 1251 who nevertheless are able to obtain discretionary relief under section 1182(a) because the ground for their deportation is also a ground for exclusion. It is undeniable that Cabasug is being treated differently from this class of deportable aliens. The determinative issue, however, is whether the distinction has no rational basis—as was found to be the case with a brief border crossing in Francis and Tapia—or whether there is indeed a rational basis for the difference in treatment. See Tapia, 640 F.2d at 225.
It seems clear that there is a rational basis for the distinction. Cabasug has committed a crime distinct and different from any of those crimes or actions that are grounds for exclusion. It is beyond dispute that Congress rationally may treat different crimes differently. One way it has done so in the immigration context has been to deny discretionary relief to certain categories of offenders. Section 1251(f)(1)(A) denies to those aliens who were Nazis or Nazi collaborators and were involved in racial, religious, ethnic, or political persecution the discretionary relief from deportation otherwise available to certain aliens excludable at entry. The very statute that is the focus of this appeal, section 1182(c), denies discretionary relief from exclusion to aliens who do not possess passports permitting them to enter another country within six months of their admission; who a consular officer or the Attorney General believes would engage in activities inimical to the public interest after entry; who adhere to certain enumerated political ideas; or who a consular officer or the Attorney General believes would engage in espionage or sedition following entry.
Cabasug, however, also claims that denying him discretionary relief has no rational basis because it is available to aliens convicted of “more serious crime[s]” but not to those aliens convicted of Cabasug‘s “less serious” crime. This argument ignores Congress‘s express purpose in passing the provision that rendered deportable persons convicted of possessing a machine gun or sawed-off shotgun. This provision was originally enacted as part of the Alien Registration Act of 1940, Title II § 20(b)(3), 54 Stat. 670, 672, and was carried over into the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. See H.Rep. No. 1365, 82nd Cong., 2d Sess. (1952), reprinted in 1952 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad.News 1653, 1715. It was originally enacted to enable the government to deport “gunmen and racketeers” who often were “not otherwise deportable,” Crime to Promote Overthrow of Government: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate on H.R. 5138, 76th Cong., 3d Sess. 34-35 (1940). The “not otherwise deportable” language appears to refer to the government‘s inability to procure convictions and sentences against them for crimes of “moral turpitude” that would already have permitted their deportation under existing law. See Immigration Act of 1917 § 19, 39 Stat. 874, 889. In essence, Congress was using possession of a machine gun or sawed-off shotgun as a method to identify a person involved in more serious organized criminal activity—a method that seems entirely reasonable in light of the uses to which such weapons are normally put and the nearly total lack of an
I concur in affirming the decision of the BIA.