On Sеptember 19,1958, in Los Angeles, California, George Jue lent $15,000 to Far West Engineering Company, Inc., a corporation (hereinafter referred to as Far West). The note and chattel mortgage securing this loan originally specified the amount borrowed as $18,000. Before the signing, this $18,000 figure was changed to $15,000. Interest was payable at ten per cent, the highest legal rаte in California.
Mr. Bamberger, president of Far West, testified that the amount of loan originally discussed with Jue on or about September 1st, was $25,000 for which Jue asked the corporation to sign a note for $30,000, the difference to be an “extra bonus.” He also testified that on September 19, 1958, Jue wanted to lend only $15,000, but offered to lend $18,000 if $3,-000 was returned immediately by Far West. Bambеrger declined this as usurious, but suggested that Jue be paid $100 per week “for consulting engineering services.” Nineteen weekly voucher checks of $100 each were paid to Jue by Far West, commencing September 29, 1958, and continuing to February 2, 1959; each bearing the notation “Engineering Consulting Services.” It was admitted by the pleadings Jue performed no services of аny kind for Far West.
The $15,000 loan was preceded on September 19, 1958, by the execution of a document entitled “Loan Agreement.” (Trustee’s Ex. 3.) It called for quarterly payments on the loan of $3,750 each; provided security by way of (a) a chattel mortgage of equipment; and (b) a pledge of all outstanding capital stock of Far West; accelerаted maturity, and certain prepayment provisions.
On December 11, 1958, one week before the quarterly payment of $3,750 was due Jue, Far West requested in writing *376 an extension of ninety days for payment of the first installment. (Resp.’s Ex. 1.) There is no evidence that written acceptance of the request for extension was obtained as requested, but the Far West cheek enclosed for interest at ten per cent (covering the first yearly quarter) was cashed by Jue (Trustee’s Ex. 4). There is reference in Respondent’s Exhibit 2 (Jue’s letter of February 7, 1959) to an extension agreement of January 5, 1959. Appellant’s brief admits its existence. In the state court action there is reference to an extension agreement of February 3, 1959. Any such extension agreement was “rescinded” by Jue’s letter of February 7, 1959, and the eighteen $100 payments were at that time, and for the first time, credited to principal of the note; although nineteen payments had then been made.
In March 1959, Far West sold certain of the chattel security and sent $3,950 (a part of the proceeds) to Jue, on account of principal. Apparently, Jue thought Far West had sold more of the security than it had requested permission to sell, and on April 1, 1959, the full payment due March 19,1959, not having been paid, Jue declared a default, and demanded delivery to him of the chattel security and the stock held as security. (Resp.’s Ex. 3.)
Jue then filed suit on April 6, 1959, 1 and attached. In his affidavit of attachment Jue alleged (a) that the bankrupt was indebted to him in the sum of $9,-250; 2 (b) that $3,300 of said sum of $9.-250 had no security; (e) that $5,950 of said sum of $9,250 was secured by the chattel mortgage which had become valueless. Writs of attachment in the-amount of $9,250 were issued and levied! against the Far West’s debtors, bank accounts and real property.
Subsequent to the issuance of the writs-of attachment, the bankrupt moved the-Superior Court to quash the writs upon-the ground that Jue was a secured creditor. 3 On April 22, 1959, this motion was denied.
On May 11, 1959, Far West filed Chapter XI proceedings, and was adjudicated’ a bankrupt on June 11, 1959.
On July 30, 1959, the trustee for the-bankrupt filed a petition to declare the-chattel mortgage invalid, asserting by reason of the attachment Jue was an unsecured creditor, because (a) Jue had! waived his security; (b) Jue was es-topped by his attаching affidavit from asserting a security interest; (c) Jue had' converted his secured indebtedness to an-unsecured indebtedness; (d) that the-Superior Court order of April 22, 1958, declaring the security valueless was res judicata, both between Jue and the bankrupt, and Jue and the Trustee as successor to all the bankrupt’s defenses; and (e) that even if Jue’s secured position was valid, the indebtedness to Jueshould be subordinated to all creditors” claims because of the usury connected with the original loan. The petition then prayed for the extinguishment of the-chattel lien and for credit against the-bankrupt’s obligation of treble the-amount of usurious interest allegedly *377 paid to Jue. An order to show cause was issued by the referee, and a hearing had.
We should add here that the complaint filed by Jue in the state court contained six causes of action: The first, for money •due, based on the February 3, 1959, agreement to sell the security (Ex. B attached to the complaint, but not in the record before us), in which $1,698.11 was asked; the second, for money due based on the September 19, 1958 agreement, and a foreclosure of the mortgage seeking $9,250 principal plus interest; the third, for the value of the mortgaged property sold, covered by the September 19, 1958, agreement and allegedly not released by the February 3, 1959 agreement, in the sum of $3,300; the fourth, a declaratory relief action with respect to the Far West stock held as security in escrow by counsel for Far West; the fifth, for conversion of the mortgaged property, praying for $9,250 damages; and the sixth, a common count for money due in the sum of $9,250.
The referee in bankruptcy found that the weekly $100 payments were disguisеd payments of interest; that Jue received $2,275 in interest on the $15,000 loan within one year prior to bankruptcy (Finding IY); recited the proceedings in the state court, and concluded (a) that the agreement of September 19,1958, was usurious, and hence null and void; (b) that treble interest credit of $6,825 against the obligation of Far West to Jue should be allowed; (c) that Jue was an unsecured creditor, upon all the grounds alleged by the trustee in his petition.
A petition for review was filed, and heard in the district court. The district court had jurisdiction to review the referee’s order under 11 U.S.C.A. §§ 46 and 67(c). The court adopted in toto the findings of fact and conclusions of law entered by the referee, denying the petition for review and affirming the refеree’s order.
Appeal was taken here, urging six errors. We shall consider each in turn. Jurisdiction of this court is based on 11 U.S.C.A. § 47.
Errors Alleged
1. Insufficient evidence exists to support the finding of usury.
2. The bankrupt is estopped from claiming the $100 weekly payments were interest.
3. Payments made voluntarily after a loan has been made cannot be deemed usurious even if intended as a bonus.
4. Even if the contract were usurious, appellant received no usurious interest.
5. Any taint of usury in the original loan was purged by the subsequent reformation of the loan agreement.
6. The chattel mortgage cannot be declared null and void.
The first alleged error questions the court’s finding (and the previous referee’s finding) of usury. That finding rested upon conflicting testimony. If the nineteen $100 payments were interest, whether disguised as a “bonus” or “for services rendered,” the contract was usurious because in excess of ten per cent. (Calif.Const, art. 20, § 22; Shirley v. Britt, 1957,
Someone was not testifying truthfully. The trier of fact below decided this issue in favor of the bankrupt. We have no power to disturb that finding of fact where it is based on some substantial conflicting evidence. Costello v. Fazio, 9 Cir. 1958,
In support of estoppel as a defense, appellant’s counsel relies again on an interрretation of conflicting evidence favorable to his client, overlooking evidence against him. For the same reasons hereinabove discussed, there is no merit in this second alleged error. Furthermore, it is only when a borrower
fraudulently
inserts a usurious interest rate in order to later defeat recovery against him, that he may be estopped from using the dеfense of usury. Stock v. Meek, 1950,
In support of the third alleged error (that proof of
voluntary payments
precludes usury), two California cases are relied upon: Goldenzwig v. Shaddock, 1939,
But, says appellant, Connor v. Minier, 1930,
Further, in the Connor case, supra, the court said:
“When a claim of usury is made, the courts will look through the form in which the transaction is cast to discover its real substance, and if, when that is found, it appears that a borrower has paid, or agreed to pay, more than the lawful rate of interest for a loan, the loan will be held usurious. Haines v. Commercial Mortgage Company,200 Cal. 609 -616,254 P. 956 ,255 P. 805 ,53 A.L.R. 725 ; Wallace v. Zinman,200 Cal. 585 -597,254 P. 946 ,62 A.L.R. 1341 .
“Our usury law fixes 12 per cent, per annum as the maximum rate of interest that may be charged on a loan, and its manifest intent is to forbid absolutely to the lender any profit whatever by way of commission, bonus, or other kind of charge, if in so doing that rate is exceeded.
******
“In the present case all the various papers which we have described are manifestly parts of one transaction by which Minier borrowed money *379 from the company, and all must be taken into consideration to determine whether that loan was usurious. On consideration of them all, and of the other facts stated, we have no doubt that it was.”288 P. at 24-25 .
We find no merit therefore in appellant’s fourth point that no interest was paid, because of the specific finding made below that interest was in fact paid.
Appellant’s fifth point is that usury in the original loan was “purged” by the subsequent “agreement of February 1959,” presumably February 8, 1959.
To support this position, appellant urges that “even if the twelve $100 dollar [sic] payments received by appellant prior to December 19, 1959 [sic— ‘1958’] were received as interest, it is respectfully urged that the seven payments received after that date must be treated as a reduction of principal.” Appellant fails to notе that it was not until February 7, 1959, that these $100 payments were, unilaterally, applied to principal, and that such an allocation of them was not agreed to by Far West (if in fact Far West did agree) in writing until its letter of March 9, 1959, and not orally (so the letter implies) until the Friday preceding March 9, 1959, or March 6, 1959. Appellant refers in his brief to an “understanding” that “bankrupt would discontinue the payments of $100 that had been made.” We find no evidence of this in the record. Such payments did stop, in fact, on February 2, 1959, but we find no evidence of an agreement, and we are not given the advantage of advice from appellant where evidence of any such agreement may be found in the record before us.
Interest of $375 at the rate of ten per cent per annum was paid on December 12, 1958, the date it was due. Any amount paid in excess of that sum between September 19th and December 12th, 1958, and any amount paid in excess of the ten per cent interest to be due on March 19th, 1959, if paid as interest, was usurious. Therefore all eleven $100 payments made prior to December 12, 1958, were usurious and at least part of the fourth $100 payment made on January 5, 1959, and all of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth payments made before February 7, 1959, were usurious interest, once the finder of fact determined they were interest payments, whether disguised or not.
We find no merit, therefore, in appellant’s fifth point.
Appellant’s sixth point is that the mortgage security cannot be properly declared null and void because appellant’s actions in filing suit and attaching were not inconsistent with California Code of Civil Procedure, § 726, holding that “there can be but one form of action for the recovery of any debt, or the enforcement of any right secured by mortgage upon real or personal property.”
Attachment under California law is a remedy given only where the debt is unsecured (Cal.Code Civ.P. § 537(1)). Section 537(1) requires that the fact that no security exists at the time of attachment (either because none did originally, or because the original security has become valueless) must be specified by affidavit made and filed before attachment will issue. “To be valueless” means “that the property pledged has ceased to have any value as a security.” Williams v. Hahn, 1896,
An affidavit for attachment must state the fact that security has been given, and also that such security, without any act of plaintiff (or person to whom seсurity was given), has become worthless. Yosemite Growers Co-op Ass’n v. Case-Swayne Co., 1946,
“ ‘What the statute requires to be stated in the affidavit [for attach *380 ment] must be stated, and truly stated, in the affidavit; and, if not stated in the affidavit, the attachment should be dissolved, even though the requisite facts, omitted in the affidavit, are alleged in the complaint. * * * ’ The * * * statute must be strictly followеd * * *. ‘[W]here an affidavit alleges only that the debt is not secured by a mortgage, and fails to negative the existence of the other kinds of security, the affidavit is insufficient.’ ” (Citing 7 CJ.S. Attachment § 129, p. 304.) (Id.13 Cal. App.2d at 812, 813 ,167 P.2d at 544 .)
Where mortgaged property is claimed to be valueless, foreclosure and sale is the proper method for determining whether any security has in fact become valueless. Security-First Nat’l Bank v. Chapman, 1939,
• But the mortgagee who has the right to possession on default (as is here asserted) may bring another action, in spite of California Code of Civil Procedure, § 726, i. e., an action for replevin, for that is not an action for the recovery of the debt. Yet the statutory remedies to collect the debt must still be pursued. Jolly v. Thornton, 1940,
Here Jue attached for $9,250. His fifth and sixth causes of action were in that sum. He could not attach under his first cause of action to foreclose. His fifth cause of action for conversion sounded in tort rather than contract, and would be no basis for attachment unless he waived the tort and sued in assumpsit. Los Angeles Drug v. Superior Court, 1936,
Assuming Jue attached under his fifth cаuse of action, Jue sued for the dollar value of his security, and consented to Far West’s retention of his security, and to the destruction of his mortgage lien. Bank of America N. F. & S. Ass’n v. Hill, 1937,
We agree with the district court that by virtue of the suit filed in the state-court against the bankrupt, and by the-levies of attachment Jue caused to be filed therein, George Jue became an unsecured creditor, and waived his chattel mortgage-security, which is null and void against the Trustee in Bankruptcy.
Affirmed.
Notes
. The summons was issued by the Superior Court of the Statе of California, in and for the County of Los Angeles, on April 6, 1959. The complaint in the record is marked “filed September 9, 1959.” We assume this was the filing date of a copy with the referee in bankruptcy.
. There is no check showing the amount of payment to Jue from the sale of the mortgaged chattels. Jue refers in his brief to the receipt of $3,750 (p. 2). Far West’s counsel’s letter of March 9, 1959, refers to the check enclosed as being for $3,950. (Resp.’s Ex. 4.) The action to foreclose filed by Jue alleges payment to him of $3,950 as proceeds from the sale of chattels.
If $3,750 plus $1,900 were the only amounts paid on principal, the balance due at the time of attachment was $9,-350.
If $3,950 plus $1,900 were the amounts paid on principal, the balance due at the-time of attachment was $9,150.
The attachment, however, was for $9,-250.