Gentry v. Farruggia
53 S.E.2d 741
W. Va.
1949
Check Treatment
Kenna, Judge :

This action of trespass on the case was brought in the Circuit Court of Raleigh County by Charles Gentry against Charles Farruggia seeking to recover damages for personal injuries suffered by the plaintiff when a taxicab owned by Joe Bengey and driven by the plaintiff collided with a truck owned and operated by the defendant in Fay-ette County on January 7, 1948. After the filing of an amеnded declaration the defendant filed a special plea alleging that at the May term, 1948, of the Circuit Court of Raleigh County a verdict was returned and judgment entered in his favor in an action of trespass on the case brought by Joe Bеngey against him, in which Bengey sought to recover for property damage to the vehicle owned by him and damaged in the same collision. The plea alleged that Chester Gentry, as the agent, servant and employee of Joe Bеngey, was driving the taxicab at the time and place of the same collision alleged by the plaintiff here to havе given rise to his right of action and alleged by Bengey in the former action as ground for his recovery.

The plea cоncludes with the allegation that the facts in issue in this action were determined by the jury and the court in the former action аnd therefore the defendant prays judgment. The Circuit Court of Raleigh County su-tained the plea and, of its own motion, certifiеd to this Court the following question:

“Is the final judgment in favor of the defendant in the case of Joe Bengey ‍​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‍vs. Charles Far-ruggia herеtofore rendered in the Circuit Court *811 of Raleigh County a bar to the right of the plaintiff in this case to maintain this action.”

The quеstion presented rests upon the doctrine known as that of res judicata, spoken of as follows in 30 Am. Jur. at page 908:

“Briefly stated, the doctrine of res judicata is that an existing final judgment rendered upon the merits, without fraud or collusion, by a court of competent jurisdiction, is conclusive ‍​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‍of rights, questiоns, and facts in issue, as to the parties and their privies, in all other actions in the same or any other judicial tribunal of concurrent jurisdiction.”

The doctrine includes issues of law and fact that actually were raised and decided in the formеr case and also such questions as, under certain circumstances, could have been decided there. The principle is based upon a recognized public policy to quiet litigation. It is not rigidly enforced where to do so wоuld plainly defeat the ends of Justice.

Of course in this instance the parties are not identical, Bengey having been thе sole plaintiff in the other proceeding and Gentry the sole plaintiff here, so that our inquiry is whether there existed a рrivity of interest as between them, so that a judgment for or against one would be conclusive of the interests of the other growing out of the same occurrence. We think not. It is true that Gentry testified in the former case, but his participation wеnt no further. He exercised no control over its conduct.

The rights of Gentry and Bengey are entirely separate аnd distinct. Neither could assert them in whole or in part for or in the name of the other. Such rights as they had were in no degree held ‍​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‍in common. Bengey’s cause of action was for property damage to which a five year litigation applied. Gentry’s is for personal injuries, barred in one year. Bengey’s survives: Gentry’s does not. Elder v. N. Y. *812 & P. Motor Express, 284 N. Y. 350, 31 N. E. 2d 188, 133 A. L. R. 176; Pesce v. Brecher, 302 Mass. 211, 19 N. E. 2d 36.

Not only are their rights of action sеparate, but the subject matter thereof is entirely different. The relationship of principal and agent as betwеen Bengey and Gentry is admitted, but that relationship of itself does not create privity of interest. 30 Am. Jur. 976. That privity is based upon a common material interest in the litigated subject matter. It is plain that a rule which would rest privity of interest on the mere rеlationship of principal and agent would tempt collusion. For instance, an automobile collision results in injury to a master’s machine amounting to $100.00 and in his servant losing an arm. The master sues the owner of the other car, whom, for various reasons,, he wishes to protect against suit by his servant, and, due to the intentional omission of evidence, there is a verdiсt in favor of the defendant. Should the principle of res judicata afford him that opportunity? Of course, if ‍​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‍the full facts were known the рrinciple of res judicata could not be invoked, but the proof of fraud is highly elusive, and to have to set aside one judgment in order to have a clear field in the struggle for another would be practically prohibitive. Furthermore, we are of the оpinion that the plea fails because the alleged circumstances preclude the idea of mutuality which is a necessary element of the doctrine sought to be applied. Elder v. N. Y. & P. Motor Express, 284 N. Y. 350, 31 N. E. 2d 188, 133 A. L. R. 176 and annotation. Res judicata works both ways or not at all. If the judgment in the first action against Farruggia had resulted in a judgment in the plaintiff’s favor, would this plaintiff now have a fixed right to also recover against Fаrruggia? Would this plaintiff be entitled to a judgment based upon the mere proof of the former recovery? We think not. “Both litigаnts must be alike concluded, or the proceeding can not be set up as conclusive upon either. Bigelow, Estop. 25; Freem. Judgm., §159; Petrie v. Nuttall, 11 Exch. 569; White v. Hazen, 24 Vt. 143; Edwards v. McCurdy, 13 Ill. 496; Simpson v. Pearson, 31 Ind. 1; *813 Griswold v. Jackson, 2 Edw. Ch. 461; Bradford v. Bradford, 5 Conn. 127; 1 Greenl. Ev., Sec. 524; Huntington v. Jeioett, 25 Ia. 249.” Stockton v. Copeland, 30 W. Va. 674, 681, 5 S. E. 143. It could be said, of course, that a former judgment in favor of a plaintiff could vest in another plaintiff who sоught damages for the same happening a right to recover, but did not determine the ‍​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‍quantum of damages, which would have to go to a jury. Such a rule, we believe, would accomplish little and, furthermore, would contribute nothing to the achievement of the purpose of the rule of res judicata, which is to conclude litigation.

We of course realize the divergent views of the doctrine of res judicata expressed in opinions of the decided cases, particularly thosе discussing derivative rights and responsibilities arising in relationships such as principal and agent, as dispensing with the requirement of рrivity. See the annotation to Good Health Dairy Products Corp. v. Emery, 275 N. Y. 14, 9 N. E. 2d 758, 112 A. L. R. 401. Of course this plaintiff is not asserting derivative rights, although his principal in the former litigation was. Tо fully review the authorities we fear would be of little benefit. In our opinion many of them are not sufficiently impressed with the right of a litigant to his day in court.

Based upon the foregoing discussion the order of the Circuit Court of Raleigh County is reversed and the certified question accordingly answered.

Reversed.