MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
In this divеrsity action, Gerald Gentile (“Gentile”), a New York citizen, as Administrator of the Estate of Diane Gentile (the “decedent”) filed suit in Massachusetts Superior Court claiming that Biogen Idee, Inc. (“Biogen”), a Massachusetts citizen, and Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Elan”), a citizen of neither New York nor Massachusetts, caused the wrongful death of the decedent. Before either defendant was served, Elan — the non-forum defendant— removed the action to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b). Elan then moved to transfer venue to the Western District of New York, while Gentile moved to remand the case to the Massachusetts state court, contending that Elan’s removal was improper.
In an electronic order on September 30, 2012, I denied Gentile’s motion to remand as well as Elan’s motion to transfer. On closer examination and after sua sponte reconsideration, however, I have concluded that section 1441(b), by its plain language, does not permit removal of this non-federal question case before any defendant has actually been served. Under the interpretation I now adopt, removal is improper until at least one defendant has been served. A plaintiff thus may preserve its choice of state forum by serving the forum defendant before any others. In this context, I find Elan’s race to an alternative courthouse from that properly chosen by the plaintiff to be in derogation of historic principles of federal court diversity jurisdiction. I will therefore order remand to the state court.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Facts
The decedent, a New York citizen, was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1981.
While on Tysabri, the decedent contracted Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (“PML”), a typically fatal brain disease thought to be caused by immunosuppressant drugs like Tysabri. She passed away on December 15, 2009, with PML as the listed cause of death. Gentile, the decedent’s spouse, was named Administrator of the decedent’s estate.
B. Procedural History
On Friday, Seрtember 30, 2011, Gentile filed suit in Middlesex Superior Court against Biogen and Elan for the wrongful death of the decedent. On Tuesday, October 4, 2011, before either defendant had been served, Elan removed the suit to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). Gentile served Biogen the next day, on October 5, and Elan the following day, on October 6.
On October 31, 2011, Gentile moved to remand the case to the Middlesex Superior Court under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1441(b) and 1447(c). On November 30, 2011, Elan for its part moved to transfer the case to the Western District of New York. After a hearing on the two motions, the parties filed supplemental briefs directed to issues raised at the hearing. I denied both motions by electronic order on September 30, 2012. When I informed counsel at a hearing on February 12, 2013 of my intention to remand, the parties filed further supplemental briefing, which I have considered before, issuing this Memorandum and Order.
Meanwhile, discovery proceeded after remand was initially denied on September 30, 2012, and plaintiff sought leave to file an amended complaint, Dkt. No. 36, to clarify that he' brings both failure to warn and design defect claims against the defendants. At the hearing on February 12, 2013, I allowed the amendment and approved the parties’ joint revised scheduling plan, Dkt. No. 40. I also received assurance from counsel that they would adhere to the agreed-upon schedule even in light of the amended complaint. My decision now to remand need have no effect on that schedule in the state court to which this case is remanded, unless, of course, the presiding judicial officer there should, despite the parties’ agreement, choose to modify it.
II. RAPID REMOVAL PRECLUDES CONSIDERED REMAND
The question presented by Gentile’s motion to remand may be summarized as follows: in multi-defendant litigation, may a non-forum defendant remove á case filed in state court — before any defendant has been served — when a properly joined co-defendant is a citizen of the forum state? The question has deeply divided district courts across, the country and appears to be a matter of first impression in this district.
A. Legal Background
When a civil lawsuit is brought in state court a defendant may remove the case to the United States District Court for the district where the state case was filed, as long as the case falls within the “original jurisdiction”
There are, therefore, two ways by which a plaintiff can challenge a notice of removal. First, he can assert that the federal court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the case because it does not come within the “original jurisdiction” of the federal court. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). It is undisputed here, however, that there is complete diversity among the parties such that this case falls within the diversity subject matter , jurisdiction of this court. 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Second, a plaintiff can claim that there was a procedural defect in the removal. The forum defendant rule has been held to implicate the latter type of challenge. Farm Constr. Servs., Inc. v. Fudge,
B. Analysis
Gentile contended that removal was improper under the forum defendant rule because Biogen is a citizen of Massachusetts, the forum state. Elan countered that because Biogen had not been “properly joined and served” at the time of removal, the forum defendant rule was inapplicable.
I have come to agree with Gentile that removal was improper, but arrive at that conclusion by a different road. I conclude that the plain language of section 1441(b) requires at least one defendant to have been served before removal can be effected. This reading is consistent with the purposes of section 1441(b). Congress almost certainly did not intend to sponsor the sort of race to the courthouse conducted here to make an end run around the forum defendant rule.
1. Treatment by Other District Courts
District courts are in disarray on the question presented by this case.
Some courts have concluded that the plain meaning of section 1441(b) allows removal by a non-forum defendant prior to service on a forum defendant. See e.g., In re Diet Drugs Prods. Liab. Litig.,
Other courts have looked past such a perceived plain meaning to decline removal by a non-forum defendant prior to service on any defendant generally, e.g., Snider v. Sterling Airways, Inc., No. 12-CV-3054,
At least one district court, by contrast, concluded that the text and purpose of section 1441(b) are not necessarily in tension. See Hawkins v. Cottrell, Inc.,
Other courts have approached the issue of pre-service removal in a manner consistent with the approach Judge O’Kelley outlined in Hawkins. Cf., e.g., May v. Haas, No. 12-01791-MCE,
2. Plain Language
I agree with Judge O’Kelley’s careful reading of all the words in section 1441(b), as it read before the 2011 amendment and as appliсable here. Section 1441(b) provided that a “[diversity] action shall be removable only if none of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought.” When functioning as a pronoun, which “none” does in section 1441(b), it means “not any.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1536 (3d ed. 1986). “Any,” in turn, means “one or more indiscriminately from all those of a kind.” Id. at 97.
The amendments to section 1441(b) do not change the statute’s plain meaning in this respect. In its current form, section 1441(b)(2) precludes removal “if any of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants” is a forum defendant. True, the statute as amended places this language in an exception to removal, rather than a requirement for removal. But that does not change the fact that the statute assumes at least one party has been served; ignoring that assumption would render a court’s analysis under the exception nonsensical and the statute’s use of “any” superfluous. This would be contrary to the cardinal rule of statutory construction that “[a]ll words and provisions of statutes are intended to have meaning and are to be given effect, and no construction should be adopted which would render statutory words or phrases meaningless, redundant or superfluous.” United States v. Ven-Fuel, Inc.,
I might stop here, given my obligation to apply the plain meaning of the language of the statute, Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev.
S. History and Purpose of Removal
The removal doctrine has been incorporated in federal court jurisprudence since the Judiciary Act of 1789. See Judiciary Act of 1789 § 12, 1 Stat. 72, 79-80 (1789). The removal power, and by extension the forum defendant rule, is founded on the basic premise behind diversity jurisdiction itself, the roots of which were described in the Federalist Papers. See THE FEDERALIST NO. 80 (Alexander Hamilton). Diversity jurisdiction was designed to protect non-forum litigants from possible state court bias in favor of forum-state litigants. See Guar. Trust Co. v. York,
The removal power serves this purpose by giving a non-forum defendant the ability to seek the protection of the federal court against any perceived local bias in the state court chosen by the plaintiff. But the protection-from-bias rationale behind the removal power evaporates when the defendant seeking removal is a citizen of the forum state. Thus, the forum defendant rule provides some measure of protection for a plaintiffs choice of forum, whеn the overarching concerns about local bias against the defendant underlying the removal power are not present, by allowing a plaintiff to move for a remand of the case to the state court if he chooses.
The “properly joined and served” limitation in § 1441(b) is a more recent development, added to the removal statute by Congress in 1948. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b) (1948). Courts have generally recognized that the legislative history of the 1948 revision provides no explanation for the inclusion of the “properly joined and served” language. See, e.g., Sullivan,
In Pullman Co. v. Jenkins,
Pullman suggests that a problem courts had identified with the removal power was gamesmanship by plaintiffs in the joinder of forum defendants whom plaintiffs ultimately did not intend to pursue. That the Supreme Court was discussing the problem of improper or fraudulent joinder before the 1948 legislation further suggests that improper joinder was the focus of Congress when it added the “properly joined and served” language to the removal statute. See Sullivan,
The relevant text of § 1441 has remained largely consistent since 1948. As noted above, see note 2, supra, Congress recently amended section 1441 in the Federal Courts Jurisdiction and Venue Clarification Act of 2011, Pub. L. No. 112-63, 125 Stat. 758 (2011). However, no mention of the “properly joined and served” language was made in the available legislative history of the 2011 Act, nor was the substantial disarray among. the district courts discussed. See H.R.Rep. No. 112-10, at 11-16 (2011), reprinted in 2011 U.S.C.C.A.N. 576, 580.
The reading of the plain language of section 1441(b) I have come to embrace is far more consistent with congressional purpose in 1948 and 2011, than the reading proposed by Elan. Elan’s reading of the “properly joined and served’’ language rewards a variation on the kind of gamesmanship the Supreme Court suggested in Pullman should be discouraged.
That the legislative history of the statute is silent about the meaning of the “properly joined' and served” language suggests Congress did not put it into the statute in order to ineentivize defendants to race to a federal forum. Of course, under modern procedural' regimes and with modern technology, defendants — particularly repeat defendants with the resources to monitor dockets throughout the country — now can win such a race because they can obtain notice of litigation before service is executed. See Ethington,
In some states, the state procedural rules themselves mаke it impossible for simultaneous filing and service to occur. New Jersey Rule of Civil Procedure 4:5A-2, for example, requires that a plaintiff obtain a “Track Assignment Notice” number from the clerk’s office before serving process on a defendant. N.J. R. Civ. P. 4:5A-2. The rule contemplates that the number will be mailed to the plaintiff within ten days after the filing of the complaint, id., thus mandating a delay between filing and service. See Ethington,
Two оther features of removal are worth noting briefly. When interpreting the time limit for removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) in Murphy Bros., Inc. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc.,
J. Summary
Precluding removal- until at least one defendant has been served protects against docket trolls with a quick finger on the trigger of removal. Under the reading I have given to section 1441(b) here, plaintiffs legitimately seeking to join a forum defendant face the modest burden of serving that defendant before any others. If a plaintiff serves a non-forum defendant before serving a forum defendant, he has effectively chosen to waive аn objection to the removal by a nimble non-forum defendant who thereafter removes the case before service upon a forum defendant named in the complaint.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth more fully above, Gentile’s motion (Dkt. No. 10) and supplemental motion (Dkt. No. 26) to remand are on reconsideration GRANTED. This case shall be REMANDED to Middlesex Superior Court, where it was originally filed.
Notes
. Although there are a number of ways a case may fall within the original jurisdiction of the federal courts, this case only imрlicates one of
. After this lawsuit was filed, Congress amended section 1441 in the Federal Courts Jurisdiction and Venue Clarification Act of 2011, Pub. L. No. 112-63, 125 Stat. 758 (2011). The amended version applies to actions commenced on or after January 5, 2012. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332 note. This action having been commenced in September 2011 and removed in October 2011, the amended statute does not apply here. In any event, the amendments did not materially change the relevant language of the statute, as I discuss in Part II.B.2, infra. Compare 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b) (2006) (noting that an action founded on diversity of citizenship “shall be removable only if none of thе parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought”), with 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b)(2) (2011) ("A civil action otherwise removable solely on the basis of the jurisdiction under section 1332(a) of this title may not be removed if any of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought.”).
. Likely because remands in this area are not subject to appellate review, there, is no circuit court authority directly on point to guide district courts. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d), "[a]n order remanding a case tо the State court from which it was removed is not reviewable on appeal or otherwise.” See, e.g., Holmstrom v. Peterson,
. Similarly, Webster’s New International Dictionary (2d ed. 1959) ("Webster's Second”) defined "any,” when used as a pronoun, to mean "[a]ny or one indiscriminately frоm all those of a kind implied in the context or expressed with a partitive of.” Id. at 121. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1196 (4th ed. 2000) (“American Heritage Dictionary”) and the Oxford American Dictionary (1980) do not specify that "any” when used as a pronoun means drawing from some quantity of a kind, but in contrast to both editions of Webster's, they also do not specifically consider the use of "any” followed by the partitive "of.”
The use of "any” as an adjective is discussed in footnote 7, infra.
. Because the forum defendant rule is procedural, it may be waived by the plaintiff. See 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) (providing that a motion to remand based on the forum defendant rule "must be made within 30 days after the filing of the notice of removal”).
. Judge Debevoise was unable to find any explanation in three Circuit libraries after an exhaustive search:
The court has conducted a thorough examination of the published legislative history regarding the 1948 changes to Title 28, including review of all legislative materials available in the Third Circuit libraries in Newark and Philadelphia and the DC Circuit library in Washington. The court has been able to locate neither a specific statement from Congress nor from the advisory Committee on Revision of the Judicial Code (the "Committee”), regarding the addition of the "properly joined and served” language. See 28 U.S.C. § 1441 (1948) reviser’s notes; H.R.Rep. No. 80-308 (1947), as reprinted in 1948 U.S.C.C.S., Special Pamphlet: Title 28 at 1692; S.Rep. No. 80-1559 (1948), as reprinted in 1948 U.S.C.C.S. Special Pamphlet: Title 28, 1675; Letter from Hon. Albert B. Maris, Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and Chair of the Committee, to Mildrim Thompson, Jr., Esq. (May 10, 1946).
Sullivan v. Novartis Pharms. Corp.,
. The American Law Institute’s Federal Judicial Code Revision Project ("Ali Project”) (2004), from which the 2011 Act was derived, recognizes that the difference in approach, "whereby unserved defendants аre disregarded for purposes of the bar on removal by a forum-state citizen, but not for purposes of the rule of complete diversity, has been criticized as unfortunate.” Id. at 366 (citing 14B Wright et al„ Federal Practice and Procedure § 3723, at 563-68 (1984) and Moore’s Federal Practice § 107.14[2][c][ii], at 107-53 (3d ed. 1998) ("The better view is that an unserved defendant’s citizenship be considered when the defendant’s citizenship is clear.”)).
Despite that criticism, the ALI endorsed disregarding unserved forum-state defendants for purposes of the bar on removal. The ALI viewed this practice as consistent with the “rule of unanimity,” whereby “all the defendants must join in the application” for removal. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co. v. Martin,
That said, the ALI proposed "broader language” than was eventually adopted in the 2011 Act, preventing removal "if any party properly joined or aligned as a defendant, who has been served with process or otherwise brought within the personal jurisdiction of the State court," is a citizen of the forum. ALI Project at 333 (emрhasis added). The additional language was designed "make[] it clear that the bar of removal is applicable” not just when a forum defendant is served, but also “when the relevant defending party is a defendant that has voluntarily appeared without being served with process...." Id. at 367. Even if that language had been adopted, it would not be relevant here because it was the non-forum defendant, Elan, that appeared to remove the case without first being served.
Although the ALI did not explicitly take a position on whether removal could be effected before service on any defendant, the proposed text might be read to allow such a practice. Limiting removal based on "any [defendant] properly joined ... who has been served,” where "any” functions as an adjective, lends itself to the definition of “any” as "one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity." Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 97 (3d ed. 1986) (emphasis added); accord Webster’s Second at 121; American Heritage Dictionary at 81; oxford American Dictionary at 35. As discussed above, see note 4 supra and accompanying text, the use of "none” and "any” as pronouns in 1441(b) and 1441(b)(2), respectively, assumes some number of served defendants among which.may or may not be a forum defendant. The adjectival use of "any” in the ALI’s proposed language, by contrast, does not build in the same assumption of drawing from some existing pool of served defendants,' but rather makes an exception to removal based on forum defendants who have been served, among served ' defendants of whatever quantity — including none. Thus the conditional "if any [defendant] ... has been served” leaves open the possibility that there is no defendant that has been served at the time of removal.
. • I note Gentile followed the order I have concluded would be sufficient to prevent removal in this case, by first serving forum defendant Biogen and then serving non-forum defendant Elan the next day.