224 Mich. 79 | Mich. | 1923
Plaintiff, a married woman, 37 years of age, residing near Merrill, Saginaw county, purchased in March, 1919, from Daniel P. Gorman, then a merchant at Merrill, a can of Ebinol stove pipe enamel for the purpose of enameling stove pipes in her home. The enamel had been manufactured and sold to the trade by defendant, the R. M. Hollingshead Company, a New Jersey corporation. There was no label on the can or warning showing dangerous ingredients that were explosive or combustible.
Plaintiff later in the month opened the can and
“Then proceeded to enamel the pipe of the kitchen range, in which there may have been some live coals, a fire having been kindled there about 5:30 of this day. She did this work by standing upon the stove, having felt slippers on, and placing the can of enamel upon a high chair about two> feet from the stove. At this time the elder of the two children came into the room and took hold of the can of enamel. The plaintiff jumped from her position on the stove to the floor, grabbed the can and took it from the child, at which time some of the contents of the can splashed upon the floor, also upon the plaintiff’s arm and shoulder, and (as she claimed) across the corner of the stove. There*82 was. an explosion when the can dropped to the floor like the report of a gun (as testified to by plaintiff) ; the entire contents of the can and that which splashed out being ignited.”
Her left arm was badly burned from the hand to the shoulder blade, a destruction of skin and muscle. She suffered severe pain, was in a hospital about four months, had frequent painful dressings. Later there was skin grafting. Anaesthetics were given. There was evidence of permanent injury. The ingredients of the product were, as claimed by the defense, approximately one-sixth naphtha, one-sixth safety naphtha, one-third asphaltum, one-third safety varnish, and it was also claimed that the product was not dangerous and many experiments were made in open court to demonstrate the truth of the claim.
Plaintiff’s claim of analysis as to ingredients and character of the product was, quoting:
“A. * * * I got about 33% petroleum distillate.
“Q. Is that a combustible substance that you found?
“A. Yes, sir. I found its specific gravity to be .4749. I made it at room temperature, which at that time_ was 80 and I took off a dram of distillate and put it into a plate in which there was about three-quarters and there was no ignition. It would not ignite, and I also held the light one inch above the surface and it ignited immediately.
“I took a watch glass and put in about half a dram and put in at room temperature, which was about 77, and I left it there about two hours, from about seven-fifty to nine-fifty, when I closed the store. Roughly speaking, I judge three-quarters of it had evaporated, and this morning it was completely gone.
“No. 2 in my opinion would ignite by coming in contact with flames or coals of live fire.
“Q. The test from which you say you got 33% naphtha was what?
“A. Petroleum distillate.
“Q. Did you use thermometers to know what temperature it went over?
“A. No. I distilled the liquid and I weighed 80*83 grams of Ebinol into that flask. I didn’t care what the temperature was, I wanted to get the gravity and make a few tests. When I got that over, I weighed it again and I had 53 grams left.
“Q. Have you the proper apparatus to make a thorough examination of gasoline principally?
“A. No, sir; I didn’t care about it; I didn’t have the proper apparatus.
“Q. You wouldn’t say it was naphtha?
“A. I would say it is. That may be 18% naphtha and 18% safety naphtha. I didn’t use an analytical balance; it made no difference, it was simply to get whatever was volatile from it.
“Q. What specific gravity did you find?
“A. .66.
S‘Q. Is that more inflammable than .69?
“A. I should say so, it is a lighter product.”-
The suit was against the manufacturer and the retailer, Gorman, who later died. The death was suggested and the administrator admitted to defend. Other facts will be stated as we proceed. At the conclusion of all the proof a verdict was directed in favor of the estate of Gorman. Plaintiff had verdict and judgment against the other defendant in the sum of $6,000 and it, hereinafter styled defendant, brings error. We consider only questions raised by assignments of error.
1. When at the conclusion of proof a verdict was directed for the estate of Gorman defendant moved for a directed verdict on the ground that making Gorman a party was a mere subterfuge to permit service on defendant in another county and that therefore the court acquired no jurisdiction. The motion was denied. The question had not theretofore been raised in the cause. Under old practice the appropriate method of raising it was by plea in abatement. See Rosenthal v. Rosenthal, 151 Mich. 493; Campbell v. Hudson, 106 Mich. 523, and cases cited; Copas v. Provision Co., 73 Mich. 541. It should now be raised by motion to dismiss. Whitehead v. VanBuren Cir
2. The officer’s return of service of the summons states that it was served in Detroit on Louis Shapiro, local agent of defendant. Before filing its plea defendant moved to dismiss on the ground that Shapiro was not its officer or agent. The motion was supported by an affidavit of defendant’s treasurer stating that Shapiro “is not the agent and attorney for or officer of” defendant “and never has been” and that “he is merely a salesman working for himself on a commission basis selling the company’s product in the city of Detroit.” In opposition to the motion plaintiff had affidavits of business men in Detroit stating in substance that they had purchased goods from defendant through Shapiro, its local representative, and indicating that the goods were sold by defendant to its customers on written form orders taken by Shapiro. One of such orders is set forth by copy in an affidavit:
“Copy Copy.
“The R. M. Hollingshead Chicago Branch
Co. 15th Place and Western
Sold to Detroit Auto Laundry Ave., Chicago, 111. Salesman’s Order No.
Proprietor’s Name, C. R. 1330
Withe Local Address, 225 Cass Ave. Post Office Date May 22, 1920 County Wayne, State, Mich. Business Garage R. F. D.
Shipping Point Terms: 30 days net: 10 days. Remarks: Sold before? Yes. 2% Via When To ship as below Store Door Del.
*85 (articles ordered)
“Deliver 1 Barrel July 1st
“Deliver 1 Barrel every 2 weeks
“Louis J. Shapiro, Local Representative 362 Virginia Park Market 451-M Detroit, Mich. EXC. JWB.
“This Copy to be Left With Customer
“A complete list of products manufactured by us appears on the back. Look the list over and see that you have everything you require before the Salesman leaves.
“This order is given in good faith and duplicate left. No countermand will be accepted. It is understood there are no conditions whatever verbal or otherwise, except as written herein. All orders subject to the approval of the company.
Salesman.............Purchaser Det. Auto Laundry
By C. R. Withe, Mgr.”
The trial judge denied the motion.
The statute, 3 Comp. Laws 1915, § 12434, provides in part:
“In all cases where suit is brought against a foreign corporation, process may be served .upon any officer or agent of such corporation within this State, and any person representing such corporation in any capacity, shall be deemed an agent within the meaning of this section.” * * *
We think Shapiro was an agent within the meaning of the statute and that the motion was properly denied. That the agent received a commission on sales instead of a fixed salary does not determine the question. 31 Cyc. pp. 1192-1198; Morrow v. Tunkhannock Ice Co., 211 Pa. St. 445 (60 Atl. 1004); Ryerson v. Wayne Circuit Judge, 114 Mich. 352. There was present here what is held to be the most characteristic feature and the most distinctive mark of the agent’s employ
3. It is urged that the evidence adduced by plaintiff did not make a case for the jury and that a verdict therefore should have been directed for defendant. We think that under the following cases the evidence adduced supports an inference of negligence on the part of defendant and made an issue of fact for the jury. Clement v. Crosby & Co., 157 Mich. 643; Wines v. Crosby & Co., 169 Mich. 210 (39 L. R. A. [N. S.] 901, Ann. Cas. 1913D, 1055).
4. Defendant had testimony of the ingredients of the product. Plaintiff was permitted in rebuttal to put in testimony of an analysis, quoted above. This is said to be error. The testimony might properly have been introduced in chief but receiving it on rebuttal was discretionary with the court. Harnau v. Haight, 189 Mich. 600.
5. Numerous exceptions are noted in the record to remarks of plaintiff's counsel in argument. There is nothing in the record prior to the motion for a new trial to indicate that counsel for defendant requested the court to instruct the jury to disregard such remarks. The record to and including the verdict shows that counsel merely took exceptions to the remarks. With the motion for a new trial is an affidavit stating that the court was requested “to instruct the jury on said prejudicial remarks." Opposed thereto are affidavits denying that the matter had been called to the attention of the trial judge before verdict. In denying the motion for a new trial the judge did not determine the question, but in a certificate of the trial judge setting forth the remarks and exceptions
6. The remaining assignments relate to denial of the motion for a new trial and to refusal of certain requests to charge. They have been examined. No prejudieiál error is found.
Judgment affirmed.