William Charles McKinney, a minor suing by next friend, and his mother, Mrs. Mildred McKinney Bales, sued to recover for personal injuries and medical bills resulting from the explosion of a tank used to store gasoline or diesel oil on a lot leased by defendant Gatlinburg Construction Company. The two cases were tried together before the Court without a jury and resulted in judgments for $3,250' in favor of the minor plaintiff and $750 in favor of Mrs. Bales. Defendant has appealed from both judgments.
Several years prior to April 12, 1952, the date of the explosion, defendant leased a lot adjoining plaintiff’s home and within a thickly populated section in the City of *347 Gatlinburg for the purpose of storing tbereon its tools, old machinery, tanks and other equipment. Having the exclusive possession of the lot, defendant continued to use it for such purposes until the date of the accident. Two years or more prior to the accident, it uncovered a tank previously placed underground by the gas and oil distributor from which it had purchased petroleum products. In removing the tank the bulldozer punched a small hole near the bottom and it was pushed to one side of the lot. The distributor was notified but failed to remove it and the tank remained in this position for a period of two years or more without being steamed out or filled with earth or sand and with its two vents uncapped.
The theories of the declaration are that the lot became a playground for children requiring defendant to take reasonable precautions for their safety and that, under the circumstances, the doctrine of attractive nuisance applies.
The proof shows that practically all of the children of the neighborhood from five to twelve years of age had been playing on the lot for two or three years prior to the accident using an old rock crusher, old cars and trucks and the tank in question for such purposes as only a childish imagination can invent. The tank, provided with a tail of rags protruding from one of the vents, became Silver, a horse of comic book fame. A basketball hoop or court was installed for the use of the older children.
Ho fences, signs or warnings were provided although defendant’s president, testifying as a witness in its behalf, admitted that he knew there was a basketball court on the lot. "We infer that employees of defendant went upon the lot frequently in connection with their duties. They were not called as witnesses.
On the day of his injury, plaintiff, aged 8 years, and another boy of about the same age had gone on the lot to *348 play on the tank. Plaintiff had been told by another hoy that there was water in the tank and, having come into possession of a match found jnst across the line on adjoining premises, he decided to drop it throngh the vent of the tank to see whether it would burn or go out. When he did so, an explosion occurred causing the injuries hereinafter described.
It is unnecessary to decide whether, under the facts, the attractive nuisance doctrine can properly be applied. The playground theory, enunciated in Williams v. Town of Morristown,
Refinements of the rule set forth in these authorities limit its application to situations where the landowner knows or, by the exercise of reasonable care, should know that children of immature years are habitually trespassing upon his land to use it as a playground, under conditions other than natural, which the landowner knows or should know involve an unreasonable risk of bodily injury and which children because of their youth will fail to discover and appreciate. To bring property within the rule its use as a playground must be generally known in the immediate vicinity and not be merely occasional or intermittent.
*349 We think factors to be considered in determining liability under tbe rule include tbe slight value and utility to be derived by tbe owner in maintaining tbe condition or tbe small cost of removing tbe danger, as compared to tbe likelihood and seriousness of injury to young children, and tbe presence or absence of guards, fences and warnings.
In tbe present case it is clear that defendant knew or bad good reason to know that children were making a playground of its lot. As stated, its president admits that be knew there was a basketball court on tbe lot. This was at least sufficient to put defendant on inquiry and this is notice of all tbe facts to which inquiry prosecuted with reasonable diligence would have led. Texas Co. v. Aycock,
It is common knowledge that, as shown by the proof, the residue left in tanks used to store petroleum products is explosive. The cost of capping, removing or filling the tank would have been inconsequential compared to the obvious danger of serious injury to children too young to appreciate the danger who were constantly playing upon the lot. Notwithstanding, defendant offered *350 no obstruction to free access to its lot and gave no -warning of the danger.
”We think under all the circumstances defendant was negligent and that its negligence was the proximate cause of the injuries sustained. We cannot agree that the chain of causation was broken by the act of the boy in throwing .a match into the tank. The negligence of defendant was not in leaving the tank on the lot. It had a right to do that. Its negligence consisted in failing to take measures to protect children known to congregate without objection upon its lot. It could have done this by forbidding the use of the lot or by removing the tank or at small expense rendering it innocuous. If the act of a child which might have been anticipated could break the chain of causation but seldom could there be a recovery in cases of this kind.
We do not think the mother of the child was guilty of contributory negligence. She knew that he was playing on the lot b.ut did not know he was exposed to the danger of an exploding tank. As to contributory negligence of the injured boy himself, the presumption is that, being less than 14 years of age, he was incápable of protecting himself. Ballow v. Postal Tel. Cable Co.,
We do not find the judgment for $3,250 for personal injuries excessive. The injuries consisted of first, second and third degree burns centering around the right eye which was completely closed for a time. Plain *351 tiff received first aid treatment in Sevierville and was then removed to a hospital in Knoxville where he was treated by a specialist. His temperature rose to 105 degrees and his condition was considered serious for a short time. He will have some facial disfigurement in the form of black spots resembling freckles but only on one side of his face. These, presumably, will be permanent. Doubtless, his injuries caused rather severe pain.
As to the judgment for $750, though sued for, we find nothing to sustain an award for loss of services since no permanent disability resulted. Expenses of treatment including hospital and doctor’s bills amount to only $150. No other expense is shown. The judgment is excessive to the extent of $550. The addition of $50 to the medical bills should compensate for such minor items as going to Knoxville to see her son, etc. Judgment for $200 with interest will be rendered here. Judgment for $3,250 with interest will be rendered here in the case of William Charles McKinney, by next friend. Costs, including costs of appeal will be taxed to defendant and surety.