Gary D. Gardner v. Edwin Pogue, Warden, Nevada State PenitentiaryGary D. Gardner v. Edwin Pogue, Warden, Nevada State Penitentiary
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This is an appeal from a federal district court’s denial of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Because the district court failed to comply with the requirements of
I.
On November 7, 1967, appellant pleaded guilty to the crime of second degree murder, and on December 20, 1967, a Nevada State District Court sentenced him to a 99-year prison term. On May 25, 1973, appellant filed a petition for post-conviction relief in the District Court of the State of Nevada. He alleged that his plea was coerced by threats to prosecute his family, that the State of Nevada obtained a confession from him by illegal interrogation methods, and that the state did not fulfill the promises it made in exchange for his guilty plea. On November 29, 1973, after a post-conviction evidentiary hearing at which petitioner was represented by counsel, the court denied his petition, and on July 10, 1975, the Supreme Court of Nevada affirmed this decision. On January 21, 1976, the United States District Court for the District of Nevada denied appellant’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Appellant then appealed to this court, alleging the same issues he raised below.
II.
Before reaching the merits of appellant’s contentions, we must decide whether we have jurisdiction over his appeal. Title
“In a habeas corpus proceeding in which the detention complained of arises out of process issued by a state court, an appeal by the applicant for the writ may not proceed unless a district or a circuit judge issues a certificate of probable cause. If an appeal is taken by the applicant, the district judge who rendered the judgment shall either issue a certificate of probable cause or state the reasons why such a certificate should not issue. The certificate or the statement shall be forwarded to the court of appeals with the notice of appeal and the file of the proceedings in the district court. If the district judge has denied the certificate, the applicant for the writ may then request issuance of the certificate by a circuit judge. If such a request is addressed to the court of appeals, it shall be deemed addressed to the judges thereof and shall be considered by a circuit judge or judges as the court deems appropriate. If no express request for a certificate is filed,the notice of appeal shall be deemed to constitute a request addressed to the judges of the court of appeals. If an appeal is taken by a state or its representative, a certificate of probable cause is not required.”
The district judge issued neither a certificate of probable cause nor a statement of his reasons for refusing to grant one. However, he did give appellant leave to proceed
in forma pauperis.
Appellant has addressed no motion to this court or to any individual judge for the issuance of a certificate of probable cause, and none has been issued. Under the terms of
Appellant has raised two questions about the correct interpretation of
To answer the first of these questions, we need not look beyond the explicit language of
A decision by this court to consider whether to grant a certificate of probable cause might well result in a denial of the certificate. This “would foreclose appellant from his first level right to a ruling by the district judge.”
Stewart v. Beto,
454 F.2d 268, 269 (5th Cir. 1971),
cert. denied,
406 U.S. 925, 92 S.Ct. 1796, 32 L.Ed.2d 126 (1972). The absolute power of a district judge to allow a habeas appeal by granting a certificate of probable cause implies that the right to a “first level” ruling is substantive.
See Nowakowski v. Maroney,
386 U.S. 542, 87 S.Ct. 1197, 18 L.Ed.2d 282 (1967);
Stewart v. Beto, supra.
An initial ruling by this court would upset the statutory framework of
Appellant urges that the unique factual pattern of this case gives us jurisdiction to hear his appeal:
“The Granting of the Order Permitting Appeal in Forma Pauperis has the same affect [sic] as the certificate of probable cause and therefor would eliminate the necessity of the Certificate of Probable Cause. To reach a contrary conclusion would require duplicity of effort, for, if Appellant did not have probable cause for an appeal permission to proceed would not have been granted.” Reply Brief for Appellant at 1.
To the extent that appellant equates the issuance of a certificate of probable cause with permission to prosecute an appeal
in forma pauperis,
he has misstated the law. The test for allowing an appeal
in forma
The test for granting a certificate of probable cause is stricter. Although this court has at times stated that a certificate of probable cause should be granted as long as the issue raised is “not frivolous,” e. g., Poe v. Gladden, 287 F.2d 249, 251 (9th Cir. 1961) (“not plainly frivolous”), it has more often required a question of some “substance” before issuing a certificate. E. g., Foster v. Field, 413 F.2d 1050, 1051 (9th Cir. 1969) (“substantial question”); Application of Burwell, 236 F.2d 770, 772 (9th Cir. 1956) (“questions of sufficient substance”); Fouquette v. Bernard, 198 F.2d 96, 98 (9th Cir. 1952) (“substantial question”). The difference between the terms “not frivolous” and “substantial” is perhaps one of art. Certainly it is subject to subtle analysis. Nevertheless, the very fact that different words are used to describe the standards for granting certificates of probable cause and in forma pauperis relief indicates that distinctions do exist. Judges considering this problem have recognized that, despite the occasional indiscriminate use of the term “not frivolous,” an application for a certificate of probable cause should contain a higher showing of merit than should a petition for in forma pauperis status. Justice (then Judge) Blackmun has stated:
“My own reaction is that the cases [of the several circuits], taken as a whole, do indicate that the standard of probable cause requires something more than the absence of frivolity and that the standard is a higher one than the ‘good faith’ requirement of§ 1915 .” Blackmun, Allowance of In Forma Pauperis Appeals in Section 2255 and Habeas Corpus Cases, 43 F.R.D. 343, 352 (1967). See also Hunter, J., Post Conviction Remedies, 50 F.R.D. 153, 176 (1970).
Thus, it is entirely possible that appellant‘s contentions are not substantive enough to justify the grant of a certificate of probable cause, even though they do meet the good faith test for in forma pau-peris relief. Payne v. United States, 539 F.2d 443, 445 (5th Cir. 1976), addressed a problem similar to that posed by appellant:
“The question has arisen whether in cases such as this the district court actually intended to deny leave to appeal in forma pauperis [after denying a certificate of probable cause]. This Court is constrained from interpreting a denial of a certificate of probable cause as a denial of leave to proceed in forma pauperis, however frivolous or lacking in good faith the appeal may be. . We would remind our brethren on the trial courts to observe the distinctions set out in the above statutes and rules [28 U.S.C. §§ 1915 , 2253;Fed.R.App.P. 22 , 24] so that we may better understand their precise intentions.”
This court will observe the distinctions contained in the United States Code and the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure by rejecting appellant’s theory and refusing to treat permission to proceed in forma pau-peris as the equivalent of the grant of a certificate of probable cause. An independent examination into the appropriateness of this certificate is required.
We have not been able to answer these questions by resort to the law of the Ninth Circuit, for it has been inconclusive.
Allen v. Wilson,
365 F.2d 881 (9th Cir. 1966), and
Gagliasso v. Rood,
279 F.2d 822 (9th Cir. 1960), involved a factual pattern resembling the instant case. In each case, the appellant had filed a notice of appeal, and the district court had granted him the right to
Several factors make these decisions poor precedent, however. First, the cases were decided prior to the adoption of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. In the absence of the provision in
Second, the decisions do not offer strong support for Judge Kilkenny’s statement about their treatment of the in forma pau-peris grant. They do not declare that leave to proceed in forma pauperis is tantamount to the issuance of a certificate of probable cause. They state only that by virtue of his ability to proceed in forma pauperis the petitioner was able to appear before the court. The decisions refer to this fact as a fairness or judicial economy consideration which might cause a court to hear the appeal rather than to dismiss it. See Allen v. Wilson, supra, 365 F.2d at 882; Gagliasso v. Rood, supra, 279 F.2d at 823.
Third, if the court in Allen and Gagliasso had viewed the leave to proceed in forma pauperis as the same as a grant of a certificate of probable cause, there would have been no need to decide whether to issue the latter, for the grant of in forma pauperis status would, considered by itself, have meant that the petitioner was properly before the court. The fact that in each case the court addressed this issue, and in Gagli-asso decided not to issue a certificate of probable cause, supports the determination in Payne v. United States, supra, that these are two distinct problems, each of which must be decided separately.
In a more recent decision, Lara v. Nelson, supra, 449 F.2d at 324, the court stated that where “the district court has failed to act upon an application for a certificate of probable cause for a period of 90 days after the application has been filed, we deem the application to have been denied and consider the notice of appeal to constitute a request for a certificate of probable cause addressed to the judges of the court of appeals.” In the present case, however, appellant did not request this certificate from the district judge. Therefore, it cannot be said that the judge denied his request or failed to act upon it. Since the holding of Lara appears based upon the failure of the district judge to respond to a specific request for a certificate (the court even suggested that in the absence of such a request a district judge has no duty to act, see id.), the decision is not directly applicable to the issues confronting us.
Neither these decisions nor appellant’s interesting theory persuades us that
Notes
. In full,
“In a habeas corpus proceeding before a circuit or district judge, the final order shall be subject to review, on appeal, by the court of appeals for the circuit where the proceeding is had.
“There shall be no right of appeal from such an order in a proceeding to test the validity of a warrant to remove, to another district or place for commitment or trial, a person charged with a criminal offense against the United States, or to test the validity of his detention pending removal proceedings.
“An appeal may not be taken to the court of appeals from the final order in a habeas corpus proceeding where the detention complained of arises out of process issued by a State court, unless the justice or judge who rendered the order or a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of probable cause.”
. We note that appellant did not request a certificate of probable cause from the district judge. The absence of such a request is not fatal, however, for