Garrett v. Bicklin, Winzer & Co.

78 Iowa 115 | Iowa | 1889

Granger, J.

I. Appellant’s abstract presents two assignments of error; either of which, if sustained, would reverse the judgment: (1) The action of the court in refusing a change of venue; (2) the sustaining of the demurrer to the petition.

i appeal-strik exceptionsof Appellant’s abstract contains no bill of exceptions, and appellees present an additional abstract, in which a kill of exceptions is set forth; and we first n°lice a m°ii°n to strike from the additional abstract this bill of exceptions. We think there are no reasons for striking the bill of exceptions from the record; but, as a discussion of the questions presented, and a review of the affidavits filed in support of the motion, would add much to the extent of this opinion, we will say that the bill of exceptions in no manner changes the legal import of the record, as presented in appellant’s abstract, if we except therefrom the reasons given by the court for its ruling on the motion, and, in our consideration of the case, these reasons will be entirely disregarded.

Change of venue: prejudice of judge: no counter-showing: duty of judge: extent of discretion. ' '. II. ' The motion and affidavits to change the venue of the cause for trial were directed to the alleged prejudice of the judge, and, to a proper understanding of the ruling, it will be necessary to set forth the affidavits. They are as follows: “I, A. Garrett, on my oath, say that I am the plaintiff in the foregoing action, and that, as I verily believe, I cannot obtain a fair trial before Hon. Chas. H. Phelps, on account of his prejudice against me and my cause of action; that he has tried the same case in substance and decided the same against me, which decision was reversed; that I am informed and believe the said Chas. H. Phelps, on more than one occasion, has said in Wapello, Iowa, that the transaction between Mr. Kendall and myself was a damned fraud, and that I never ought to recover in the action; that since the case was last decided in the supreme court the said Chas. H. Phelps has said publicly, and more than once, that my cause of action was barred by the statute of limitations, and that I never ought to recover. I further say that all of said defendants are residents of. Des Moines county, Iowa, and that I was forced, under the law, to bring my action in the said county of Des Moines. Affiant further says that he did not know fully of the cause on which this application is based until within the past few days. A. Garrett.” The following affidavit was subscribed by twenty persons, residents of Louisa county: “Each of the undersigned, for himself, says that he is a resident of Louisa county, Iowa; that he is not related to the said A. Garrett in any degree whatever; that he is not in the employ of the said A. Garrett, nor is he agent or servant of said Garrett; and he says that the Hon. Chas. H. Phelps is so prejudiced against the said A. Garrett that he cannot have a fair and impartial trial before the said Chas. H. Phelps of. his cause, as he verily believes.” No counter-affidavits were filed, nor were any of the affiants called into court for cross-examination, and it is first urged that, upon such a showing, the court had no discretion, and that the change should have been'granted as a matter of right. The present statute on the subject is as follows: “A change of the place of trial in any civil action may be had in any of the following cases: * * ■ * (8) Where either party files an affidavit, verified, by himself and three disinterested persons, * * * stating that * * * the judge is so prejudiced against him * * * that he cannot obtain a fair trial.” But, when either party files an affidavit, as provided by this subdivision, the other party shall have a reasonable time to file counter-affidavits; and the'court or judge, in its exercise of a sound discretion, must decide whether a change shall be granted, when fully advised, according to the very right and merits of the matter. The court may, in its discretion, cause the affiants upon either side to be brought into court for examination upon matters contained in their said affidavits.” Code, sec. 2590, as amended.

The argument of counsel proceeds upon the theory that as no counter-affidavits were filed, and the affiants were not brought into court for examination, there arose no controversy, and there was nothing for the court to decide.

Prior to 1884 there was no provision for counter-affidavits in such cases, and the court had no discretion. If the affidavits were filed in form, the change must be granted. It is a matter of public history in the state that the law, as it then existed, was much abused, and the correction of this evil was one of the reasons inducing the change. The remedy is by investing the court with a discretion, requiring him to be first “fully advised,” and then to decide “ according to the very right and merits of the matter,” and we do not think the exercise of this discretion is any less a duty with the court when there is no counter-showing than when there is. In any case where the change is sought upon evidence, it is its duty to weigh it, and in thé exercise of a sound discretion, as expresssed in the law, decide the question. Experience discloses many instances in which a want of merit is manifest upon the face of an ex parte showing. The language as to the filing of the counter-affidavits is permissive; but there is nothing in the language to indicate that without the counter-affidavits the former are to be taken as true.

It is next urged that the refusal to grant the change, under the showing made, was an abuse of discretion. This leads to an examination oi: the evidence. A reference to the affidavit of the plaintiff will show that it goes further than to state a conclusion of prejudice. It affirms particular acts which, if true, would show prejudice within the contemplation of the law, and no judge who would thus demean himself with reference to a cause pending in his court should ever sit in judgment upon it; and, if convinced of the truth of it in this case, it would here meet its merited rebuke, — if not otherwise, by a prompt reversal of the judgment. But does the record disclose the truth of such statements? The alleged remark as to the fraud seems to have been made in Wapello, and the affidavit is made in this respect upon information. As to the sources of such information, we are not informed; and, without any contradiction, we regard it as of little value. As to the other facts charged, it is not clear whether they are stated as upon information or personal knowledge.

The other affidavit is signed by twenty residents of Louisa county where the plaintiff; resides. It is an affidavit of their belief of the facts therein stated, and that statement is a mere-conclusion without facts showing upon what it is based. The affidavit in this form is competent under the statute; but, while competent as proof, its value as such depends largely upon its recitals. Under a statute requiring a court to decide whether a change shall be granted according to the “ very right and merits of the matter,” what was the duty of the court in this case ? If it knew these statements to be untrue, must it cast aside its own knowledge and judgment, and grant the change proforma, or should it be governed by its convictions as to the right? Not designing by construction to invest the court with an arbitrary or oppressive power, we think, under the broad provisions of the statute, the court should act upon the facts as they appeared, considering its own knowledge in the premises. Any other holding would rob the statute of one of the purposes it was designed to subserve. The refusal of the court to grant the change we understand to be a denial of the charges of misconduct as stated in the affidavit; for we must assume that no court, conceding the truth of such statements, would entertain a cause for trial. If we were to adopt the rule that the court must be governed by the weight of the testimony as it appears before it in such cases, without regard to its own convictions or knowledge, a case might arise wherein the court was cognizant of its prejudice, and, with a preponderance of evidence, it must retain a cause for trial. Such a condition of affairs the law does not contemplate. The usual inclinations of the courts, under a showing of prejudice, is to grant the change; and we think that would have been the result in this case, but for the statements of misconduct on the part of the judge, when to grant the change might be construed as a practical concession that the statements were true.

3._:_; rón°iífifiíe’s" oase' The affidavit of plaintiff discloses that a cause substantially like the one at bar was tried before the judge, and a judgment entered against the plaintiff, and on appeal'to this court it was reversed, and on retrial before another judge a a favorable judgment was entered, and on appeal it was affirmed, and this is urged, with other, facts, as indicating prejudice. To this claim we attach very little importance. The second trial was had in the light of a final adjudication of the disputed questions. Reversals are too frequent from courts of unbiased judgments and unquestioned learning to justify their use as a basis for an assignment of prejudice or ill will. We might more readily adopt appellant’s theory in this respect if better satisfied that the controlling, force of decisions between the courts was less a matter of position than of merit.

4. Statute of doesnotoease one^mfdT* fe b«fii|nr0nr-er' sued-III. We now notice the questions presented by the demurrer to the petition. The facts necessary to an understanding of the rulings are as follows : October 17, 1881, the defendants herein (Bicklin, Winzer & Co.) brought suit against S. Kendall, and aided the same by an attachment -which was lévied on certain property as the property of Kendall. The plaintiff herein (Garrett) intervened in that suit, claiming to be the owner of the property attached. The issues tendered upon the intervention petition were decided against the intervenor, and in favor of plaintiffs (defendants herein), February 15, 1882. On appeal to this court the judgment was reversed. On retrial in the district court there was a judgment for intervenor, and the same was, on appeal to this court, affirmed, September 23, 1885. As against the defendant Kendall, judgment was taken in February, 1882, and in April thereafter the property taken by virtue of the attachment, finally adjudged to be the property of the intervenor (plaintiff herein), was sold on special execution, and the proceeds paid to Bieklin, Winzer & Co. The demurrer presents the question of the action being barred by the statute of limitations. In such a case the cause of action is barred in five years after the cause of action arose, and the point of contention by counsel is, when did the cause of action arise % So far as disclosed by the abstract, this action was commenced November 25, 1881. Appellant’s theory is that the cause of action arose at the date of the final judgment in the former proceeding, April 21, 1886; while that of appellees is that it arose when the property was first taken on the attachment, in March, 1882, or, at furthest, when it was sold and converted by virtue of the special execution in April thereafter. To the query, could the plaintiff in 1882, when the property was wrongfully taken, or when it was wrongfully sold and converted, with no other suit pending, have commenced this proceeding to recover its value % there can be but one answer, and that in the affirmative. The answer should be decisive of the question presented by the demurrer, unless there is something in the fact of the intervention proceeding ■ to defeat that right. It must be conceded that after the seizure of the property, and before the filing of the intervention petition, Garrett had his choice of remedies, as between the intervention proceeding to secure the property, and an independent one to recover its value. We do not understand that where a party has a choice of remedies, and makes his election, the statute ceases to run as to the other remedy. We think that a right of action arose in this case, at furthest, when the property was sold and the proceeds-paid to the defendants herein. This was after the first-judgment had been reversed in this court, and the cause was pending in the district court as between the parties to this suit, and the facts of the sale of the property must have been known to this plaintiff. He then had a full and fair opportunity to so adjust the pending pi’oceeding as to accomplish therein just what he proposed te accomplish in this suit, i. <?., conform his pleading to a demand for the value of the property, which he knew to be beyond the reach of these defendants, and conclude the litigation in that one proceeding. We are referred to no authorities, and we see no reason for holding that the statute will cease to run to enable a party to first determine his ownership of property, and then, by another proceeding, recover its value, when pending the first proceeding it is apparent that an action for value is the only available one, and open to his choice therein. . .

As touching the question of when a cause of action arises, we are referred to the case Steel v. Bryant, 49 Iowa, 116. It was an action against a clerk for taking an insufficient stay bond on a judgment. It was held that the cause of action did not accrue as against the clerk until the expiration of the stay bond, — one year, —and the holding could-not well be questioned, as the bond stayed the judgment for that time, and damage could only arise upon non-payment. If payment was made, no injury could result from the taking of the insufficient bond. The same rule and reasoning apply to Moore v. McKinley, 60 Iowa, 367. In Goodnow v. Stryker, 62 Iowa, 221, and other like cases therein referred to, a very different question arises. In those cases the title to lands was in dispute, and was settled by litigation. A party who supposed he owned the land paid the taxes. The title being adjudged in another, it was held that he could recover the taxes paid, and that his right of action therefor depended upon a contingency, i. e., who was the owner; and that the statute did not commence to run till that was known. In this case, after April, 1882, there was in fact but a single question, — who should have the value of the property taken? A single suit would in all reason decide such a question.- There was no contingency to arrest the operation of the statute.

We think the holding of the district court was right, and its judgment is Aeeikmed.