173 Ind. 454 | Ind. | 1909
Lead Opinion
Appellants brought this suit to enjoin appellee from letting a contract for the improvement of Central avenue in the city of Bluffton, and to have the improvement ordinance decreed invalid and void.
Appellee’s demurrer to the complaint was sustained, and, appellants declining to amend or to plead further, final judgment was rendered against them.
Errors have been assigned upon the sustaining of appellee’s demurrer to the complaint, and to each specification of the alleged grounds for injunction severally.
It was alleged that the common council of the city of Bluffton consisted of the mayor and five councilmen, and that by a vote of four to one the ordinance for the proposed improvement was passed over the mayor’s veto and the remonstrance of forty-one abutting property owners.
The complaint alleged that the benefits to real estate abutting on said street will not be equal to fifty per cent of the aggregate value of the property, exclusive of the improvements thereon, as it is assessed for taxation, and subject to be assessed to pay for said improvement.
The letting of contracts for street improvements in excess of fifty per cent of the taxable value of the property to be assessed for such improvement is prohibited only in cities of the first, second and third classes. §8710 Burns 1908, Acts 1905, p. 219, §107. This allegation will not justify an in
It was further averred that the cost of improvement will exceed the benefits to real estate to be assessed therefor; that certain other streets, upon which part of the lots to be assessed also abut, have recently been improved, and that the bonds therefor cannot be sold at par, and this fact will enhance the cost of the proposed improvement, and because of their present financial distress a number of the owners of abutting property will be unable to pay the assessments to be made against their lots; that the benefits resulting from the improvements will not be equal to. the costs thereof; that the improvement is not necessary; that it is manifestly unjust, unreasonable and oppressive; that no road or street connects with the eastern terminus of Central avenue, that there will be but little travel over the part to be improved, and no public or private necessity exists for such improvement.
Common councils of cities of the fifth class in this State are vested with jurisdiction over the making of improvements of the streets and alleys within their cities. Their acts in this connection can only be attacked collaterally by injunction on some ground sufficient to show a want of jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the particular improvement proposed or over the parties to be affected. Martindale v. Town of Rochester (1908), 171 Ind. 250, and cases cited.
If adequate redress against anticipated or threatened injustice be afforded through an appeal to court, or other statutory tribunal, in these proceedings, injunction will not lie. Martindale v. Town of Rochester, supra.
It was further alleged that councilman Poffenberger voted for the improvement, and that, at the time, he was the owner of a lot abutting on the proposed improvement, that he was a first cousin to Robert Drew, who owned an abutting lot to be assessed for such improvement, and for these reasons he was disqualified from voting; that rejecting his vote the resolution and ordinance received only a three-fifths, instead of the necessary two-thirds vote of the common council.
No provision is found in the statutes of this State prohibiting a councilman from acting in the matter of making street improvements affecting his own interests. In taking all the proceedings disclosed in appellants’ complaint, the common council was in the exercise of its legislative or administrative powers. It is not until after the final notice has been given, bringing the property owners in for a hearing upon the assessment of benefits to their lots, that the council may be said to act in a quasi-judicial capacity. Brown v. Central Bermudez Co. (1904), 162 Ind. 452, and cases cited. When such tribunals sit in a judicial or quasi-judicial capacity, members personally interested in a pending proceeding may be disqualified from acting. Daly v. Gubbins (1908), 170 Ind. 105; Carr v. Duhme (1906),
The enactment of the ordinance attacked was legislative in character, and the act of councilman Poffenberger, in favoring the proposed improvement and making a taxing district including his own property and that of his kinsman, would appear from the allegations of the complaint to be against his apparent interests. It is obvious that he could not by his vote discriminate in favor of his personal interests as against those of other taxpayers in the district. The interest here shown, and of which complaint is made, was inseparably linked with that of other abutters, and such as ought to make a councilman careful and prudent to prevent the imposition of unnecessary and intolerable burdens which he must assist in bearing. The principle for which appellants contend is most just and salutary in judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings, but as applied to officers engaged in the performance of legislative and administrative functions it would disqualify and exclude those whose counsel and judgment would ordinarily be regarded as most conservative and wise. It is our conclusion, therefore, that councilman Poffenberger was not disqualified from acting in all matters leading up to the letting of a contract for the proposed improvement, and that the ordinance was accordingly enacted by a two-thirds vote and was valid. City of Topeka v. Huntoon (1891), 46 Kan. 634, 26 Pae. 488; Steckert v. City of East Saginaw (1870), 22 Mich. 104; 1 Dillon, Mun. Corp. (3d ed.), §444.
It was further alleged that there was collusion and fraud on the part of three members of the council in the passage of the ordinance, in that the wife of one of them owned property abutting on South street, which was to be improved concurrently with Central avenue, and that member voted for the Central avenue ordinance to seeure the support of
A complaint grounded upon fraud must aver the facts constituting such fraud directly and positively, and not infer entially or by way of recital. Appellee insists that this specification does not measure up to the requirements of good pleading in the respect mentioned. We are not prepared to hold that the facts upon which this clause of the complaint is predicated, if well pleaded, would constitute actionable fraud, but do not rest our decision upon that ground. In passing the improvement resolution and ordinance in question the common council was acting in a legislative capacity, and the courts generally hold that they cannot inquire into the motives of members of a municipal council for the purpose of determining the validity of ordinances which are not contractual, but wholly legislative in character. Schmidt v. City of Indianapolis (1907), 168 Ind. 631, 120 Am. St. 385, 14 L. R. A. (N. S.) 787; Lilly v. City of Indianapolis (1898), 149 Ind. 648; Meyer v. Village of Teutopolis (1890), 131 Ill. 552, 23 N. E. 651; Buell v. Ball (1866), 20 Iowa 282; Villavaso v. Barthet (1887), 39 La. Ann. 247, 1 South. 599; People v. Gardner (1906), 143 Mich. 104, 106 N. W. 541; Dreyfus v. Lonergan (1898), 73 Mo. App. 336; Moore v. Haddonfield (1898), 62 N. J. L. 386, 41 Atl. 946; Kittinger v. Buffalo Traction Co. (1899), 160 N. Y. 377, 54 N. E. 1081; Borough of Freeport v. Marks (1868), 59 Pa. St. 253; Corporation of Knoxville v. Bird (1883), 12 Lea 121, 47 Am. Rep. 326; Wood v. City of Seattle (1900), 23 Wash. 1, 62 Pac. 135, 52 L. R. A. 369; State, ex rel., v. Superior Court, etc. (1900), 105 Wis. 651, 81 N. W. 1046, 48 L. R. A. 819.
The judgment is affirmed.
Rehearing
On Petition for Rehearing.
Appellants insist, in support of their petition for a rehearing, that the court failed to decide whether section 107 of the act of 1905, concerning municipal corporations (Acts 1905, p. 219, §8710 Burns 1908), was repealed by the act of March 8, 1909 (Acts 1909, p. 412). Appellee is a city of the fifth class and the improvement involved in this cause is authorized by section 265 of the act of 1905 (Acts 1905, p. 219, §8959 Burns 1908), rather than by §8710, supra. Appellants are wrong in their contention, since §8710, supra, was not, in terms, repealed, but merely amended by the act of 1909, and the substantive right of making street improvements continued under modified terms and conditions of procedure. Heath v. State (1910), ante, 296; Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Oglesby (1905), 165 Ind. 542.
It is further urged that §8710, supra, is local and special in character, and therefore unconstitutional and invalid. It is well settled that courts will not grant a rehearing for the purpose of considering questions not presented originally. Zintsmaster v. Aikin (1909), ante, 269.
The petition for a rehearing is overruled.