416 N.E.2d 183
Mass.
1981
Wilkins, J.

The defendant appeals following a second trial of this products liability case that resulted in a jury verdict for the plaintiff. The defendant raises no objection to the conduct of that second trial, but challenges the order of the judge who presided at the first trial, granting the plain tiff a new trial following the entry of judgment for the defendant. We conclude that the judge did not abuse his discretion in ordering a new trial and, therefore, affirm the judgment entered for the plaintiff following the second trial.

The plaintiff, a welder, lost his right eye as a result of an injury sustained while working on a piece of heavy equipment. He was wearing a pair of safety glasses manufactured by the defendant. The plaintiffs claim against the defendant, as submitted to the jury at each trial, was based on the alleged breach of warranties of fitness for a particular purpose and merchantability, negligent design, and negligent failure to warn. In each instance, written questions were put to the jury. Only those submitted in the first case concern us.

On May 31, 1978, the jury in the first trial answered that the defendant did not “breach” either of the alleged warranties and was not negligent in the design of the safety glasses. They did find, however, that the defendant was negligent in the matter of the warning placed on the safety glasses but that its negligence did riot cause the plaintiff s injury. The plaintiff raised no objection to any inconsistency in the answers before the jury were discharged. Judgment for the defendant was entered on June 1, 1978, on the basis of the jury’s answers. On June 9, 1978, within the ten days permitted by Mass. R. Civ. P. 59 (b), 365 Mass. 827 (1974), the plaintiff moved for a new trial. This motion was based in part on the ground that, if, as the jury found, the defendant was negligent in the matter of the warning placed on the glasses, the jury were required as a matter of law to have found a breach of warranty of merchantability and should have considered whether that breach caused the plaintiff s injury.

On July 31, 1978, the judge ordered a new trial on two grounds. He accepted the plaintiffs argument that the jury’s answers were inconsistent, concluding that a product is unmerchantable if it is sold without a suitable warning, citing Casagrandev. F.W. Woolworth Co., 340Mass. 552, 555 (1960), and Wolfe v. Ford Motor Co., 6 Mass. App. Ct. 346, 357-358 (1978). Additionally, the judge based his order on a second, independent ground. Citing three opinions of this court issued on July 6, 1978, and thus after the filing of the plaintiff s motion for a new trial, he concluded “that a new trial ought to be ordered in the interests of justice so that the jury may be instructed as to the scope of warranty liability in accordance with Smith v. Ariens Co., 375 Mass. 620 (1978), Swartz v. General Motors Corp., 375 Mass. 628 (1978), and Back v. Wickes Corp., 375 Mass. 633 (1978).”

We conclude that the judge did not abuse his discretion in ordering a new trial on the second of the two grounds on which he relied. We, therefore, do not need to decide whether the jury’s answers were inconsistent — a “logical impossibility” as the judge ruled — and whether, if they were inconsistent, the judge properly could have ordered a new trial for that reason. The basic question we decide is whether the judge abused his discretion in ordering a new trial at which the jury would be instructed in accordance with the law expressed in the three opinions of this court issued on July 6, 1978. 1

We turn first to a discussion of certain general principles governing motions for a new trial after a jury verdict. Massachusetts R. Civ. P. 59 (a) (1), 365 Mass. 827 (1974), permits the granting of a new trial “in an action in which there has been a trial by jury, for any of the reasons for which new trials have heretofore been granted in actions at law in the courts of the Commonwealth.” “A motion for a new trial shall be served not later than 10 days after the entry of judgment.” Mass. R. Civ. P. 59 (b). Following notice and an opportunity to be heard on the matter, “the court may grant a motion for a new trial, timely served, for a reason not stated in the motion,” provided the judge specifies the grounds in the order. Mass. R. Civ. P. 59 (d), 365 Mass. 827 (1974). Thus, it is not important that one of the grounds relied on by the judge in ordering a new trial was not stated in the plaintiffs motion for a new trial. See J.W. Smith & H.R. Zobel, Rules Practice § 59.12 (1977); 11 C.A. Wright & A.R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2813, at 89-90 (1973). A new trial should not be ordered, however, unless the failure to do so “appears to the [trial] court inconsistent with substantial justice.” Mass. R. Civ. P. 61, 365 Mass. 829 (1974). Accordingly, a new trial should not be ordered if the error does “not affect the substantial rights of the parties.” Id.

In deciding whether a new trial was properly granted, we are guided by the law of the Commonwealth prior to the adoption of rule 59 and, to a lesser extent, by Federal decisions under the cognate Federal rule (Fed. R. Civ. P. 59[a]). See J.W. Smith & H.R. Zobel, supra at § 59.2, at 442. Our opinions have noted the broad authority of a judge to grant or to deny a new trial; his determination will be reversed only for a clear abuse of discretion. See Fialkow v. DeVoe Motors, Inc., 359 Mass. 569, 576-577 (1971); Bergdoll v. Suprynowicz, 359 Mass. 173, 175 (1971); Torre v. Harris-Seybold Co., 9 Mass. App. Ct. 660, 663-664 (1980); J.R. Nolan, Civil Practice § 842, at 75 (1975). Among the grounds on which a judge may grant a new trial is a proper determination that his instructions to the jury were prejudicially incorrect. Hall v. Giusti Baking Co., 322 Mass. 317, 318, 320 (1948). See J.W. Smith & H.R. Zobel, supra at § 59.6. We include, within the discretionary authority of a trial judge, the right to consider developments in the law occurring after the entry of judgment and before disposition of a motion for a new trial. It is settled that appellate courts will properly note developments in the applicable law that have occurred after entry of a judgment below. See Reiter Oldsmobile, Inc. v. General Motors Corp., 378 Mass. 707, 712 (1979); Rent Bd. of Boston v. Druker, 370 Mass. 348, 349 (1976); Commonwealth v. Horton, 365 Mass. 164, 172 (1974). Similarly, a trial judge may act to reflect developments in the law which affect the correctness of determinations or rulings made by him. See Hingham v. Director of the Div. of Marine Fisheries, 7 Mass. App. Ct. 908, 908-909 (1979); Kruse v. Zenith Radio Corp., 82 F.R.D. 66, 69-70 (W.D. Pa. 1979); Bucantis v. Midland-Ross Corp., 81 F.R.D. 623, 625 (E.D. Pa. 1979). If a judgment is final, however, changes in the law alone would not justify reopening the judgment. See Bouchard v. DeGagne, 368 Mass. 45, 49 (1975).

We must then consider (a) whether the judge abused his discretion in concluding that his charge to the jury was deficient in light of the law announced in the three July 6,1978, opinions of this court and (b) whether, assuming such a deficiency, the judge abused his discretion in concluding that a new trial was appropriate in the interests of justice. We need not recite the various legal principles and clarifications in the law of products liability that are set forth in the Smith, Swartz, and Back opinions. These opinions provided new potential arguments for the plaintiff and led to appropriate revisions in the nature and scope of proper jury instructions in such a case, as the instructions given at the second trial of this case demonstrate.

We cite two examples of how one of these opinions might have had an effect on this case. In Back v. Wickes Corp., 375 Mass. 633 (1978), we noted that a manufacturer could be held liable for breach of the warranty of merchantability if it failed adequately to warn of the hazards of a foreseeable misuse of the product. Id. at 640-641. If an instruction reflecting this principle had been given in this case, the jury might have found that the plaintiff s use in a heavy job of safety glasses which were designed for normal welding was a reasonably foreseeable misuse of the safety glasses against which the defendant should have warned. Secondly, in the Back opinion, the court noted that in deciding whether a product is unreasonably dangerous and, therefore, defective, “the jury must weigh competing factors much as they would in determining the fault of the defendant in a negligence case” and make “a judgment as to the social acceptability of the design.” Id. at 642. The instructions at the first trial did not present the issue in this way. The judge did not abuse his discretion in ordering a new trial at which these questions could be presented to the jury.

The defendant argues that all of this is irrelevant because the jury found that the defendant’s negligent failure to warn did not cause the plaintiff s injury. The claim is that the issue of causation was fully decided against the plaintiff by the first jury. This argument must fail because, had the jury been adequately instructed pursuant to the law stated in the three 1978 products liability cases, they might have found (as did the jury in the second trial) breaches of warranty on other bases that were causally related to the plaintiff s injury.

In a case in which there is an error of law in jury instructions, the question whether substantial justice requires a new trial cannot be answered by trying to decide whether the jury result necessarily would have been different. No one can tell. We think it is sufficient to justify a trial judge’s determination to grant a new trial for defects in his jury instructions, if an appellate court would have reversed the judgment had those instructions been properly challenged on appeal. See Pfeiffer v. Salas, 360 Mass. 93, 101 (1971). This is such a case.

We find no merit in the defendant’s argument that it was denied its constitutional right to a trial by jury when the judge ordered a new trial. This argument is expressed to us solely in terms of the Seventh Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which has no application to this State civil trial. See Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. 189, 192 n.6 (1974); Colgrove v. Battin, 413 U.S. 149, 169 n.4 (1973) (Marshall, J., dissenting). Considered in terms of art. 15 of the Declaration of Rights of the Constitution of the Commonwealth, the argument has no merit in a case where the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in ordering a new trial. See Torre v. Harris-Seybold Co., 9 Mass. App. Ct. 660, 664-665 (1980).

Judgment affirmed.

Notes

1

In addition to the issue addressed in this opinion, the defendant has argued several issues that might have been worthy of attention, and might even have been decided in its favor, if the judge had denied the motion for a new trial. For example, by that motion, the plaintiff could not oblige the court to consider questions of law he did not raise seasonably in the course of the trial. Similarly, the plaintiff may have lost his right to insist on a resolution of any conflict between the jury’s answers to special questions when the jury were discharged. See McCue v. Prudential Ins. Co., 371 Mass. 659, 663-664 (1976). However, the judge did allow the motion for a new trial, and thus the limited issue is whether the judge was in error in allowing that motion.