455 So. 2d 473 | Fla. Dist. Ct. App. | 1984
Lead Opinion
Gallon argues that he was denied a fair trial because of improper comments made by the prosecutor during closing argument. We disagree and affirm.
Gallon was convicted of delivering hashish.
Agents Burns and Stevens posed as laborers to make contact with other workers. Agent Burns testified that while posing as a construction worker, he made contact with defendant, an employee on the construction site, who offered to sell Burns a pound of marijuana. Defendant called a phone number at which Burns said he could be reached, and talked with Agent Stevens, who answered when Burns was not there. Stevens and defendant had seven or eight subsequent telephone conversations, the last of which Stevens recorded. Stevens recounted the conversations and the tape of this last conversation was introduced into evidence and played for the jury. In this tape-recorded conversation, defendant and Stevens discussed the arrangements by which the drug buy was to be set up. Agent Stevens corroborated Burns’ testimony and gave details of the drug buy he made from defendant.
Gallon testified that he was set up by the Orange County agents. He claimed he never intended to sell them any drugs and merely called Stevens to satisfy his curiosity. Gallon-further testified that he never provided Stevens with a sample of hashish.
During closing argument the prosecutor made the following statements:
Mr. Leitch [defense counsel] is going to get up there and tell you all that the evidence in the case supports Mr. Gallon’s story. What do you expect him to tell you, he’s Mr. Gallon’s attorney, not going to come in and say, ‘the state proved their case on this one send my client to jail.’
If Mr. Leitch expects you to believe the defense in this case, he expects you to believe in the Easter Bunny.
At this point defense counsel objected and moved for a mistrial, which was denied by the trial court. The trial court agreed that the statement was improper and admonished the prosecutor. Defendant did not request a curative instruction and none was given. This comment is the basis for defendant’s contention that a new trial is warranted.
Clearly the case involved more than a “swearing match” between Agent Stevens and the defendant. The jury had the testimony of Agent Burns and defendant’s own tape recorded conversation. Even if we agree that the prosecutor let
More recently, in State v. Murray, 443 So.2d 955 (Fla.1984) the defendant claimed reversible error in a statement made by the prosecutor who in closing argument attacked defendant’s credibility with this argument:
I suggest to you, ladies and gentlemen, that here is a man who thinks he knows the law; thinks he can twist and bend the law to his own advantage and lie to you in court so that he is acquitted and not sent to prison as a result or otherwise adjudicated in any fashion.
Id. at 956.
That argument appears to be far more inflammatory than the argument made here, yet the supreme court found it to be harmless in the light of the totality of the circumstances. The court held that:
Nevertheless, prosecutorial error alone does not warrant automatic reversal of a conviction unless the errors involved are so basic to a fair trial that they can never be treated as harmless. The correct standard of appellate review is whether “the error committed was so prejudicial as to vitiate the entire trial.” Cobb [v. State] 376 So.2d [230] at 232 [(Fla.1979)]. The appropriate test for whether the error is prejudicial is the “harmless error” rule set forth in Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967), and its progeny. We agree with the recent analysis of the Court in United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S. 499, 103 S.Ct. 1974, 76 L.Ed.2d 96 (1983). The supervisory power of the appellate court to reverse a conviction is inappropriate as a remedy when the error is harmless; prosecutorial misconduct or indifference to judicial admonitions is the proper subject of bar disciplinary action. Reversal of the conviction is a separate matter; it is the duty of appellate courts to consider the record as a whole and to ignore harmless error, including most constitutional violations.
In denying defendant’s motion for mistrial based on the alleged impropriety of the prosecutor’s comment, the trial judge commented that defendant was receiving a fair trial. We find nothing in the record to persuade us to the contrary.
The judgment is AFFIRMED.
. § 893.13(l)(a), Fla.Stat. (1983).
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
Gallon’s defense was that he was set up by the Orange County undercover agents. He never intended to sell them any drugs, and he merely called Stevens or Burns to satisfy his curiosity. He testified he did not give Stevens a sample of hashish while they were alone together in his house. The linchpin of the case was Gallon’s credibility as opposed to Stevens’.
During closing argument the prosecutor made the following statements:
Mr. Leitch is going to get up there and tell you all that the evidence in the case supports Mr. Gallon’s story. What do you expect him to tell you, he’s Mr. Gallon’s attorney, not going to come in and say, ‘the state proved their case on this one send my client to jail.’
If Mr. Leitch expects you to believe the defense in this case, he expects you to believe in the Easter Bunny.
At this point defense counsel objected and moved for a mistrial, which was denied by the trial court.
Not all improper comments automatically result in reversal. As stated recently by the Florida Supreme Court,
prosecutorial error alone does not warrant automatic reversal of a conviction unless the errors involved are so basic to a fair trial that they can never be treated as harmless.... The appropriate test for whether the error is prejudicial is the ‘harmless error’ rule set forth in Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967), and its progeny.
State v. Murray, 443 So.2d 955, 956 (Fla.1984). In Chapman, the United States Supreme Court stated that the test for determining whether harmful or reversible error has occurred is “ ‘whether there is a reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have contributed to the conviction.’ ” 386 U.S. at 23, 87 S.Ct. at 827 (quoting Fahy v. Connecticut, 375 U.S. 85, 87, 84 S.Ct. 229, 230, 11 L.Ed.2d 171 (1963)). The test as explained in the majority opinion is far too stringent. Only the rarest of cases would merit reversal if it were literally applied.
Chapman is consistent with the traditional rule evolved by Florida courts that unless the reviewing court can determine from the record that the improper remarks of the prosecutor did not prejudice the accused, the judgment must be reversed. Pait v. State, 112 So.2d 380 (Fla.1959); see Chapman, 386 U.S. at 24, 87 S.Ct. at 828. The effect of a prosecutor’s remarks must be considered in context with the other circumstances appearing in the record. Coleman v. State, 420 So.2d 354 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982); see also Bayshore v. State, 437 So.2d 198 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983); Miller v. State, 435 So.2d 258 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983).
In this case, Gallon’s credibility as opposed to Stevens’ was the key factor. There was no other direct evidence against Gallon. Under these circumstances, the prosecutor’s belittling of defense counsel and his statement which implied that Gallon’s defense was incredible may have influenced the jury’s verdict. In any event, I cannot say beyond a reasonable possibility that the prosecutor’s comments did not contribute to Gallon’s conviction. Coleman. I would reverse.
. Breedlove v. State, 413 So.2d 1 (Fla.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 882, 103 S.Ct. 184, 74 L.Ed.2d 149 (1982).
. Jones v. State, 449 So.2d 313 (Fla. 5th DCA 1984); see also United States v. Rodriguez, 585 F.2d 1234 (5th Cir.1978), aff'd sub. nom. Albernaz v. United States, 450 U.S. 333, 101 S.Ct. 1137, 67 L.Ed.2d 275 (1981); Cummings v. State, 412 So.2d 436 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982); Fla.Bar Code Prof.Resp., D.R. 7-106(c)(4).
.See Adams v. State, 192 So.2d 762 (Fla.1966) (defense counsel "has no business being a lawyer if he hadn’t talked with her”); Jackson v. State, 421 So.2d 15 (Fla. 3d DCA 1982) (“would you buy a used car from this guy?”); Carter v. State, 356 So.2d 67 (Fla. 1st DCA 1978) (“it’s almost criminal sometimes the extent these people go ... to represent these criminals’’); Simpson v. State, 352 So.2d 125 (Fla. 1st DCA 1977) ("one of the favorite tricks of a defense lawyer”).
