Gallagher v. State

| Wis. | Jun 15, 1870

Dixon, C. J.

It is well settled that the same strictness of averment is not necessary in indictments for misdemeanors as in indictments for felonies. A substantial statement of the offense, or certainty to a common intent, is all that is required in charging misdemeanors. Ford v. The State, 4 Chandler, 148; Martin v. State, 6 Humphrey, 204; Taylor v. State, id. 285; Bilbro v. The State, 7 id. 534; Sanderlin v. The State, 2 id. 315. The complaint is sufficient, within this rule. It is certain to a common intent that the billiard table is charged to have been kept for profit at the place named, on the 12th day of March, 1870, without the introduction of the formal and technical words “ then and there.” And it is also with equal certainty averred that the defendant was the “ keeper ” of the billiard table at the same time and place. Such is the natural and ordinary import and meaning of the language employed, and it is not necessary that the word “keeper,” found in the statute (Laws of 1867, ch: 128, sec. 2), should be used in the complaint. The words of the complaint, “ kept by one Patrick Gallagher,” fully supply its place.

And the further allegations, that, at divers other days, etc., the like offenses were committed, may be rejected as surplusage. A case in 38 Vt. 37" court="Vt." date_filed="1865-02-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-temple-6577942?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6577942">38 Vt. 37, State v. Temple, holds the contrary doctrine, and that an indictment charging a misdemeanor in this form is bad, as alleging a series of offenses without specifying any particular time when each one was committed, or counting on them separately. It was held that such statement could not be rejected as surplusage. A different rule, however, and, as we think, the better one, prevails elsewhere. United States v. La Coste, 2 Mason, 139, 140; The People v. Adams, 17 Wend. 475" court="N.Y. Sup. Ct." date_filed="1837-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/people-v-adams-5514805?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5514805">17 Wend. 475; Cook v. The State, 11 Ga. 53" court="Ga." date_filed="1852-01-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/cook-v-state-5551676?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5551676">11 Ga. 53; Redman's Case, Leach’s Crown Law, 410; Morris' Case, id. 113; William Morris' Case, id. 403. There is no uncertainty as to the offense charged on the particular day named, to which the evidence must be directed, and proof of any other offense committed than the one so properly charged, will not be received. The indictment thus serves all the purposes intended by law, of informing the defendant of the particular offense with which he is charged, so that he may come prepared to meet it, and no injustice can be done him.

The statute regulating the mode of striking names from the list of jurors in criminal actions appealed to the county court of Winnebago county, is very clear and explicit. It declares that in case the defendant, or all the defendants, in such actions shall neglect to strike out the names, “ the court shall direct some suitable disinterested person to strike out such names on the part of the defendant or defendants.” Pr. and Local Laws of 186.7, ch. 315, sec. 2. In this case the defendant refused to strike the names, and the judge, instead of appointing some suitable and disinterested person to do so for him, struck off the names himself, to which the defendant excepted. It is urged by the assistant attorney-general, that it is -enough that the names were stricken out and the jury selected in compliance with the provisions of section 22, ch. 361, Laws of 1860, of which the above act of 1867 is an amendment. This, we think, is a mistake. The act of 1860 prescribes the mode of selecting jurors in civil cases, and that of 1867, which confers the jurisdiction, in criminal cases. The provisions with regard to striking out the names, in case the party refuses, differ very materially in the two classes of cases; and it is obvious that 'in a criminal action, the last act must govern. It is not only in conflict with the former, but it is a statute regulating the proceedings in that particular class of cases.

And again, it is urged that this objection was waived, because there was no challenge to the array of jurors ; or, if there was a challenge, that it does not appear to have been in writing. It may be true, as urged, that this was a ground of challenge to the array, and that the objection might have been so taken. It may also be true that the same or kindred objections, if not so taken, are generally, or under ordinary circumstances, waived. But the circumstances here were peculiar. It was a proceeding in open court in the course of trial or of preparation for it. It was in the presence of the parties and their counsel, and the act or error complained of, was the act or error of the court in such proceeding. It became the duty of the court to act in the premises, and of course to act agreeably to the requirements of law. The defendant had his opportunity to object and except, and did do so according to the usual course of practice in the trial of actions. What more was necessary in order to save the objection, we cannot readily see. Nor can we see how it should have been lost or waived by not having been brought up again in some other form. Indeed, it seems to us that it would have been quite useless for the defendant to have done so. We think the exception was regularly and properly taken, and that the objection is before us for consideration.

It may be true, and we have no doubt it is, that the defendant suffered nothing at all by reason of the judge having struck out the names himself, instead of having directed a disinterested person to do so. But it is a question of strict written law. It is enough in such case, ita lex scripta est. We have no discretion in the matter, and neither had the judge below. He could only appoint some suitable disinterested person to strike out the names, and could not confer such appointment upon himself. This was so held in Hills v. Passage, 21 Wis. 294" court="Wis." date_filed="1867-01-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/hills-v-passage-6599685?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6599685">21 Wis. 294, in a civil action; and much more would the rule prevail in a prosecution for crime. For this reason we are of the opinion that the verdict in the court below should be set aside, and a new trial granted.

By the Court. — The cause is remanded with such directions.