32 Conn. App. 373 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1993
The plaintiffs, Maria Gajewski, Jan Gajewski and Janusz Gajewski, appeal from a judgment in favor of the defendants rendered after a jury verdict. The plaintiffs claim that (1) the jury charge was
To determine whether the general verdict rule applies, we must begin by examining the complaint and the answers, including the special defenses of the defendants, and the specific claims made by the plaintiffs regarding confusion and inconsistencies in the court’s charge to the jury and by reviewing the applicable evidence presented to the jury.
The plaintiffs’ amended complaint consisted of ten counts,
The plaintiffs’ negligence claim against the two city employees was based on the failure to inspect, to make
The jury heard evidence that in the fall of 1981 the plaintiffs had a gas fired boiler manufactured by Utica installed in their residence by Pavelo. The plaintiffs had previously used an oil fired boiler, which generated a buildup of soot in the chimney flue. At the time of installation, Pavelo, a licensed plumber, cleaned the chimney sufficiently to render the furnace operational. The plaintiffs were advised by Pavelo, prior to the installation of the boiler, of the necessity of having the chimney thoroughly cleaned but were never directly warned of the necessity by Utica.
Prior to jury deliberation, all parties had agreed that verdict forms and interrogatories were necessary in this case because of its complex nature, and had essentially agreed as to their wording and content. The parties, however, had not finished preparing their interrogatories and verdict forms when the court began its charge to the jury during the late morning of November 27,1991. The court stated in its charge that it anticipated that there would be interrogatories and verdict forms by the time afternoon deliberations began. Deliberations were over, however, later that same afternoon before the interrogatories or verdict forms were available. No objection was made by the plaintiffs or the defendants to the court’s allowing the jury to deliberate without them. The jury returned a handwritten verdict that read: “We, the jury, based upon the evidence presented to us, unanimously agree that all claims against the defendants: The Utica Radiator Corp., The City of Bridgeport et al., and Southern New England Gas Co. are inconclusive. We, therefore, find them not liable for the injuries sustained
On appeal, the claims raised by the plaintiffs concern only the propriety of the jury instructions and not the court’s action in allowing the jury to deliberate in such a complex and intricate case without the aid of interrogatories and verdict forms. The plaintiffs did not take an exception to the trial court’s allowing the jury to deliberate without verdict forms or interrogatories, nor was a continuance sought pending their availability, nor did they raise this issue in their motion to set aside the verdict.
The essence of the three claims raised by the plaintiffs on appeal concerns the propriety of the jury instructions as to the defendants Utica, the city of Bridgeport and the city’s employees. The plaintiffs claim that the jury instructions were so contradictory and inconsistent that the jury was left to decide not only the facts of the case but what law to apply. It is
The plaintiffs claim that the jury charge was contradictory as to two aspects of the product liability case, namely, the standard required by General Statutes § 52-572q — failure to warn — and to whom the duty to warn is owed. The plaintiffs claim that the court first instructed on the statutory definition of duty to warn and then instructed on a “reasonableness” standard of a duty to warn. They also claim that the court initially charged that Utica’s duty to warn was owed to the plaintiffs, and later charged that the duty to warn was owed to Pavelo, the plumber who installed the boiler. The plaintiffs also claim that the court improperly instructed the jury about the knowledgeable user doctrine in product liability actions when it was not applicable in this case. The plaintiffs further claim that the jury was confused by the court’s instruction on contributory negligence as it applied to the product liability claim as opposed to the municipal negligence claim.
In the plaintiffs’ appeal against Savino and Vagnini, the plaintiffs claim that the court gave inconsistent and confusing instructions on the law pertaining to the liability of municipal employees. Specifically, the plaintiffs contend that the charge conflicted as to the order in which the jury was to consider the issues of negligence and municipal immunity, the purpose of the Building Officials and Code Administrators Basic Building Code, and as to whether the standard for determining if a city official is immune in the performance of a discretionary act involving identifiable persons is objective or subjective.
The defendants claim that, because the case was submitted to the jury without interrogatories, the general
In this case, the failure of the plaintiffs to object to jury deliberation without interrogatories is the functional equivalent of a failure to request interrogatories. The plaintiffs do not make any claim that the general verdict rule cannot apply because they requested interrogatories that the court failed to submit.
The general verdict rule may no longer be applied to denials of discrete elements of a single cause of action. Curry v. Burns, supra. Here, the defendants denied all of the salient elements of the plaintiffs’ single cause of action against Utica, and of the plaintiffs’ single cause of action against the city of Bridgeport and the two employees of the city. The plaintiffs do not claim any error in the court’s charge on proximate
The general verdict rule is applied in five instances. It is limited to situations where there are (1) separate counts of a complaint against one defendant, (2) denials of separate defenses pleaded as separate defenses, (3) denials of separate theories of recovery or defenses pleaded in one count or defense, (4) denials of a complaint and a pleading of a special defense, and (5) denial of a specific defense raised under a general denial that was asserted during the case but that should have been specially pleaded. Curry v. Burns, supra, 801.
In this case, Utica, the city of Bridgeport and the two city employees denied the plaintiffs’ cause of action against each of them and pleaded special defenses. Thus, this is a situation in which the general verdict rule has application. When the rule applies, a general verdict must stand if a jury could have found for a party-on any one of the material issues it had to decide. Hanlon v. Stettbacher, 13 Conn. App. 571, 573, 538 A.2d 705 (1988). The defendants’ denial of the essential elements of the plaintiffs’ complaint, including a denial of being the proximate cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries, and the defendants’ special defenses constitute separate and distinct defenses. The fourth situation, as expressed in Curry, to which the general verdict rule applies, therefore, is present.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
The plaintiffs originally sued Arthur Pavelo, doing business as Academy Plumbing and Heating, Utica Radiator Corporation, Joseph Savino, Guido Vagnini, the city of Bridgeport, Southern Connecticut Gas Company, and Ruud Water Heater Division of Rheem Manufacturing Company. The plaintiff Jan Gajewski also brought loss of consortium claims against Utica, Savino, Vagnini and the city of Bridgeport. The plaintiffs settled with the estate of Arthur Pavelo, Southern Connecticut Gas Company, and Ruud Water Heater Division of Rheem Manufacturing Company. We refer herein to Utica Radiator Corporation, Joseph Savino, Guido Vagnini and the city of Bridgeport as the defendants. Although Southern New England Gas Company was not a defendant during the trial as to the Gajewskis, it was a third party defendant as to Utica in an indemnification claim and in a contribution claim as a joint tortfeasor. In that capacity, Southern New England Gas Company actively participated in the trial. It, however, is not involved in this appeal.
Although Utica’s answer to the plaintiffs’ complaint contained a cross claim for contribution against “all defendants,” the installer of the furnace, Arthur Pavelo, doing business as Academy Plumbing and Heating, was not specifically named as a defendant by Utica, although the other defendants were so named.
Prior to trial, the plaintiffs made a motion to sever the cross claims and counterclaims. No action was taken on this motion. After both parties rested, the plaintiffs renewed their motion to sever and it was denied.
The defendant Utica claims that its installation manual provided Pavelo with sufficient warning of the hazards of carbon monoxide poisoning arising from the failure to clean a chimney completely.
It is standard practice for a jury to be given at least one verdict form when it begins to deliberate. In the rare situation, however, where a jury has not had the benefit of a verdict form and has returned a handwritten verdict, the verdict has been found to be sufficient if the verdict is intelligible. Brown v. Hart, 91 Conn. 667, 673, 100 A. 1065 (1917). A verdict is intelligible if it clearly manifests the intent of the jury. Champagne v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., 212 Conn. 509, 567, 562 A.2d 1100 (1989); Kilduff v. Kalinowski, 136 Conn. 405, 409, 71 A.2d 593 (1950). The phrase “all claims against the defendants . . . are inconclusive” is the equivalent of stating that the plaintiffs did not meet their burden of proof. The plaintiffs, in their brief, claim that the fact that the verdict was in favor of Southern Connecticut Gas Company, which was not a defendant, indicates the jury’s confusion. The failure of the plaintiffs to object at trial to the form of the verdict precludes this court from reviewing that claim on appeal. Intelisano v. Greenwell, 155 Conn. 436, 450, 232 A.2d 490 (1967); Towhill v. Kane, 147 Conn. 191, 193, 158 A.2d 251 (1960).
Even if we reached the question of whether the charge on contributory negligence or comparative negligence was confusing, we would conclude that it was not. The court properly instructed the jury that contributory negligence would bar the negligence case against the municipal employees if the plaintiffs’ negligence was greater than the combined negligence of the employees. The court also properly instructed that in a product liability action comparative responsibility by the plaintiffs would not bar the action, but would serve only to diminish the amount of damages proportionately. The court further explained this concept by giving illustrative percentages.