27 N.Y.S. 1089 | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | 1894
Lead Opinion
This action was brought to recover damages for alleged libel; and the only question which is presented upon this appeal is as to the right of the appellant to a reversal upon the ground that he was entitled to a verdict for nominal damages, whereas the jury, although so instructed by the court, found a verdict for the defendant. It is claimed upon the part of the appellant that the rule seems to be beyond controversy, in every case in a court of record where the law entitled the plaintiff to nominal damages, such damages are a strict legal right, and. a verdict for defendant will be reversed. And it is claimed that there is but one exception to this rule, and the exception can only apply where the action is so trivial as to be brought in ,a justice’s court, and the plaintiff’s only object seems to be costs,.and to vex the defendant, and
In the case of Hyatt v. Wood, 3 Johns. 239, which was an action for' assault and battery, where the injury was trivial, and the jury found a verdict for the defendant, a new trial was refused, notwithstanding the misdirection of the judge. The court, in their opinion, say:
“If this had been an action quare clausum fregit in which the right to the freehold came in the question, there might be some reason for granting a -new trial. But for an assault, by which the party has sustained little or no injury, there seems to be no sufficient ground for the court to interfere. It ’has frequently been decided in this court that in cases where the damages .are 'trifling a new trial will not be granted, after a verdict for the defendant, merely to give the plaintiff an opportunity to recover, and when no end of justice is to be attained by it, though there may have been a misdirection of .the judge.”
This last proposition is probably not sustained by the subsequent .authorities.'
In Herrick v. Stover, 5 Wend. 580, this refusal to grant a new trial where there had been a misdirection of the judge seems to have been disapproved, although, its existence is recognized; and the court refused to apply it because the verdict involved a property right. The court say:
“It was suggested on the part of the defendant that as this was evidently a vexatious suit, and the damages which the plaintiff would be entitled to recover would be merely nominal, we ought not to interfere, even if there had been error. The rule referred to by the counsel for the defendant has never, I believe, been applied to a case like this. The cases in Burrows, 11, 54, 664, [Macrow v. Hull, 1 Burrows, 11; Farwell v. Chaffey, Id. 54; Burton v. Thompson, 2 Burrows, 664,] were motions for new trials where verdicts had been rendered against the weight of evidence; and the court refused to grant the applications because the damages were trivial, and the prosecutions appeared to be vexatious. In the case of Edmonson v. Machell, 2 Term R. 4, there was an alleged misdirection to the jury by the judge who tried the cause. The court refused to set aside the verdict, or pass upon the questions of law, because they thought justice had been done between the parties. In actions of assault and battery and for trespasses, this court have refused new trials for the misdirection of the judge, where there was little or no injury. In Hyatt v. Wood, 3 Johns. 239, the court refused the motion for a new trial; but they said, if the action had been quare clausum fregit, in which the right to the freehold came in question, they should have decided otherwise. Lord Kenyon said in Wilson v. Rastall, 4 Term R. 753, that he did not recollect a single case where a mistake of the judge had crept in, and swayed the opinion of the jury, in which the court had ever refused to grant a new trial. I apprehend the case before us differs from any to which the rule mentioned in the above cases has been applied. It is much like the*1091 case which was considered in Hyatt v. Wood an exception. The object of this suit is not merely to recover such damage as the plaintiff may have sustained, but it is also to determine the extent of his right to property acquired for a private way. There is also a difference, as I apprehend, in the application of this rule, whether applied to a motion for a new trial or a writ of error. It is said by Ashurst, J., in Edmonson v. Maehell, that ‘an application for a new trial is an application to the discretion of the court, who exercise that discretion in such a manner as will best answer the ends of justice.’ But where a record is brought into this court for revision, and error is found in it, is it a matter of discretion in us whether we will correct that error or not? I have always supposed that the party who has been affected by an error, be the extent of that injury ever so small, can require of us, ex debito justitia, to correct it.”
The rule laid down in these cases shows distinctly that where there has been no error upon the part of the court, and where the appeal comes up on a motion for a new trial, a verdict will never be set aside, and such new trial ordered, simply because the verdict has been for the defendant, instead of for the plaintiff for nominal damages.
It will not be necessary to refer to all the authorities cited, but, to those upon which the plaintiff lays the most stress, it may be proper to call attention. In addition to those already mentioned, he cites the case of Dixon v. Clow, 24 Wend. 188. This was an action for trespass upon land, where the court refused to charge correctly, and for the error and misdirection of the judge a new trial was granted. The case of Lyon v. Kramer, 24 Hun, 231, was an action for trespass upon the plaintiff’s building. A nonsuit was Ordered, and it was held to be error, because the judgment tended to deprive the plaintiff of a right in respect to his building. In the case of Stephens v. Wider, 32 N. Y 351, the rule stated was clearly recognized; and the cases in which a party is entitled to a reversal, even though he could recover only nominal damages, are those in which an error crept in, and controlled the verdict, or in which some question of permanent right is involved. So, in the case of Moore v. Railway Co., 4 Misc. Rep. 132, 23 N. Y. Supp. 863, the plaintiffs title to the easements upon which the trespass had been committed was in question. The action was for damages for a past trespass, and judgment for the defendant would preclude a recovery for trespasses which should be committed in the future, of a like character. And so, in all the cases, unless some permanent right is affected, or some error of the court has crept in, by which the jury have rendered an erroneous verdict, the court will not set aside the verdict upon appeal because plaintiff was entitled to nominal damages. The question comes up in the case at bar, not to correct an error during the progress of the trial, but to review the order of the court denying a motion for a new trial upon the ground that the verdict of the jury was against the evidence. The rule seems to be too well established to be interfered with at the present time; and it is not necessary for us to say whether, in our judgment, if it was an original question, we should have so held. The almost universal practice has been to refuse to interfere where the plaintiff is entitled to merely nominal damages.
O’BRIEU, J., concurs.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting.) Assuming, as do all the members of the court, that the learned trial judge was right when he instructed the jury that the plaintiff was entitled to recover nominal damages, we have presented a case where the refusal to give the plaintiff that which was absolutely his due has resultéd in a judgment which, so far as the record is concerned, adjudges the alleged libelous matter to have been true, and awards to the defendant, against the plaintiff, a judgment of over $800 for costs,—an unjust result, certainly. Were there no decisions seeming to point the way to am affirmance of the judgment entered on such a verdict, we would, I think, have no difficulty in reaching the conclusion that a verdict having the effect to declare that to be true which was in fact libelous, and carrying with it a judgment against the plaintiff of over $800, where rightfully nothing should have been awarded, should be set aside. Had the first verdict ever rendered in favor of a defendant, where the plaintiff was entitled to recover nominal damages, carried with it a judgment for costs against the plaintiff of over $800, it may well be doubted whether the court would have considered it one of the trifles of which courts will not take notice. Whether that assumption be well founded, however, is of no practical moment, because it must be conceded' that the cases cited in the opinion, presenting the views of the majority of the court, as well 'as others which might have been referred to, seem to establish the rule that where only nominal damages are involved the courts will not set aside the verdict because against the weight of evidence. An exception to the ride equally well established is that when, in addition to the question of nominal damages, there is involved some property right which is affected by the erroneous verdict, it will be set aside. As some of the cases to which our attention has been called are libelous, the question has-not been considered, so far as we have discovered, whether injury to reputation, which in a greater or less degree results from a libelous- publication, is of such a character as to bring it within the exception to the general rule to which we have referred. Certainly, there is nothing which a right-minded man possesses that he values more highly than a good reputation, and a good name proves every day to be of practical value to its possessor. Anything which unjustly tends to destroy or injure it in the slightest degree interferes with and affects a substantial right,—a right to the enjoyment of,