230 Mo. 22 | Mo. | 1910
-This is an action commenced in the circuit court of Jasper county hy the plaintiff against the defendant for $25,000 damages for alienating the affections of the plaintiff’s wife, causing her to abandon plaintiff and live and remain separate and apart from him.
The cause was tried in September, 1906, in the circuit court of Barton county, to which a change of venue had been taken on the application of the defendant.
In substance the petition charged that the defendant had willfully and intentionally alienated the affections of plaintiff’s wife' and had wrongfully and wickedly, enticed, influenced, induced1 and caused plaintiff’s wife to abandon plaintiff and live separate and apart from plaintiff, and had thereby permanently deprived plaintiff of the companionship, comfort, enjoyment, aid, support, society and affection of his wife; that plaintiff’s wife being induced, enticed, influenced and caused hy getting under the influence of the defendant, who was a financially rich and powerful man in the community, has ever since remained away and apart from plaintiff and hy reason thereof the plaintiff has been damaged in the sum of $25,000', for which -he prays judgment.
The defendant’s answer was a general denial.
The testimony on the part of the plaintiff tended to prove that at the time of the trial, plaintiff was thirty-two years old and his wife thirty-one. They had been married ten years. On going to Joplin with his wife in 1901, plaintiff became employed as an accountant of the Joplin Supply Company, a concern which furnished machinery and general supplies for mining operation. Plaintiff was an industrious, hardworking man and faithful to his employers, and while not averse to society and social enjoyment, realized that in his financial circumstances he could not devote too much of his time in that way. Plaintiff’s daily
He testified that he worked steadily, never had a day off except one week each year for a vacation, and never took the full week at that. He had never been sick to any extent during his employment. His wife was a woman of attractive appearance, slender, with black eyes and black hair, pretty, intelligent and vivacious, sociable and fond of society. She was very fond of dancing, and desired to go oftener than plaintiff felt he could and do justice to his work. While this caused a difference of opinion between them it did not result in domestic friction. On this point he testified: “We never had any quarrels, we had differences of opinion about g’oing some, she wanted to go to all the dances, I could not go to all as I worked from seven in the morning until nine in the evening every day, and going to the dances kept me up’ too late, I could not work, I noticed it in my office work; to be out to a dance to one or two o’clock in the morning, I would not get the sleep or rest that was necessary for a man who does office work, and I was no good at my work after I went to a dance. I usually like to go to shows because they would not keep me up> until only about eleven o’clock and I managed to get a pretty good rest.” According to his testimony and that of his servant, the domestic relations between the plaintiff and his wife were very pleasant.
Plaintiff first met the defendant Robinson in the early part of the year 1902. The defendant was a mine-promoter and a mine-owner and operated several mines. He was also interested in the organization of pipe-line companies for the piping of oil from Kansas. Plaintiff- had bought a home in Joplin, a small five-room cottage, with a pretty porch and four or five
The evidence tended to show plaintiff’s daily routine kept him confined to his business and that defendant, knowing of plaintiff’s habits, adjusted his visits to plaintiff’s home during plaintiff’s business hours. This course of conduct had continued over a year prior to the abandonment of plaintiff by his wife. Defendant’s conduct was such as to invite and compel comment in the neighborhood of the plaintiff’s residence. Neighbors testified that nearly every day about nine o ’clock in the morning, or an hour or so after plaintiff had left his home for his office, the defendant arrived at the Puller home and stayed there until a short time before plaintiff came home to his lunch. And in the afternoon defendant would appear again and
Late in the year 1904 the defendant organized a party to attend the World’s Fair at St. Louis. His wife was to be a member of the party. She went a day or two in advance and occupied apartments which had been secured for her and her son, downstairs. The defendant, Mrs. Fuller and the others took apartments in the same building upstairs. The apartment taken by the defendant and his friends upstairs consisted of one room with a cloth curtain separating the beds. The evidence shows that the defendant on this World’s Fair trip and while the plaintiff was in Joplin, took plaintiff’s wife away from the company for a whole day. It was after this episode that defendant’s wife ceased her visits to plaintiff’s home.
The evidence tended to show that the plaintiff was wholly ignorant of the fact that the defendant was coming daily to his house while he was absent at his work.
There had been some annoyance of plaintiff arising out of the defendant’s pronounced attention to his wife at a Colonial Fair conducted by the Elks about the first of March, 1905. Defendant’s attentions were such as to cause general comment and the witnesses testified that the defendant and plaintiff’s wife spent nearly every evening dancing together. They would commence at the start and dance through to the finish. Plaintiff who was in charge of a booth in another part of the room, did not know of these attentions until he overheard a remark and he told the defendant about it. He said, “You are a friend of mine, I trust you fully. I trust you as a brother, I just want to tell you what I accidentally overheard!” Defendant said: “People would talk whether he danced with Mrs. Fuller or not, that it did not make a bit of difference,
Neither did plaintiff know of the visits of the defendant to his home except once or twice a week when defendant would see plaintiff in the evening and walk home with him and on Sundays when he would be invited there to dinner.
It seems the first plaintiff ever knew of defendant’s calling on his wife in his absence was on Friday night in June, 1905, when defendant went by the office where plaintiff was at his work and inquired if he was going to the Elks’ Lodge that evening. The plaintiff told him he was. Thereupon defendant said, “I will see you there, I have a book I want your wife to read, I will walk up with you after lodge.” To which plaintiff assented. Plaintiff attended the lodge that evening about 8:30 p. m., and not finding the defendant there, concluded to go home. Pie detailed what happened on his arrival at home as follows: “I went up to the house and found him there sitting in a chair reading out of this book aloud to her, and she was sitting on the arm of the chair, and I made the remark, ‘You keep your dates well.’ I was pretty warm under the collar. He had made the agreement to meet me at the lodge and had failed to do so. She was sitting on the arm of the chair, she had her arm around the back of his chair listening to him read aloud to her.”
On the succeeding Saturday night the plaintiff and his wife, in the presence of her mother, discussed defendant’s attentions to her, and plaintiff told her that these visits should cease, to which the mother agreed. But the plaintiff’s wife did not agree to this, but thought that defendant ought to be welcome at any time. On the next day plaintiff and his wife had walked down town after the mail and met the defendant and he proposed to them to take a ride, which plaintiff
Plaintiff’s wife never returned to him. It developed that in spite of the fact that plaintiff had •forbidden defendant to come to his house, defendant continued to communicate with her by telephone' and by personal visits. That he saw her on the day she left for Ohio; that he corresponded with her while she was gone; that he followed her to Toledo, where he spent two days with her, and while there arranged to meet her in Chicago. On the night of August 2, 1905, defendant while in Joplin received from plaintiff’s wife a telegram as follows:' “Chicago, Ills. 2, Budd M. Robinson, Joplin, Mo. Needed to close deal. Address you said. Wire to-night. Come. G-eorge.” In the deposition of the defendant taken by the plaintiff, defendant testified that he went to Chicago in response to this telegram. He knew it was from Mrs. Puller. He testified that he did not leave Joplin for Chicago until at least two days, possibly three, after he received it. On August 4th at 8:37 a. m. he wired from St. Louis: “Mrs. Alice M. Puller, Stratford Hotel, Chicago. Shall arrive on Alton at five o’clock.
The defendant did not take the witness stand in this case. He introduced the depositions of three witnesses taken by the plaintiff, which contained no testimony of any benefit to the defendant.
For the defendant on the trial four witnesses testified orally. His attorney testified that after plaintiff’s attorneys had taken the deposition of a witness, Miss Edith Smith, on written interrogatories, at Mattoon, Illinois, they abandoned the taking of depositions of some witnesses upon notice. Plaintiff did not introduce the deposition of this witness on the trial of this case, but defendant then introduced this deposition, in which Miss Smith stated that she was a second cousin of Mrs. Fuller and her feelings were not particularly friendly to the plaintiff in this-suit; that she went to Chicago in accordance with plans made by Mrs. Fuller and herself.
W. W. Petranes testified that he saw the defendant dance with his own wife two or three times at the Elks’ fair.
W. H. Frickleton stated that he associated with the defendant in organizing pipe-line companies for piping oil from Kansas, and that while he was in Chicago in July the defendant went away for a few days,. and left with him this address, “Budd Eobinson, Toledo, Ohio.” That witness was in Chicago again from August 1 to August 10, 1905, and was at the Windsor Clifton Hotel, but never saw the defendant during that time.
Mrs. Arthur Bannon, Mrs. Fuller’s mother, testified that the plaintiff and his wife quarreled over trivial things, at least the quarrels would commence over trivial things, and actually fight each other; that she could not eat or do. anything when she saw them quarreling. On cross-examination she testified that although she knew the attentions of the defendant to her daughter were such as involved her daughter’s honor and good name, she never said anything to her daughter about the matter, but confined her complaints to her son-in-law, the plaintiff. During the giving of her testimony, it .appears that she fainted in the witness chair. At this juncture, Mrs. Fuller, who was at the trial of the ease, exclaimed: “Mother, cheer up, cheer up', it is all right, we do not care. Fight to the finish, we do not care. ’ ’ .
It appears from telegrams in evidence that the defendant had Mrs. Fuller come from the State of Colorado to be present at the closing days of the trial and produced her as a witness, but the court held that ■ she was incompetent. As already said the defendant did not offer himself as a witness in the case.
The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff and assessed his damages at $15,000. On the motion for new trial the circuit court announced that if the plaintiff would enter a remittitur of five thousand dollars, the motion for new trial would be overruled, and
I. The defendant assigns as error the action of the circuit court in admitting a conversation between the plaintiff’s wife and himself in the presence of Mrs. Bannon, his wife’s mother, on the morning following the defendant’s buggy ride with the plaintiff’s wife in June, 1905. It will be noted that this conversation contained no reference to any word, act or conduct of the defendant. It was admitted for the sole purpose of showing the state of the affections of the plaintiff’s wife and her motive for taking the trip to Toledo, Ohio, at that time. The pith of this objection is that it was-a statement made in the absence of defendant and if there was any alienation it had already occurred.
As to the first contention, the rule is stated by G-reenleaf on Evidence, section 102, to be: “In actions for criminal conversation, it being material to ascertain upon what terms the husband and wife lived together before the seduction, their language and deportment towards each .other, their correspondence together and their conversations and correspondence with third persons, are original evidence.” 3 Wig-more on Evidence (1 Ed.), sec. 1730, says: “The existence of an emotion, hatred, malice, affection, fear and the like, is usually evidenced by conduct or by utterances indirectly indicating the feeling that inspires them. But a declaration directly asserting the existence of the emotion is admissible, under the present exception, like a statement of any other kind of mental condition. The uses of such statements to impeach a, witness and to prove an accused person’s malice fur
In support of his objection to this testimony, defendant cites Leavell v. Leavell, 122 Mo. App: 654. All that pertains to this point in that case is found in this sentence, in the opinion on page 657: “There was also-some evidence of statements of plaintiff’s husband made out of the presence of defendants which we consider to be harmful and reversible error. [Westlake v. Westlake, 34 Oh. St. 634.] ”
In Westlake v. Westlake, 34 Oh. St. 634, on the trial, the defendant took a bill of exceptions setting out all the evidence, from which it appears that the plaintiff, against the objection of the defendant, was permitted to prove, by several witnesses, declarations of the husband, made in the absence of the defendant, to the effect that the old man (Joseph,.the defendant) was doing all that he could to separate them (husband and wife), to which exceptions were saved, and it was ruled that this was clearly hearsay evidence and should have been rejected.
In Hardwick v. Hardwick, 106 N. W. 640, the plaintiff was allowed to testify to her husband’s state
Defendant also cites Buchanan v. Foster, 48 N. Y. Supp. 732, which was a suit by the wife against another woman for the alienation of the plaintiff’s husband’s affections. The court said: “A very large part' of the evidence as to the quarrels and bickerings of the plaintiff and her husband was entirely irrelevant and not admissible. While it is undoubtedly true that, where an act is proper to be proven as part of the res gestae, the declarations accompanying that act may be offered in evidence for the purpose of characterizing the act, even though made in the absence of the defendant, yet such declaration is no proof of the fact declared as against the defendant, independent of competent evidence for its establishment.” And in that case, there was no evidence to establish any act or conduct
Rice v. Rice, 62 N. W. 833, is also cited by defendant to show that the evidence objected to was improperly admitted in this case. There the court simply announces the general hearsay rule, that conversations between husband and wife in the absence of the defendant are not admissible, but does not pass upon the exception of the rule as to the admissibility of conversations between the husband and wife tending to show mental condition, state of feelings, or motive, because no such question was raised.
We think this evidence was clearly competent under the exception to the hearsay rule for the purpose of showing the feelings or mental condition of plaintiff’s wife and her reason and motive for going to Toledo shortly thereafter. [Edgell v. Francis, 33 N. W. (Mich.) 501; Rose v. Mitchell, 43 At. (R. I.) l. c. 68; Preston v. Bowers, 13 Ohio St. 1; Roesner v. Darrah, 70 Pac. (Has.) 597; Sexton v. Sexton, 105 N. W. (Ia.) 318; Williams v. Williams, 37 Pac. l. c. 616; Ash v. Prunier, 105 Fed. l. c. 724.]
As to the other part of the. objection that it was incompetent because the alienation had already occurred, we think it is not tenable, that the evidence tended to show that the alienation had not been consummated at that time, that plaintiff’s wife still retained affection for her husband, though as she admits in the conversation, defendant had an influence over her. This evidence tended further to show that she went away to escape the influence of the defendant, but that he persisted in following her up. He corresponded with her; followed her to Toledo, Ohio, and visited her in Chicago. On the other hand plaintiff’s wife was corresponding with him (her husband) regularly until August 12th, when she wrote him a letter, set out in full in the statement, after she had been associating with the defendant in Chicago for several
II. It is insisted that the court' erred in permitting the plaintiff to prove that he purchased a round-trip, ticket from Joplin to Toledo, Ohio, at her request. The effect of this evidence was to show that permanent separation was not contemplated at that time, either by the plaintiff or his wife. If the purchase of this round-trip ticket was not in good faith and in the usual course of business, its impeachment lies wholly in the duplicity and the secret understanding between the defendant and plaintiff’s wife. Her request for a round-trip ticket was an oral act evincing her intention to return. The testimony of the plaintiff as to the purpose for which he had consented to his wife going to Toledo accords with the presumption that she was still a loyal wife and at the'expiration of the time
In McKenzie v. Lautenschlager, 71 N. W. 489; it was said: “Plaintiff was allowed to introduce in evidence statements made by his wife, not in the presence of defendants, and letters written by her. The wife was afterwards called as a witness by the defendants, and upon objection by the plaintiff, her testimony was excluded. The defendants say this resulted in the plaintiff getting the benefit of admissions and statements made by the wife in his favor, without giving the defendants an opportunity to have the version of the wife, which would have been in their favor, and this was error; citing White v. Ross, 47 Mich. 172. We think the testimony was admissible for the purpose of showing the state of mind of the wife towards the husband. [Perry v. Lovejoy, 49 Mich. 530.]”
In Perry v. Lovejoy, supra, the court said: “At this stage of the trial the plaintiff offered the letter containing indications of the wife’s affections and it
We think there was no error in permitting the testimony that the round-trip ticket was purchased for her at her request.
III. Over the objection of the defendant, the court admitted evidence of the actions of the wife of the defendant. The substance of this evidence was that on one occasion prior to the time the plaintiff’s wife went to Toledo, the defendant was at the home of the plaintiff in the absence of the plaintiff, his horse being tied in the alley; that defendant’s wife came by and went around the block and turned into the alley where the horse was tied, and she went in the rear way of the Fuller house, and later Mrs. Robinson, the wife of the defendant, and Mrs. Fuller, the wife of the plaintiff, and the defendant, all three came out on the back porch, and when they came out on the porch, Mrs. Robinson seemed very nervous, but the defendant seemed to hold his composure, as did the plaintiff’s wife. When this evidence was offered, the objection was that it was wholly irrelevant and incompetent and did not tend to prove any issue in the case. The court overruled the objection and the defendant excepted. This occurred on the first day of the trial, and two days later, and near the close of the plaintiff’s case, counsel for the plaintiff stated to the court that he desired to withdraw the following questions and answers, to-wit: “Q. N!ow, I will ask you this question, to please describe to the jury her manner, and what her conduct was, that you observed, as she went in there? A. As I say, she was apparently very nervous. Q. Go ahead and describe her actions as she went in the house? A. As I say, she was apparently very nervous.”
Mr. Moore, of counsel for plaintiff: “Counsel do that right along. We will withdraw it. ”
Counsel for defendant: “At the time, but this has been two days past. Indeed to have the court say now. ’ ’
Johnson for plaintiff: “Frequently the court withdraws by instructions.”
The Court: “Yes, on account of being improper and incompetent testimony.”
Counsel for plaintiff: “Do you object, Mr. Spencer, to the court permitting us to withdraw the testimony?”
Mr. Spencer: “I have stated in the record my position.”
The Court: “Well, the court’s idea is, that the objection ought to be sustained. I don’t think a party, after he has put- in his testimony, can take what he wants away from the jury. ’ ’
Mr. Spencer: “That is true, and no human power can remove it.”
Mr. Timmonds: “It can be removed by instruction of the court at this time, or at the conclusion with the other instructions, or both. ’ ’
The Court: “Yes, but convince the court it is improper testimony.”
Thereupon the request to withdraw was denied by the court, as was also an instruction to the jury to disregard the question and answer. Later on in the case, the plaintiff requested the court to give the fol
In a word it appears that after this evidence had been introduced, the attorney for the plaintiff being in doubt as to its admissibility, the court was asked to withdraw it and to instruct the jury to disregard it. But the defendant objected and the court refused to do so, because he considered the evidence competent and admissible, and because the defendant objected to this withdrawal and to an instruction to disregard it. In support of this assignment of error the defendant cites the decisions of this court and of the Court of Appeals to the effect that when evidence is shown to have been incompetent and to have been erroneously admitted against the objections of a party, it constitutes reversible error, unless it appears affirmatively not to have been of prejudicial influence, and insists that this evidence was calculated to prejudice the jury against the defendant.
In Stephens v. Railroad, 96 Mo. l. c. 214, the action was for personal injuries. Plaintiff was asked whether he was a married man, and if so, how many children he had, and -over defendant’s objection, answered that he was married and had four children. The evidence as to the number of his children was conceded to be incompetent. This court said: ‘ ‘ Here it is difficult to understand what effect the evidence had,
In Meyer v. Lewis, 43 Mo. App. 420, the Court of Appeals, after an exhaustive review of the cases on this subject, reached this conclusion: “We conclude, therefore, that the general rule applicable to civil trials is, that incompetent evidence in the progress of the trial may be withdrawn by the party offering it, or stricken out on his motion, or withdrawn by an instruction admonishing the jury to disregard it so as to cure the error of admitting it. But we are equally of opinion that cases may arise where it will be apparent to a reviewing court, from the nature of the evidence thus admitted, from the other evidence in the case as preserved in the bill of exceptions, and from the verdict rendered by the jury, that the error of admitting it was probably not cured by the withdrawing of it, or the striking of it out, whether by the party offering it, or by the judge in directing the jury to disregard it. Such, in our judgment, is the case before us. The question whether the proximate cause of the injury was the negligence of the defendant’s driver or the
In Anderson v. Union Terminal Railway Co., 161 Mo. 419, the ordinance prohibiting the baching of trains without a watchman, requiring the ringing of a bell and limiting the rate of speed, was read to the jury without any averment in the petition of acceptance of said ordinance by the defendant. This court said: “The admission of the ordinances under the rulings of this court in the above cases, was undoubtedly .erroneous. But as the objectionable evidence had been eliminated from the case, by instruction, the error in its admission was cured. It is well settled in this State, that where erroneous evidence has been admitted .during the trial, the error in its admission may be cured, by afterwards withdrawing the objectionable evidence from the jury.”
While there are many other cases in this court, the foregoing excerpts sufficiently indicate the line of decision in this State, and the question now is whether the admission of this testimony constitutes reversible error. We do not think it does for the reason, in the first place, that the objection to it at the time it was offered was insufficient. It has been so often held that an objection merely, that the evidence is incompetent and irrelevant, amounts to no objection whatever in law, that it is unnecessary to cite cases to that effect. But if it be conceded that the admission of this testimony was technically erroneous, the plaintiff’s offer to withdraw it and his request to the court to instruct the jury to disregard it, would in our opinion have cured the error. We say this because when the other evidence in the case as preserved in the bill of exceptions is considered, it is perfectly apparent to us that the jury would have found the same verdict had this evidence not been admitted. By section 865, Revised Statutes 1899,. this court is forbidden to reverse the judgment of any court unless it shall believe that error
IY. There was no error in admitting testimony that at a certain time defendant’s wife ceased visiting at the plaintiff’s house. This evidence was of the same character as that discussed in the last paragraph.
In Modisett v. McPike, 71 Mo. 636, the action was for the alienation of the wife’s affections. Evidence was tendered to the effect that the defendant’s conduct with the plaintiff’s wife was the cause of trouble with his own wife, and the circuit court over the objection of the plaintiff excluded' it, and this court held it was error, saying: “As a general proposition, in ordinary cases, the testimony must be confined to the issues made by the pleadings, and cannot be allowed to extend to other issues entirely collateral. But where, as in this case, it becomes material to know whether the conduct of defendant has been actuated by good or selfish and improper motives, a wider range is frequently permissible. In such cases, any fact or circumstance calculated to throw light upon the character and nature of the motives of the defendant, in his conduct in the premises, we think may fairly be looked into and considered. [2 G-reenleaf on Ev., secs. 11, 12.] For that purpose we think the question and proposed evidence offered might well have been permitted and allowed. ’ ’
Y. Defendant insists that the verdict was so clearly excessive as to call for a reversal of the judgment. Defendant insists there was no basis for punitive damages and the petition counted on compensatory damages alone.' It is urged that this is the largest verdict for an offense of this kind reported in our decisions.
The rule on this subject was stated in Minter v. Bradstreet Company, 174 Mo. l. c. 504, as follows: “The reason for holding parties so tenaciously to the damages found by the jury in personal torts is, that in cases of this class there is no scale by which the damages are to be graduated with certainty. ' They admit of no other test than the intelligence of a jury governed by a sense of justice. ... To the jury, therefore, as a favorite and almost sacred tribunal, is committed, by unanimous consent, the exclusive task of examining the facts and circumstances, and valuing the injury and awarding compensation in damages. The law that confers on them this power and exacts
In Speck v. Gray, 45 Pac. 143, an action was brought for the alienation of the wife’s affections, for dishonor and disgrace suffered by the respondent by reason of such alienation and the. ruination of' his home, and the damages asked were $25,000. The jury rendered a verdict for plaintiff for $15,000, and the defendant contended that the verdict showed passion and prejudice. In the course of its opinion, the court said: “Prom the very nature of this kind of a case, if the injury is to be compensated in money at all, it must be seen that there is no basis upon which an appellate court can determine reasonably whether the jury acted under the control of passion or prejudice; and, if they could in any case, it is not discernible in this case. The testimony shows that the respondent and his wife were respectable people, that she was intrusted with the care and education of the children in that community, and received good wages as a school teacher. The respondent was a lawyer, and, at least, commanded the respect of the people of the country in which he lived sufficiently to be elected to the office of prosecuting attorney. The testimony shows, and is not disputed, that the relations existing between the husband and wife prior to the advent of the appellant were not only cordial and friendly, but very affection,ate. Outside of the amount of money which would necessarily be involved in the breaking up of a home, there are questions which are so largely and purely sentimental, submitted, too, peculiarly to the discretion of the jury which tries the case, that, unless the amount found as damages should be clearly shown to
So in this case, we have for respondent a young business man, honest, intelligent, capable, industrious, as is attested by his long service in the'employment of a large concern, married to a young and attractive wife, with whom he had lived happily for ten years. While the court excluded the evidence offered by the plaintiff to show that the defendant was a man of wealth, worth from one hundred to two hundred thousand dollars, there was still evidence in the record tending to show that he was a man of large means, and while the plaintiff was at work from early morning until late at night, supporting his wife m comfort and gentility, the defendant was using his leisure in visiting at the plaintiff’s house and paying his attentions to the plaintiff’s wife. And this conduct resulted in robbing the plaintiff of her love, society and comfort. Under such circumstances this court is not called upon, nor authorized to assess the value of plaintiff’s wife, but that duty, under our Constitution and laws, was committed to the jury. It was for the jury to estimate the wrong upon plaintiff’s character and condition and upon his future life, and in our opinion there is nothing in the verdict which would authorize us to set it aside as excessive.
YI. The defendant requested and the court refused the following instructions:
“If you believe from the evidence that the plaintiff encouraged, consented to, or connived at the association of his wife with defendant, and that because of such association, and without the defendant so intending, such association caused plaintiff’s wife to lose her affection, if any she had, for plaintiff, then your verdict will -be for the defendant.”
“If you shall believe from the evidence that plain*55 tiff encouraged his wife in her attentions to the defendant or connived thereat, and that by reason of her attentions towards the defendant she became estranged from plaintiff without any wrongful influence on the part of the defendant, then your verdict must be for defendant.”
On this point the court gave the following instruction:
“Yet, if you shall further believe from the evidence that plaintiff permitted or connived at, or consented to or encourag’ed such attentions and conduct from the defendant to his wife or from his wife to the defendant, then your verdict must be for the defendant, notwithstanding' you may believe from the evidence that such attentions and conduct finally resulted in alienating the affections of the plaintiff’s wife from him and in her separation from him.
“Fifth: That if she had any affection for plaintiff and the same was alienated by the conduct and actions of plaintiff himself towards her, or by his neglect of her, or from any cause whatever, other than the attentions, conduct or influence of defendant, with the wrongful and willful purpose and intent of alienating her affections from her husband, or inducing her to separate or remain away from him, then your verdict will be for the defendant.”
As to the proposition advanced by the defendant that he must have intentionally brought about the alienation, the instructions given in his behalf fully submitted that phase of the case to the jury. Indeed the instructions were as favorable, if not more so, than the defendant had a right to ask of the court. It would unnecessarily extend the length of this opinion to copy them at length. There was no error in refusing the instructions complained of as they were fully covered by others in the case.
VII. It is insisted that the closing argument of plaintiff’s counsel was bitter and full of error and
VIII. There was no error in permitting the plaintiff to show that the plaintiff and: the defendant were members of the same fraternal order. Moreover, the objection to it was merely that it was irrelevant and immaterial and amounted to no objection at all. The same testimony had been admitted previously without any objection on the part of the defendant, and had been testified to by the defendant in a deposition which he had signed and which was admitted also without objection.
IX. Defendant predicates error on the action of the court in permitting plaintiff to identify certain photographs of signatures as those of the defendant and plaintiff’s wife. As to this evidence the plaintiff showed first that it was not within his power to produce the original hotel register. He then introduced
The Supreme Court of New Jersey has said, “As evidence, photographs have been held as admissible upon the question of identity and comparison of handwriting, and as secondary evidence when the primary and better evidence could not be obtained. „ It may be generally regarded as a rule that they are never admitted but as secondary evidence.” [Goldsboro v. Railroad, 60 N. J. L. l. c. 51.] Where an instrument in writing is neither within the jurisdiction of the court nor within the control of either of the parties to the suit, secondary evidence of its contents is admissible. In. our opinion, the photograph of the register with
X. There are several other assignments, hut they are of a trivial character and do not in the least affect the merits of the case, and it is sufficient for us to say that we have examined each and every one of them and in our opinion they afford no ground whatever for the reversal of this cause.
After a careful examination of the whole record and all the exceptions pressed on our attention by the defendant, we are of the opinion that no reversible error was committed in the trial of the cause and'the judgment should be and is affirmed.