(after stating the facts.) 1. This hill makes no charge of fraud against either of the defendants. The wrong of which it complains is alleged to have been perpetrated byPressley, their uncle, and Whitley, his grantee. The first died as early as 1887, if not before that time, as appears from the bill. Whether or not Whitley was living when this suit was brought is" not stated. If the facts pleaded make a case of equitable cognizance, it would seem that Pressley’s legal representatives, and Whitley, if living, should be made parties, as it is tbeir fraudulent conduct which is to he investigated. Gaylords v. Kelshaw, 1 Wall. 81; Lewis v. Cocks, 23 Wall. 471; Judson v. Courier Co., 25 Fed. 708.
2. The value of the property in controversy is nowhere alleged in the hill. By section 1 of the act of March 3, 1887, defining the. jurisdiction of the courts of the United States, it is provided that “the circuit courts of the United States shall have original jurisdiction concurrent with the courts of the several states of all suits of a civil nature at'common law or in equity where the matter in dispute exceeds, exclusive of interest and costs, the sum or value of two thousand dollars * i:' * in which there shall be a controversy between citizens of different states.” The record must show affirmatively that the jurisdictional value is involved, (Parker v. Latey, 12 Wall. 390; Hunt v. Blackburn, 127 U. S. 774, 8 Sup. Ct. 1395;) but, as this omission is apparently remediable ii^ fact, we shall require that the necessary showing on that point be made and filed, and shall dispose of the case as if the record contained the proper allegation of value.
3. In the interpretation of this bill it is scarcely necessary to invoke the rule that the construction of a pleading shall be adopted which is most unfavorable to the party pleading, since -every person, it must be assumed, states his case as favorably to himself as possible. From the averment, that “the lots were vacant and unoccupied” at the time of Fuller and Pressley’s purchase, “and so remained until after the death of the said Simeon Fuller,” it is a fair and natural inference that since Puller’s death these lands have been in possession of Whitley and his grantees and their successors. This inference is confirmed by tbe fact that complainants do not
When the fads are undisputed, their effect is a question of law. The supreme court of Tennessee, whose decision as a rule of real property is binding upon us in this case, in Weisinger v. Murphy, 2 Head, 174, held that, “if one tenant in common assumes to convey the entire land, his deed will be a color of title, and possession under it for seven years will be adverse to the right and title of the cotenants, and bar their ad,ion to the land conveyed. It is an actual ouster and disseisin of the cotenant, which he is bound to notice; and, in order to create this adverse relation, no formal ;<>r other notice from the vendee is necessary.” Cited and approved in Burns v. Headerick, 85 Tenn. 102, 2 S. W. 259. The fad, therefore', that complainants have never been notified of any repudiation or adverse claim or bolding is manifestly immaterial, while from ¡the facts pleaded, the legal conclusión is inevitable that the complainants have been ousted and disseised of the property. The denials that “there has ever been any legal or valid adverse possession whatever to be charged against them, [the complainants,] or any effective repudiation of their holding in tenancy in common, even till this day,” are also plainly the statements of conclusions, and not of facts, and are repelled by the facts pleaded. Adverse' possession is, where' there is no e*e>nilie;fc of facts, a legal question, (Bradstreet v. Huntington, 5 Pet. 438;) and a fortiori the denial that “h'gal or valid adverse, possession can be charged against” a litigant is, though verified by his oath, merely the pleader's estimate etf Hit' force of the facts on which it is asserted. The alleged want etf “effective repudiation” of complainants’ holding in tenancy in common has no greater force, and is also open to the inference that there has been a repudiation in fact of the existence of such tenancy. The protestation that complainants have not, been guilty of laches or slept upon their rights is in the same category with the allegations just discussed. The pleading must state facts from wliich the court can infer diligence. A demurrer admits only those matters of fact which are well pleaded. Mere averments of legal conclusions are not admitted by it, unless the facts and circumstances set forth are sufficient to sustain the allegation. Dillon v. Barnard, 21 Wall. 430; Gould v. Railroad Co., 91 U. S. 536.
The federal system of chancery practice follows that of the high court of chancery of England, and “does not deal with or decide questions of controverted title. Its purpose is to make a division among the parties before the court of real estate in which they had interests or estates that were in controversy as among themselves.” Gay v. Parpart, 106 U. S. 689, 1 Sup. Ct. 456; McCall v. Carpenter, 18 How. 302; Rich v. Bray, 37 Fed. 273. This doctrine is in accordance with the great weight of American authorities, where the title is legal, and no ground of equitable jurisdiction appears beyond that of granting partition. Wilkin v. Wilkin, 1 Johns. Ch. 111; Phelps v. Green, 3 Johns. Ch. 302; Coxe v. Smith, 4 Johns. Ch. 271; Clapp v. Bromagham, 9 Cow. 530; Brownell v. Brownell, 19 Wend. 367; Brock v. Eastman, 28 Vt. 658; Thomas v. Garvan, 4 Dev. 223; Walker v. Laflin, 26 Ill. 472; Whitten v. Whitten, 36 N. H. 326; Hoffman v. Beard, 22 Mich. 59; Lambert v. Blumenthal, 26 Mo. 171; Fenton v. Steere, 76 Mich. 405, 43 N. W. 437; Stuart v. Coalter, 4 Rand. (Va.) 74; Martin v. Smith, 1 Harp. 106; Warfield v. Gambrill, 1 Gill. & J. 503; Stevens v. Enders, 13 N. J. Law, 271; Maxwell v. Maxwell, 8 Ired. Eq. 25; Garrett v. White, 3 Ired. Eq. 131; Shearer v. Winston, 33 Miss. 149; Foust v. Moorman, 2 Cart. (Ind.) 17.
The statutes of. Tennessee and the decisions of the supreme court of that state are explicit to the same point. By section 3993 of the Code of Tennessee (chapter 2, Of Real Actions) it is provided that “any person having an estate of inheritance, or for life, or for years, in lands and holding and being in possession thereof as tenant in
“A bill for partition Is not a bill to settle title, but a bill to divide that which belongs to tenants in common or joint tenants, among them in severalty; and, if the title be disputed, partition will not be made until the dispute is settled in an appropriate form of action. A bill of partition is not this.”
See, also, Whillock v. Hale, 10 Humph. 65. In Groves v. Groves, 3 Sneed, 189, 190, the complainants filed a bill for partition. “The defendants,” say the court, “claim title to the whole as vendees of the common ancestor, and by virtue of long adverse possession, (17 years.) How far their possession would avail them under the statutes of limitations or raise a presumption of deeds are questions that would properly come up in a court of law in an action of ejectment. The complainants must establish their rights as tenants in common before they can ask partition. This proceeding is not intended to try titles and dispose of questions proper for an action of ejectment, and thus usurp the jurisdiction of a court of law. * * * Whatever right the complainants have must be established in a court of law, and then, if successful, they will be tenants in common and have a right to partition.”
It is clear, therefore, that neither under the equitable jurisdiction vested in the federal courts, nor under the statutes of Tennessee nor yet according to the decisions of its court of last resort, have the conrplainants any staifding in a court of equity for a partition. Their hill is purely an ejectment bill, and, unless the defendants are connected with the fraud charged, we may properly apply to it the language of Chief Justice Marshall in Smith v. McIvor, 9 Wheat. 534:
“The facts alleged are all examinable at law, and a court of law is as capable of deciding on them as a court of equity. In such a case the existence of some fact which disables the party having the law In his favor from bringing his case fairly and fully before a court of law has been generally supposed to be indispensable to a court of equity. Some defect of testimony, some disability which a court of law cannot remove, is usually alleged as a motion for coming into a court of equity. But in the case at bar the case alleges nothing which can prevent a coirrt of law from exercising its full judgment. No defect of testimony is alleged; no discovery -is required; no appeal is made to the conscience of the defendant. Facts are alleged which have precisely the same operation in a court of law as in a court of equity, and the bill does not even insinuate that they cannot be proved at law.”
See, also, Whitehead v. Shattuck, 138 U. S. 146, 11 Sup. Ct. 276.
“Equity may be invoked to aid in the completion of a just but imperfect legal title, or to prevent tlie successful assertion of an unconseientious and incomplete legal advantage, but to abrogate or assail a perfect and independent legal right it can have no pretension. In all such cases equity must follow, or, in other words,'be subordinated to, the law.”
Great stress is laid by complainants on the registration of the commissioners’ deed to Puller and Pressley, as depriving defendants of the character of innocent grantees, and tainting their possession with mala fides. To use the language of appellants’ brief, the charge is that defendants “participate in the fraud by accepting the benefits of it to the exclusion of complainants as accessories after the fact.” This is specious, perhaps, but unsound. It is the only imputation made against the good faith of the defendants, and requires us to determine the sufficiency of the facts to establish fraud on the part of the defendants. Its infirmity is that it is not justified by the parts of the bill descriptive of Pressley’s fraudulent conveyance, nor does the purchaser of a once imperfect title, whose defects time has apparently healed, become by such purchase alone in any sense a fraudulent grantee. Indeed, the bill itself, in its effort to exculpate complainants from the charge of laches in bringing suit, states that “he [Pressley] so executed the deed to Whitley as to include apparently the interest of the said Simeon Puller therein, and as to purport to convey the entire title, without, however, naming or even referring to the said Simeon Puller’s interest.” If this tends to excuse complainants’ professed ignorance and delay, it equally avails to shield defendants from the charge of buying with knowledge a clouded title. But, if defendants had actual or constructive notice that Puller was once tenant in common of the lands with Pressley, that knowledge' did not legally or equitably preclude them from buying the property, when, by the law of Tennessee, time and adverse possession had not only barred his right of entry and action, but extinguished his title, and transferred it to defendants’
Although the statutes of Tennessee make the record of a deed “notice to the world” of the rights of the grantee, such record does not operate to nullify the statute of limitations (section 3459 of the Code of Tennessee,) vesting a claimant who has held seven years’ adverse possession of lands, under a conveyance purporting to pass the fee, “with a good and indefeasible title in fee.” When that time has ran against the disseised party, the efficacy of the record of his deed as notice expires with his title, and such adverse occupant is vested with a new estate, which others may rightfully purchase. So firmly is he intrenched that in York v. Bright, 4 Humph. 312, where a bill in equity filed to restrain an action of ejectment charged that complainant was the equitable owner of the land in controversy, and that defendant fraudulently procured a deed to be made to himself by the holder of the legal title, and the proof showed that defendant had been in possession of the land for 20 years, claiming it as his own by an unregistered deed, the court held:
“The statute of limitations is already a bar to the suit. The fact that the defendant procured the deed by fraud, if it were so, and fraudulently obtained possession, would make no difference. The statute makes no exception of fraud, and will run in favor of a possession and title obtained by fraud.”
And so is Jackson v. Hodges, 2 Tenn. Ch. 285.
To sustain the charge of fraud against defendants, the facts must place them in such relation to the complainants or the lands as to malee their holding in contravention of some equity subsisting between them and the complainants. The derivation of their title remotely from Pressley and Whitley is not of itself, under the circumstances of this case, sufficient to asperse their good faith or divest their legal rights. Ringo v. Binns, 10 Pet. 269, 281.
Yor does the concealment of Pressley’s fraud by withholding this deed from registration seven years, and the infancy of complainants at the time of its commission, aid their case. We are not cited to any provisions of the Code of Tennessee prescribing the time within which suit must be commenced when the cause of action has been fraudulently concealed, and we may assume that the general doctrine obtains in that state that, where the party defrauded remains ignorant of it without any fault or want of diligence or care on his part, the bar of the statute does not begin to run until the fraud is discovered. The utmost effect of the concealment of the deed was to preserve the cause of action for such reasonable time after its registration as would enable complainants to ascertain the facts and institute suit for redress. There is no arbitrary period applicable to all cases within which the defendant party must take action. The facts in each case must measure the diligence and activity which equity makes the condition of its aid. This test is also fatal to complainants’ case. Conceding that the disability of infancy condoned their inaction during their minority, and assuming that they were also entitled to the additional period of three
In the consideration of the questions presented by appellants we have necessarily reviewed the facts, and while our decree might be rested on the ground that complainants have mistaken their remedy, in justice to defendants, who are entitled to have this stale claim forever quieted, we also hold that there is no equity in the case made by the bill, and affirm, with costs, the decree of the circuit court dismissing it.
Decree affirmed.
TAFT, Circuit Judge, and SEVERENS, District Judge, agree with the foregoing opinion in so far as it is based on the ground of laches.