60 F.2d 613 | D. Wyo. | 1932
This is a suit in which the plaintiff seeks to have declared invalid and unconstitutional a municipal ordinance of the defendant and to restrain the enforcement of said ordinance against plaintiff.
The suit as originally filed challenged tho constitutionality of an ordinance adopted by the defendant municipality, but in its answer the defendant set up that said ordinance had been revoked and another passed, tho terms of which were therein set forth. The plaintiff thereupon, by permission of the court, filed a, reply which in substance challenged the new ordinance as being like its predecessor in violation of the constitutional rights of tho plaintiff and seeking to have its enforcement restrained. The case then went to final hearing upon the issues thus joined. It has been submitted upon an agreed statement of facts, which in substance are as follows: That the suit is ono properly invoking the jurisdiction of the court; that the plaintiff is engaged in the sale and distribution of merchandise to the public over the United Hiatos, having a principal place of business at Hartford, Conn.; that in carrying on its business the plaintiff has representatives, solicitors, and agents in the various states to lake orders for such merchandise which a,re forwarded to the home office or to distributing stations outside the state of Wyoming to be accepted and filled, and, when so accepted, the merchandise is shipped in interstate commerce to the person ordering the same; that the ag-ents, solicitors, and representatives of the plaintiff, against the wishes of the occupants of some of the dwellings, go uninvited and upon private premises, the same being homes and residences of people living in the town of Green River where such agents solicit orders from the occupants of said private residences for the sale of the merchandise of the plaintiff; the same being contrary to the express provisions of the ordinance here challenged.
The ordinance in question, so far as it is material here, reads as follows:
“Section 3. The practice of going in and upon private residences in the Town of Green River, Wyoming, by solicitor's, peddlers, hawkers, itinerant merchants and transient vendors of merchandise, not having been requested or invited so to do by the owner or owners, occupant or occupants of said private residences, for the purpose of soliciting orders for the sale of goods, wares and merchandise, and/or for the purpose of disposing of and/ or peddling or hawking the same, is hereby declared to he a nuisance, and punishable as such nuisance as a misdemeanor.
“Section 2. The Town Marshall and Police Force of the Town of Green River are hereby required and directed to suppress the same, and to abate any such nuisance as is described in the first section of this ordinance.
“Section 3. Any person convicted of perpetrating a nuisance, as described and prohibited in the first section of this ordinance, upon conviction thereof shall bo fined in a sum not less than Twenty-five (25.00) Dollars or more than One Hundred Dollars ($300.00), together with costs of proceedings, which said fine may be satisfied, if not
It is further stipulated that the pertinent laws covering grants and powers delegated by the Legislature. of the state of Wyoming to municipalities such as the defendant are found in the following provisions of the Wyoming Revised Statutes, 1931:
See. 22-142.7, subd. 29. “To make and establish such by-laws, ordinances, rules and regulations, not repugnant -to the laws of the state, as may be necessary to carry into effect the provisions of this article, and to repeal, alter and amend the same as they shall seem to require; and to enforce all such bylaws, ordinances, rules and regulations, by inflicting penalties for the violation thereof, not exceeding one hundred dollars for any one offense, recoverable with costs, together with judgment of imprisonment, until the amount of said judgment and costs shall be paid.”
Section 22-1427, subd. 6. “To declare what shall constitute a nuisance, and to prevent, abate and remove the same, and to take such measures for the preservation of the public health as they deem necessary, and to provide the town with water.”
Section 32-712. “Nothing in §§ 32-700 to 32-711 shall he so construed as to prevent any city, town or village, incorporated under the laws of this state, or the proper corporate authority thereof, from passing or enforcing any ordinance, by-law, regulation or rule, regulating, restraining, or prohibiting nuisances of any kind or character, or from enforcing any ordinance, by-law, rule or regulation thereujDon, already passed and in force.”
It is further agreed that the merchandise 'which plaintiff sells, as aforesaid, consists of clothes, tooth, hair, manicure, massage, hat, furniture, cleaning, and other kinds of brushes; and also brooms, floor, wall, and furniture dusters, furniture polish, floor mops, window cleaners, and other household articles ; that, when a representative of the plaintiff goes to a residence to solicit orders for merchandise, he approaches the same in a quiet and orderly manner, rings the doorbell or knocks on the door to attract the attention of tl"' occupant of the house; that, when the occupant appears, the representative hands him a card stating substantially that he will call at some future time to redeem the card, and presents the person with a gift item, with the compliments of the plaintiff, and sometimes the representative makes an appointment to call at a definite time for an interview; when no one answers the knock or ring of the doorbell, the representative frequently leaves' a card underneath the door or in some place where it will be readily seen, and subsequently the representative again calls at the house and presents the occupant with a gift item with the compliments of the plain- ' tiff, explains the use of the article, and, with the permission of the occupant, exhibits and demonstrates by samples the products manufactured by plaintiff and endeavors to secure orders for delivery at a future date; when orders are given, they are entered upon an order sheet and a copy left with the customer, which orders are forwarded to the plaintiff a.t its home office or one of its branch offices for acceptance and filling; when orders are accepted, the merchandise is shipped by the plaintiff from outside the state of Wyoming to be delivered to the customer, and is, when received, delivered to such customer in a quiet and orderly manner by a representative of the plaintiff and the purchase price collected and remitted to the plaintiff. The defendant, by its answer, admits that it will arrest any person or persons who willfully and intentionally violate the provisions of the ordinance therein set forth.
Nothing appears in the agreed statement of facts as to the ground or reason for the passage of the ordinance in question, and it must therefore he considered upon the basis of whether or not upon its face it exceeds constitutional limitations.
The challenge to the validity of the ordinance is that it offends against the commerce, due process, and equal protection clauses of the Federal Constitution. Extended argument, orally and by brief, has been offered by counsel for the plaintiff along the line that the ordinance is in violation of the commerce clause, but, as it seems to me, such objection is not pertinent to the circumstances in this case, nor do the eases eited seem to support the theory of counsel along this line. It has been repeatedly held in connection with licensing or taxing laws or ordinances, as applied to nonresidents, that they violate the commerce clause in burdening interstate commerce; but neither of such elements appear in the ordinance here under consideration. Here the question appears to be one solely of whether the defendant has exceeded the authority purported to be vested in it by legislative enactment in invoking the police power by declaring certain transactions to be a nuisance.
A glance at the authorities seem to lead
“It must therefore he treated, for the purposes of our jurisdiction, as an act of legislation proceeding from the lawmaking power of the state; for a municipal ordinance passed under authority delegated by the legislature is a state law within the meaning of the Federal Constitution; and any enactment, from whatever" source originating, to which a state gives the force ol law, is a statute of the stair: within the meaning of Judicial Code, § 237 [28 USCA § 341], which confers jurisdiction upon this court. Atlantic Coast line [R. Co.] v. Goldsboro, 232 U. S. 548, 555, 34 S. Ct. 364, 58 L. Ed. 721, 725, and eases cited. * * *
“While such regulations are subject to .judicial scrutiny upon fundamental grounds, yet a considerable latitude of discretion must be accorded to the lawmaking power; and so long as the regulation in question is not shown to be clearly unreasonable and arbitrary, and operates uniformly upon all persons similarly situated in the particular district, the district itself not appealing to have boon arbitrarily selected, it cannot be judicially declared that there is a deprivation of property without duo process of law, or a denial of the equal protection of the laws, within the moaning of the 14th Amendment. Slaughter-House Cases, 16 Wall. 36, 62, 21 L. Ed. 394, 404; Northwestern Fertilizing Co. v. Hyde Park, 97 U. S. 659, 667, 24 L. Ed. 1036, 1038; Barbier v. Connolly, 113 U. S. 27, 30, 5 S. Ct. 357, 28 L. Ed. 923, 924; Soon Hing v. Crowley, 113 U. S. 703, 708, 5 S. Ct. 730, 28 L. Ed. 1145, 1146; Lawton v. Steele, 152 U. S. 133, 136, 14 S. Ct. 499, 38 L. Ed. 385, 388; Gundling v. Chicago, 177 U. S. 183, 188, 20 S. Ct. 633, 44 L. Ed. 725, 728; Williams v. Arkansas, 217 U. S. 79, 87, 30 S. Ct. 493, 54 L. Ed. 673, 676, 18 Ann. Cas. 865; Cronin v. People, 82 N. Y. 318, 321, 37 Am. Rep. 564; In re Wilson, 32 Minn. 145, 148, 19 N. W. 723; City of St. Louis v. Russell, 116 Mo. 248, 253, 22 S. W. 470, 20 L. R. A. 721.”
Again, in Standard Oil Co. v. City of Marysville, 279 U. S. 582, at page 584, 49 S. Ct. 430; 73 L. Ed. 856, Mr. Justice Stone, m speaking for the court, says: “Wo need not labor the point, long settled, that, where legislative action is within the scope of tho police power, fairly debatable questions as to its reasonableness, wisdom, and propriety are not for the determination of courts, hut for that of the legislative body on which rests the duty and responsibility of decision. Zahn v. Board of Public Works, 274 U. S. 325, 328, 47 S. Ct. 594, 71 L. Ed. 1074; Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U. S. 394, 408-412, 413, 414, 36 S. Ct. 143, 60 L. Ed. 348. Ann. Cas. 1917B, 927; Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U. S. 365, 388, 47 S. Ct. 114, 71 L. Ed. 303, 54 A. L. R. 1026; Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U. S. 11, 30, 25 S. Ct. 358, 49 L. Ed. 643; 3 Ann. Cas. 765; Laurel Hill Cemetery v. San Francisco, 216 U. S. 358, 365, 30 S. Ct. 301, 54 L. Ed. 515; Cusack Co. v. City of Chicago, 242 U. S. 526, 530, 37 S. Ct. 190, 61 L. Ed. 472; L. R. A. 1918A, 136, Ann. Cas. 1917C, 594; Price v. Illinois, 238 U. S. 446, 451, 35 S. Ct. 892, 59 L. Ed. 1400.”
As to the general scope of the police power and the legislative duty in relation thereto, the doctrine is lucidly set forth in the case of Lawton v. Steele, 152 U. S. 133, at page 136, 14 S. Ct. 499, 500, 38 L. Ed. 385, in the following language: “Tho extent and limits of what is known as the 'police power’ have been a fruitful subject of discussion in the appellate courts of nearly every state in the Union. It is universally conceded to include everything essentia] to the public safety, health, and morals, and to’ justify the destruction or abatement, by summary proceedings, of whatever may he regarded as a public nuisance. Under this power it has been held that the state may order the destruction of a house falling to decay, or otherwise endangering tho lives of passers-by; the demolition of such as are in the path of a conflagration; tho slaughter of diseased cattle; the destruction of decayed or unwholesome food; tho prohibition of wooden buildings in cities; tho regulation of railways and other means of public conveyance, and of interments in burial grounds; the restriction of objectionable trades to certain localities; the compulsory vaccination of children; the confinement of the insane or those afflicted with contagious diseases; the restraint of vagrants, beggars, and habitual drunkards; the suppression of obscene publications a,nd houses of ill fame; and the prohibition of gambling houses and places where intoxicating* liquors are sold. Beyond this, however, the state may interfere wherever the public interests demand it, and in this particular a large discretion is necessarily vested in the legislature to determine, not only what the interests of the public require, but what measures are necessary for the protection of such interests. Barbier v. Connolly, 113 U.
As to the limitations upon the police power in the light of the Fourteenth Amendment, Mr. Justice McReynolds in Meyer v. State of Nebraska, 262 U. S. 390, at page 399; 43 S. Ct. 625, 626, 67 L. Ed. 1042, 29 A. L. R. 1446, uses the following language:
“The problem for our determination is whether the statute as construed and applied unreasonably infringes the liberty guaranteed to the plaintiff in error by the Fourteenth Amendment: ‘No State * * * shall deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law.’
“While this court has not attempted to define with exactness the liberty thus guaranteed, the term has received much consideration and some of the included things have beeni definitely stated. Without doubt, it denotes not merely freedom from bodily restraint but also the right of the individual to contract, to engage in any of the common occupations of life, to acquire useful knowledge, to marry, establish, a home and bring up children, to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, and generally to enjoy those privileges long recognized at common law as essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men.”
In Liggett Co. v. Baldridge, 278 U. S. 105, at pages 111 and 112, 49 S. Ct. 57, 58, 73 L. Ed. 204, the decision of the court is expressed by Mr. Justice Sutherland in the following language:
“That appellant’s business is a property right (Duplex [Printing Press] Co. v. Deering, 254 U. S. 443, 465, 41 S. Ct. 172, 65 L. Ed. 349, 16 A. L. R. 196; Truax v. Corrigan, 257 U. S. 312, 327, 42 S. Ct. 124, 66 L. Ed. 254, 27 A. L. R. 375), and as such entitled to protection against state legislation in contravention of the federal Constitution, is, of course, clear. That a corporation is a ‘person’ within the meaning of the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, and that a foreign cor-poi'ation permitted to do business in a state may not be subjected to state statutes in conflict with the federal Constitution, is equally well settled. Kentucky Co. v. Paramount [Auto] Exch., 262 U. S. 544-550, 43 S. Ct. 636, 67 L. Ed. 1112; Power Mfg. Co. v. Saunders, 274 U. S. 490, 493, 496, 497, 47 S. Ct. 678, 71 L. Ed. 1165; Frost Trucking Co. v. R. R. Commission, 271 U. S. 583, 594 et seq., 46 S. Ct. 605, 70 L. Ed. 1101, 47 A. L. R. 457. And, unless justified as a valid exercise of the police power, the act assailed must be declared unconstitutional because the enforcement thereof will deprive appellant of its property without due process of law.
“The act is sought to be sustained specifically upon the ground that it is reasonably calculated to promote the public health; and the determination we are called upon to make is whether the act has a real and substantial relation to that end or is a clear and arbitrary invasion of appellant’s property rights guaranteed by the Constitution. See Adair v. United States, 208 U. S. 161, 173, 174, 28 S. Ct. 277, 52 L. Ed. 436, 13 Ann. Cas. 764; Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S. 623, 661, 8 S. Ct. 273, 31 L. Ed. 205. The police power may be exerted in the form of state legislation where otherwise the effect may be to invade rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment only when such legislation bears a real and substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals, or some other phase of the general welfare.”
The foregoing eases are not analogous in point of facts to the ease under consideration, and in truth counsel have been unable to submit any eases which bear a near resemblance to the case at bar. The ordinance must therefore be largely analyzed and considered in the light of general principles which have been laid down in the texts and judicial decisions.
The gist of the controversy here appears to me to be that the ordinance declares certain defined things to be a nuisance, involving the legal point as to whether this is a valid exercise of the police power. It must be admitted that the things in the ordinance declared to be a nuisance have not been so regarded in the ordinary experience of the human race. May we inquire, what is a nuisance? In Kilts v. Board of Supervisors, 162 Mich. 646, 127 N. W. 821, at page
In Everett v. Paschal], 61 Wash. 47, 111 P. 879, at page 881, 31 L. R. A. (N. S.) 827, Ann. Cas. 1912B, 1128, the opinion of the court upon this subject, is expressed in the following language: “Nuisance is a question of degree, depending upon varying eircumstances. There must bo more than a tendency to injury. There must be something approciable. The cases generally say, ‘tangible, actual, measurable, or subsisting." But in all cases, in determining whether the injury charged eomes within these general terms, resort should bo had to sound common sense, Bach case must be judged by itself. Joyce on Nuisances, 19. Regal'd should be had for the notions of comfort and convenience entertained by persons generally of ordinary tastes and susceptibilities. Columbus Gaslight & Coke Co. v. Freeland, 12 Ohio St. 392; Barnes v. Hathorn, 54 Me. 124. The nuisance and discomfort must affect the ordinary comfort of human existence as understood by the American people in ISieir present 011 'Nuisances, § 26. The theories and dogmas of scientific men, though provable by scientific reference, cannot be held to be containing unless shared by .ho people generally.
In regard to the limitations of tho state in the matter of declaring nuisances, in Stockwell v. State, 110 Tex. 550, 221 S. W. 932, 934, 12 A. L. R. 1116, the court says:
“The State, in the exercise of its public power, may denominate certain things to he public nuisances, and because of tlieir bav-ing that character provide for their summary abatement. This power is limited to dedar-ing only those things to be such nuisances which are so in fact, since even the State may not denounce that as a nuisance which is not in fact. Tiedeman’s Limitations of Police Power, Section 122a. The police power is subordinate to the Constitution, as is every other power of the government, Where the Legislature has found and do-lined, as expressed in its statute, a certain thing to be a public nuisance, only in clear cases would courts be warranted in going behind its findings and determining the eon-trary. But whether something not defined as a public nuisance by the statute is such under its general terms, is undoubtedly a ju-iliéial question.”
In First Avenue Coal & Lumber Co. v. Johnston, 171 Ala. 470, 54 So. 598, on page 600, 32 L. R. A. (N. S.) 522, the following language is found: “In determining whether ;m alleged nuisance should be abated or its continuance enjoined, everything should be looked at from a reasonable point of view. The law does not regard trifles or very small inconveniences, but only those that are senaibly «o; those which diminish the comfort or enjoyment of the complainants, or those sought to be relieved, or which sensibly diminish the value of property sought to be relieved from the effects of such alleged nuisanee.”
In Thomas v. City of Hot Spring's, 34 Ark. 553, at page 558, 36 Am. Rep. 24, the discrimination which should be indulged in the matter of the exercise of police power is illustrated by the language of the; court:
“No doubt a, corporation may make it a penal offense for any person to drum customers to gaming-houses, gambling-tables, banks, etc., strumpet-houses, and other occupations which are immoral and pernicious in their character and tendencies, such as it has power under its charter to suppress,
«But tho ke(;ping o£ hotels, boarding-}.otBeS) bathhouses, and the practice of med-j,;ine, bv competent persons, are ordinary, lawM usoM ooeapatíonB and to make it a OTÍmo to ^ CBstom for them, is an unwarranted interference with constitutional rights and privileges of citizens under our form of government.
“I* this case appellant was charged and (.^yhited for soliciting a patient to a physi-eian, who was a graduate of medicine, and skilled, it is admitted, in his profession. It may be in bad taste, and a violation of the ethics of his profession, for a physician to employ a drummer to procure patients for him, but appellee had no legal power to make such drumming a crime, and punish it as such.”
The question before the court is one difficult to solve largely on account of the lack of precedent, although the books are full of eases involving the scope of the police power in which it is repeatedly said each case must rest upon its own facts and circumstances. Those cases which have been examined from the state courts, it is worthy of note, have' usually been decided by a divided court. However, after giving due consideration to the rule that where it is fairly debatable, whether there is propriety or wisdom in the passage of an ordinance, it is for the city and not the court to determine, yet I have not been able to bring myself to the conclusion that the ordinance in question is other than an arbitrary regulation in excess of the police power, not based upon any theory of the protection of the health, safety, morals, or general welfare of the citizens of the community, and is therefore in violation of the constitutional rights of the plaintiff.
For the reasons stated, the prayer of the complaint will be sustained, and findings, conclusions, and a decree may be filed and entered accordingly, awarding costs to plaintiff and reserving to defendant its proper exceptions.