31 Ky. 211 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1833
Lead Opinion
delivered the Opinion of the Court— from which Judge Nicholas dissented, upon the principal point.
This is an action of ejectment, in which four points are presented.
First. Is a sheriff’s deed to two persons, for land sold by him, under execution, to one of them, as the nominal put chaser, effectual to pass the legal title to both ?
Second. Is land which had been granted by the commonwealth to the “ heirs ” of the person in whose name it had been entered and surveyed prior to his death, subject to sale under an execution against the estate which-had descended to the heirs ?
Third. Have the purchasers of such land, under such an execution, a right, after they had obtained-the sheriff’s deed therefor, to use the names of the heirs, against their will, in a demise in an action of ejectment, instituted for recovering the possession of the land in the occupancy of a stranger ?
Fourth. Is the legal title (of the defendant in an execution) to land in the adverse possession of another person, subject to sale under the execution ?
First. The sheriff may make the deed and pass the title to the actual purchaser, or to himself and another secretly associated with him in the purchase, or to any person to which the highest bidder may have sold, or who may have been substituted, by mutual consent, as the purchaser.
Second. If the equitable, or inchoate, legal title de~ scended, the fact that the patent vested the perfect legal title in the heirs, did. not convert them into purchasers.’ But the peijfet as well as the imperfect right was derived by descent^or inconsequence of the right of inherit ance_ And consequent*!; tate which had descendei the land should be deemed es-the heirs,
Third. If the title of deed, a demise in their e heirs passed by the sheriff’s names was unavailing ; and if their legal title was not transferred by the deed, no r^lf; whatsoever was vested by the sale, or by the deed, And therefore, the names of the heirs should not be used without their consent. If tire deed passed the title of the heirs, the purchasers held all the title which the heirs had held, and were entitled to all the protection which they themselves could have claimed before the sale; and consequently, no prejudice can- have resulted to the purchasers from a refusal to permit them to prosecute a suit jn {¡ie names of the heirs.
Fourth In October, 1827, a majority of this court, ( Chief Justice Bibb,, and Judge Owsley concurring, and, Judge Mills dissenting,) decided that the legal interest of a debtor, in land, was not liable to-sale under execution. against him, whenever it was in the ad verse possession of any other person. [McConnell vs. Brown &c. 5 Mon. 478.]
The first section of an act of 1798 declared, that “lands, tenements, and hereditaments ” might be sold “by virtue . ' . ° . ... of writs oí jien jactas.” The second section authorized a sheriff to make the amount of the execution by a sale* of the debtor’s lands, tenenements and hereditaments m possession, reversion or remainderWhether the phrase “ in possession ” meant an actual pedis possessio, according to the literal and popular import of the word possession, or should be understood, in its technical import, as contradistinguished merely from reversion and remainder,
A diversity of opinion as to the correctness of that decision, and also as to the policy of the law as thereby expounded, may be presumed to have existed, to a great extent, in the community. “ An act to amend and reduce into one the execution laws of this state,” approved February 12th, 1828, only about four months after the date of the decision in McConnell vs. Brown, provides, in the thirty fifth section, that “ all legal title to real estate shall be liable to sale by execution, whether in actual possession or not.”
That provision should be so construed as to operate in some way, and for some purpose. But it would be more than superfluous if it should be interpreted to mean only the title of a person actually resident on the land, or seized of it by construction, or in fact; for such a title could have been sold under execution had there been no special provision to that effect in the act of 1828. This proviso, in the thirty fifth section, was inserted for some practical purpose. It is a distinct and substantive enactment, and must have a, peculiar effect which the statute would not have had without it. For what then must it have been intended ? We think that the case of McConnell vs. Brown gives the answer.
The legislature must be presumed to have intended that the legal title, of whatever grade or character, should be subject to sale under execution — whether that title be in fee simple, or for years, or in possession, or in action, joint or several, in presentí or in futuro. “ Title” is substituted for “ land ;” and, “ whether in actual possession or not,” was intended to mean, when connected with the word ‘■’•title,” that any legal interest in land, whether that interest be partial or total, inferior or superior, or whether the land be in the possession of the defendant in the execution or of another person claiming adversely to him, shall be subject to sale under the execution. That seems to be the plain, common sense import of the pro
Moreover, our construction- of that proviso seems to be fortified, and the only plausible argument in opposition to that interpretation, weakened, if not destroyed, by the fact, that the thirty seventh section of the same act declares, that whenever a fieri facias shall have been returned nulla bona, the-creditor may file a- bill in chancery, for subjecting to the satisfaction of the judgment or decree, “ any equitable or legal INTEREST in any estate, real, personal or mixed, belonging to the defendant and Í hat the thirty ninth section, in like manner, provides for the subjection of “ any chose in. action, real, personal, or mixed.”
. These two last sections evince, that the legislature deemed it good policy to subject to the payment of debts any interest in land, legal or equitable, in.possession, or in action. They shew certainly, that the interest of the execution debtor may be made liable. Other parties may be brought before the court; but-if the “interest” of the debtor be unincumbered, no other person than himself will be a necessary defendant, because his interest, whatever it may be, can be subjected.
It seems to us that, as a chancellor has power to decree the sale of a debtor’s interest, legal or equitable, in possession or in action, whenever a fieri facias against him shall have been returned nulla bona, the legislature should not be presumed to have intended, that the execution itself should not be be levied on the debtor’s legal interest in land in the actual possession of a stranger. Such a return on a fien facias will authorize the chancellor to decree the sale of land to which the debtor has a legal title, and which is not in his own actual possession. The return gives the chancellor jurisdiction, tor the purpose of compelling discovery, or otherwise removing doubts or difficulties which might have retarded or embarrassed the usual and legal remedy. And, according to the statute, the chancellor may, undoubtedly, interpose, and de
It is not deemed essential here to enquire, whether, in any case, the chancellor, entertaining a bill for subjecting the legal interest of an execution debtor to the satisfaction of the debt, should, or could, bring before'him a stranger in adverse possession, under an independent legal title, and adjudicate on the conflicting legal rights; for his right to d© so could not affectthe question of legal liability to the execution. The only motive for filing a bill in such a case would be to obtain a discovery of title, or a removal of incumbrances or liens, or to compel the sale of that ■which the sheriff was afraid to sell under an execution. If it be right to sell under a decree, why should it be deemed wrong to do the same thing under an execution, as in both cases the interest of the debtor only is sold ? That which is deemed good policy in the one case, should not be denounced as bad policy in the other. We admit that we consider the policy as very questionable in either case, though equally so in each. But that question belongs exclusively to another department of the government, and has, as we think, been positively settled by legislative enactment.
It is the duty of this court to presume, that the legislature understood its own purpose, and the import and effect of its own language ; and we should not, without conclusive proof, decide that it so far blundered as to insert, in an important and permanent statutory system, a distinct, positive and substantive provisiofc, without design, or in such terms as to render it not only inoperative, but incongruous and illusory.
It is the duty of this court to give some effect to every legislative provision, (whatever may be thought of its expediency,) unless it be inconsistent with the tenor or
We cannot reasonably or fairly restrict the provision which has been quoted from the thirty-fifth section of the act of 1828, to constructive possession. There is no ground for such an interpretation ; and, as already suggested, if the legislature meant only that land in either the actual or constructive possession of the debtor, might be sold under execution, its express enactment for that purpose, was not only superfluous, but unaccountably inappropriate in its terms. The legislature must have intended (if any thing was intended,) that the legal inter, est of a debtor should be subjected to execution, even though a stranger might be in the “ actual possession ” of the land ; and consequently, in speaking of the debtor, it used, with a converse and correspondent import, the terms “ whether in actual possession or not.” If a stranger be in adverse possession, then the execution debtor is not in the “actual,” or constructive, possession. And it cannot be material, who may be in the actual possession, or how; the debtor is not in the “ actual possession; ” and the act, declaring that his legal interest shall be liable, whether he be “in actual possession or not” must apply to him, whatever may be the reason why he is not in actual possession.
The champerty doctrine does not apply "to sales under execution. Its policy interdicts voluntary alienations of land adversely held, but not judicial or official sales, in invito.
Nor can any difficulty in assessing the value of land adversely occupied, have any decisive influence. The land, and not the title, must be valued, unless the title be limited.
If the debtor have the best title in fee, and the land be sold at a sacrifice, he may escape loss by a redemption. If his title be not the best, or the land sell for a fair price, he will have no cause to complain. And it is as easy to value the land when in the adverse possession of a stranger, as when it may be in the possession of the execution debtor, but is known to be covered by a conflicting clajm.
However, these considerations, whatever should be their influence on the legislative will, cannot be urged effectually or legitimately to prove that the provision in the thirty fifth section, means nothing, or shall have no operation. Ikt lex scripta est, is enough for this court. The proviso is clear and express, and cannot be defeated by extraneous considerations of policy. The statute of 1828 has no where intimated that land adversely possessed, shall not be liable to execution against the holder of a legal interest out of possession. Had such an intention existed, it should have been expressed, and there would have been no sort of object or propriety in the language which has been employed in the thirty fifth section, and which, comprehensive and unqualified as it is, seems to be irreconcilable with any other idea than that a legal interest in land may be sold under execution, whoever may be in the actual possession of the land.
Without assuming legislative power, or distorting, or entirely disregarding the proviso in the thirty fifth section of the act of 1828, we cannot withhold its application-to this case.
Wherefore, this court. [Judge Nicholas dissenting) feels bound to decide, that the legislature has authorized the sale, by execution, of a legal title of the debtor in land in the adverse possession of another person.
Wherefore, as this court does not concur with the circuit court in all the points which have'been presented, the judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting from the decision of the majority of the court, upon the main question, read the following Opinion and argument.
The act of 1798, 1 Dig. 513, directs writs of fieri facias to be levied on, and the money made by sale of the debt- or’s “ lands, tenements and hereditaments, in possession, reversion or remainder.” The eighth section of the same act directs the sheriff to convey the land sold under execution, to the purchaser, and declares, “ his deed shall be effectual for passing to the purchaser all the estate and
The act of February, 1828, concerning executions, contains no clause expressly subjecting lands to sale under execution, or explaining the effect of a sheriff’s sale and conveyance ; though the whole tenor of the act recog-nises that they are still so liable to-be sold and conveyed. The repealing clause refers only to such previous acts as come within its purview. So that in ascertaining what estate in lands- is now subject to execution, and the effect of the sheriff’s' deed thereon, we are still to look to the above recited clauses of the act of 1798, as constituting a portion of the subsisting statutory law on this subject, except so far as they may be repugnant to, and unavoidably conflict with, the letter or some implication necessarily deducible from the act of 1828.
In the case of McConnell vs. Brown, 5 Mon. 480, it was determined, that the lands of a defendant, were not liable to execution, whilst in the adverse possession of another, under the act of 1798. This determination af-terwards came under the review of my brethren and my immediate predecessor, in the case of Shepard vs. McIntire, 4 J. J. Mar. 112; and it was unanimously held, that “ the- decision is not more authoritative, than its doctrine is just and reasonable. It is conformable to the letter of the statute, and seems to be perfectly consistent with its object and spirit.” The general impolicy of subjecting land so situated to execution, is there descanted upon much at large, and it is there satisfactorily shewn, how unreasonable and improper it would be, in the absence of express declaration, to presume the legislature intended to subject land so situated. Nothing further, therefore, need be said by me, on that head. Wc are agreed that any such intention must be clearly expressed : it is néver to be presumed.
The thirty fifth section of the act of 1828, points out the manner in which property levied on, may be released, by the surrender of other property, with a proviso,, that such surrender shall not delay the sale, and then follows an additional proviso, in the same section, which is worded and punctuated literally as follows : u Provided
It is thought that the latter clause of this proviso is a substantive, distinct enactment, and should be treated as if if constituted a separate section of itself. Such is not properly the province of a proviso. It is generally used for the purpose of qualifying or restraining, in some excepted particular,-a previous grant or direction. Treated in this way, there is no sense to be made out of it, for there is nothing in the previous part of the act to be thus limited. But if we must sever the latter clause from the proviso altogether, and treat it as a separate, distinct, enacting sentence, the question then is, whether it necessarily requires that we should so construe it as to subject to execution lands held in adversary possession.
It will be recollected, as a general rule of construction, “ that a statute which alters the common law, or the law as it stood aforetime, shall not be strained beyond the words, except in cases of public utility, where the end and design of the act appear to be larger than the words
In maintaining the construction which was put upon-the act of 1793, with regard to this subject, my brethren in the case of Shepard vs. J\fcFntire, very properly laid much and earnest stress upon the favor shewn to real estate by the legislature, in exempting it from execution until all the personal estate and slaves were exhausted ; and inasmuch as slaves and personalty adversarily held, were not made liable to execution, thence inferred the absence of all intention on the part of the legislature, to subject land whilst in adversary possession. This argument still applies with accumulated energy here. For there is not only all the same partiality manifested, by the act of 1828, in favor of land, and still the same failure to subject personalty, or slaves, whilst held adversely; but other, additional, and much more effective, guards are placed around land, to prevent its premature sale, or sacrifice, and such as were wholly unknown to the act of ’98. Under the latter act, land was sold unconditionally and irredeemably, for whatever it would bring under the hammer ; whilst under that of 1828, it must be valued, and if not sold for two thirds of its value, •the purchaser acquires only a defeasible estate, liable to redemption at any time in twelve months. Besides if the title to land adversarily held, can be sold at all under execution, it cannot be denied, that the title must be first valued. Now, can it be presumed that the legislature contemplated the ridiculous farce of the sheriff’s ascertaining, by the opinion of two plain farmers, the relative goodness or superiority of two land titles ? For upon ascertaining that, intrinsically depends the money value which they are bound to put upon the title about
But say that, from the impracticability of the thing, the right so held, is not to be valued, and it may be sold without valuation : can we suppose the legislature capable of such gross injustice, as to wantonly sacrifice such an interest, by sale under execution, when they have taken from the unfortunate debtor all power of selling it himself, and for the mere effort to do so, they forfeit his estate P I say wanton sacrifice, — for what else would it be ? We find it sufficiently difficult to procure any thing like a fair price for land, when sold under execution, with all the guards that can be thrown round the purchaser, and all the enoouragment that is extended to him. Wlia't honest, worthy citizen wants to buy an adverse title to land, over his neighbor’s head ? What citizen of that description will buy, at any price, a law suit against his neighbor ? it evil! infallihly be found to be a vendible commodity with none but champertors, land-jobbers and peculators. I cannot consent to convict the legislature of an intention to sacrifice an unfortunate debtor’s property, with the view to favor any such class of the community. The execution law of 1828 was intended as a permanent part of our code, and may endure for centuries. I cannot bnt feel alarmed for the consequences, if we now put upon it a construction to authorize the sacrifice of a debtor’s property whilst in adversary possession. I cannot but dread its operation upon the interests of infants, of the destitute and unfriended of all-classes. Disseizors, abators and intruders, by their iniquity in withholding all such from their property, many times produce the inability of paying debts, and they will thus be enabled, without competition, to consummate the injury by buying in the title for a mere trifle. One wpuld naturally presume, that if the legislature in
All legal title to real estate shall be liable to sale by execution, whether in actual possession-, or not.” According to the strict grammatical construction of this sentence, it is the legul title, and not the real estate, which is made liable to execution; and consequently, it is the title, and not the land that is referred to, and made liable to sale, whether in actual possession, or not. And here I might rest the discussion, and require of those who wish to use this sentence for any purpose, to do it with this construction upon it. It is, however, so impossible to imagine what could have been meant by a legal title being in actual possession, or not, that though this is the grammatical construction, yet we must not treat it as the true meaning of the words used. If this be admitted, candor, at the same time, requires a similar concession from the other side ; that the terms, whether in actual possession, or not, mean nothing more, literally, than, whether in actual, or constructive, possession, and that the full sense of those words is couched in the latter paraphrase. The distinction between actual and constructive possession of land, is well ascertained and defined, and of familiar use in legal parlance. They are most generally used in contra-di-.tinction to each other; and such a phrase, as here used, must properly beso construed, unless there be something else to control the words into a different construction. I do not understand my brethren as controverting all this. But, say they, if we construe the legislature to mean actual, or constructive, possession merely, as the one stands in contradistinction to the other, and nothing more, then the language used is of none effect, for such would have been the law though no such words had been used. Thence they deduce the right and necessity of construing the
If the legislature had intended what is now contended for, would they not, most probably, have thought the introduction of so novel and important a principle into our code, worthy of a distinct, separate section ? and would not their intention have been announced in much less ambiguous language ? Would they not have expressly said, though held in adversary possession, and not left such intention to be gathered by mere implication ? It seems to me they would, at least, have used the much more appropriate language, whether in possession, or not, omitting the word actual. This idea is much fortified by the language used in the thirty fourth section, in prescribing the affidavit necessary for a defendant to make, before he could send an execution after land in another county, requiring him to state, “ that the land is not in the adversary possession of another;” thus manifesting that they were well aware of what was the appropriate language,when they intended to convey that idea.
Another argument against the construction contended for, and which is based upon implication merely, is that there is no necessity for it. For we are agreed, that the thirty seventh and thirty eighth sections of the act enable the creditor to subject the right of his debtor to land in the adversary possession of another, to the payment of his debt, by bill in chancery. This strips from my associates, the whole pith of the argument of the dissen-tient judge in McConnell vs. Brown. The legislature having, in the same act, devised another, and so much more appropriate remedy to the creditor, supersedes all necessity for giving him this so inappropriate one, by impli
But it is said, there was a rumour in the land, about the time of the passage of the act of 1828, that the clause in question, was introduced for the purpose of meeting and overruling the then recent decision of McConnell vs. Broion. Such rumour never reached me. I have a right to believe that it had not reached this court twelve months ago. For at the spring term 1832, in the case of Shropshires vs. Morgan &c. we certainly did decide, though incidentally, and without discussion, yet expressly, that land in adversary possession, could not be sold under execution. But rumor or not, I feel it my duty to look to the language of the act exclusively, in ascertaining legislative intention. I doubt whether a tenth of the members of the legislature had seen or heard of the case of McConnell and Brown, then not reported. If they had, and intended to overrule it, I cannot doubt but that language much more explicit and adequate would have been used.
But what, to my mind, is an unanswerable objection to the construction contended for, is, that it will virtually repeal the champerty act of 1824. It presents a facile mode by which the wholsome provisions of that act against the vending of title to land whilst in adversary possession, may be successfully evaded. It would be a most liberal stretch of judicial power, to sajq that when such a thing is proved to have been done for the purpose of evasion, we will still bring the transaction within the denunciation of the act of 1824. I am not prepared to say that I will not go that length; for such is my conviction of the sound policy of that act, that I shall be ready at all times to go as far as a judge ought, in sustaining it in vigorous, or even rigorous, operation. But may it not hereafter be plausibly urged, that inasmuch as the posterior act of 1828, authorized such sale under execution, that it" must, for every purpose, be considered a pro tanto revocation of the act of 1824, and that the mere
The manner of pointing the proviso appears to have been attended to by the learned judge, and to have had some influence upon his mind, while construing the clause under consideration.— The quotation is made, and printed in the text, exactly as it stands in the only printed copy of the law extant — the Session Acts of 1827-8. — But the acts of that session, and particularly the execution law, are very inaccurately printed ; and the passage quoted, as punctuated in that volume, varies from the enrolled act, in the secretary’s office ; where it stands in the following form :—
“ Provided further that nothing in this act contained shall au-thorise a Constable to make sale of land or to authorise a surrender of land to a Constable in lieu of other property. All legal title to real estate shall be liable to sale by Execution Whether in actual possession or not.”
Here, as in the roll, it will be observed, that the clause which the majority of the court have determined is a separate enactment, stands as an independent sentence — not connected with the proviso by a dash, followed by a small letter, as in the printed copy.
There are other errors in the printing of the same act, of much greater magnitude : for instance, the obscurity, or rather the nonsense, which may be observed about the middle of the twenty third section, is caused by leaving out fifteen words, in one place, and changing one, in another.
