303 Mass. 159 | Mass. | 1939
The three plaintiffs, who are minors, were injured while seated on the rear seat of an automobile, operated by their father, which was in collision with an automobile operated by the defendant. Their mother, who was riding in the front seat of the father’s automobile, was also injured. She brought an action against the defendant as did their father. All five cases were tried together before an auditor whose findings of fact were not made final by the terms of the order of reference. He filed a report which included the three cases now before us.
These three cases were later tried before a judge of the Superior Court. The evidence consisted of the auditor’s report, a supplemental report and the testimony of the three plaintiffs and of their mother. The judge found for the defendant in each case. The cases come before us on a consolidated bill of exceptions presenting exceptions to the denial of ten requests for rulings.
The auditor found that the defendant was negligent, that the plaintiffs’ father was also negligent, and that their mother, who was on the front seat watching the road as the automobile went along, was not negligent and was entitled to recover in the action brought by her. He also found (in paragraph 4 of his report) that: “The plaintiffs . . . respectively twelve, eight and six years of age at the
At the trial in the Superior Court the plaintiffs testified in substance that while riding on the rear seat of the automobile they could see nothing in front of it because their view in that direction was blocked by their parents who were seated on the front seat, but that they were looking through the side windows. Two of them did not see the other automobile before the collision and the third did not see it in time to do anything. The mother testified that she asked the children to go on the ride in question.
The judge indorsed on the plaintiffs’ written requests for rulings of law: "Requests #1 to 10 refused as not applicable to facts found, the evidence heard by the court being insufficient to rebut the prima facie evidence of the auditor’s report.” He made no specific findings of fact. The parties have stipulated, in effect, that if, as matter of law, the judge erred in refusing to rule as requested, "or erred in his ruling,” judgments are to be entered for the plaintiffs in the amounts found in the auditor’s supplemental report; otherwise, judgments are to be entered for the defendant.
1. The plaintiffs contend that, their requests for rulings having been denied on the stated ground that they were “not applicable to facts found” and no findings of fact having been filed by the judge, doubt exists as to what
2. The plaintiffs further contend that in reaching his conclusions the judge erred by eliminating from consideration the evidence introduced by the plaintiffs at the trial. Findings of fact made by an auditor retain their statutory “artificial legal force and compelling effect . . . only until . . . evidence appears that warrants a finding to the contrary.” Cook v. Farm Service Stores, Inc. 301 Mass. 564, 566. The test is not whether such other evidence is accepted as true by the trial tribunal, but, whether the evidence if believed would warrant findings contrary to those made by the auditor. The reason given by the judge for denying the plaintiffs’ requests for rulings — not that he disbelieved the testimony of the plaintiffs, but that “the evidence heard by the court being insufficient to rebut the prima facie evidence of the auditor’s report” — indicates that he reached his general findings for the defendant by giving compelling force to the auditor’s report. If the evidence introduced by the plaintiffs at the trial would warrant findings contrary to the findings made by the auditor, the judge should have decided the case on all the evidence, including the findings of the auditor, without, however, giving them artificial effect, and the evidence introduced by the plaintiffs at the trial. Cook v. Farm Service Stores, Inc. 301 Mass. 564, 566. We think that the evidence introduced by the plaintiffs at the trial would, if believed, have warranted findings contrary to the findings of the auditor, and that the case should have been decided on all the evidence without giving artificial effect to the findings of the auditor.
3. The auditor’s general findings for the defendant do not import the finding by him of all facts essential to sup
4. It is the law in this Commonwealth that, where a child is injured by the negligence of a defendant, negligence on the part of his parent or custodian contributing to the child’s injury is imputed to the child if he is not old enough to exercise care for his own safety in the situation in which he finds himself. Bessey v. Salemme, 302 Mass. 188, 193. Tucker v. Ryan, 298 Mass. 282, and cases cited. If a child is old enough to exercise care for his own safety, negligence of a parent or custodian cannot be imputed to him and he is entitled to recover from a negligent defendant if he was exercising the care of an ordinarily prudent child of his age in like circumstances. Miller v. Flash Chemical Co. 230 Mass. 419, 421.
The auditor’s finding that negligence of the plaintiffs’ father was imputable to them must have been based on the assumption that the plaintiff who was twelve years old, and the plaintiff who was eight, and the plaintiff who was six, were all incapable of exercising care for their own safety. Without that assumption negligence of the father could not be imputed to his children.
A child may be so young that as matter of law he is incapable of exercising care for his own safety. See Casey v. Smith, 152 Mass. 294. On the other hand a child may be of such an age that, in the absence of evidence of lack of the normal capacity for using the care of one of his years, it may be ruled as matter of law that he had the capacity to exercise care for himself. See Lucarelli v. Boston Elevated Railway, 213 Mass. 454, where the plaintiff was ten years old; Bessey v. Salemme, 302 Mass. 188 (nine years); Fayard v. Morrissey, 281 Mass. 166 (eight years).
It was said in McKenna v. Andreassi, 292 Mass. 213,
There being nothing to indicate that the two older plaintiffs, aged twelve and eight years, did not have the capacity for using the care of normal children of their ages, in the situation in which they were at the time of their injury, they must be taken to have possessed the capacity to exercise care for their own safety. Bessey v. Salemme, 302 Mass. 188, 194. Those plaintiffs were entitled to the benefit of G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, § 85, which put upon the defendant the burden of proving that they failed to exercise the care of ordinarily prudent children of the same ages in the same circumstances. Stacy v. Dorchester Awning Co. Inc. 290 Mass. 356, 360. Capano v. Melchionno, 297 Mass. 1, 7. The evidence did not warrant the finding that this burden was sustained. The denial by the trial judge of the request for a ruling that “3. The burden of proving contributory negligence is upon the defendant,” in the cases where the two older children were plaintiffs, was error.
The third and youngest plaintiff is described in the record as “six years of age.” If it be assumed in favor of the defendant that it was a question of fact whether he was of an age to be capable of exercising care for his own safety (Stacy v. Dorchester Awning Co. Inc. 290 Mass. 356, 359; McKenna v. Andreassi, 292 Mass. 213, 219), there was error in the refusal by the judge of the requested ruling: “1. A child of tender years who exercises that degree of care ordinarily exercised by a careful prudent person of mature years is not barred from recovery even though his custodian may have been negligent.” There was evidence warranting the finding of the facts assumed in the
Since in the cases of the two older plaintiffs the judge erred in denying the third request for a ruling and in the case of the youngest plaintiff in denying the first request for a ruling, in accordance with stipulation of the parties judgments are to be entered for the plaintiffs in the respective amounts found by the auditor in his supplemental reP°rt-
So ordered.