Lead Opinion

Blackmar, J.:

On December 8, 1913, the plaintiff, while in the employ of defendant as foreman of a gang of electric linemen, was so burned, by coming in contact with a wire charged with 11,000 volts of electricity, that he lost both arms at the shoulder sockets and suffered other injuries. For this cause he has recovered a judgment against the defendant on a verdict for $85,000, and from the judgment defendant appeals to this court.

The complaint alleged that at the time of the accident plaintiff and defendant were engaged in interstate commerce, thereby invoking the Federal Employers’ Liability Act applicable to common carriers by rail. (35 U. S. Stat. at Large, 65, chap. 149, as amd. by 36 id. 291, chap. 143.) This act radically departs from the common law governing such relations, in that it makes the employer liable to a servant for the negligence of a fellow-servant. The judgment appealed from is based on the negligence of one Tobin, a general foreman, and Berkery, a member of the gang of which plaintiff was foreman, both employees of defendant and fellow-serv.ants of the plaintiff.

On the day in question the plaintiff was engaged in the freight yard at Mount Vernon in stringing a feed wire along the struts on the south side of defendant’s road. The wires on the south side had been de-energized from Cos Cob and plaintiff was so notified by a telegram; but a tap wire, charged with 11,000 volts of electricity, was led across from the north side to transformers on the strut on the south side. The plaintiff had seen Berkery, by direction of Tobin, pull a knife switch de-energizing this wire about an hour and a half *118before the accident. The act of negligence charged by plaintiff, and necessarily found by the jury, was that Berkery, at the direction- of Tobin, closed the switch, again charging the tap wire, without notifying plaintiff; so that plaintiff, not . knowing that the switch had been closed, climbed the strut in performance of his duty, came in contact with the tap wire, and so received the injuries.

The defendant claims that plaintiff assumed the risk. The argument is based on the facts in the case and on the terms of an order promulgated by the defendant for the government and protection of its employees and brought to the notice of plaintiff. The order reads as follows:

“The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company.

“ All employees are hereby cautioned against . coming in contact with high voltage wires.

“ All employees whose duties require them to work on or near insulated wires are required to inspect them in order to determine the condition of the insulation before handling, coming in contact with, or approaching them. It is considered dangerous to approach wires carrying from twenty-two hundred volts up, nearer than fourteen inches.

“ Employees are required to inspect high voltage wires adjacent thereto or wires liable to be crossed with high voltage wires, before working on them.

“ All wires, whether trolley," messenger, pull-off, guy, guard, feed or power wires, on catenary bridges, should be considered as charged with at least eleven thousand volts at all times. All such wires and Signal Department wires on electrified lines cut dead for any purpose accumulate an induced current of high voltage, and all employees are instructed and required to see. that such wires are thoroughly grounded at the point where work is to be done before working on or near them.

“ Employees are further required, before placing themselves in hazardous positions, or climbing poles that they have not properly tested, or relieving poles of wires which have acted as guys, to see first that the pole is properly guyed or braced.

“ Any employee who fails to strictly observe these rules *119assumes the risk of injury, and this company will nót be hable for any injuries so sustained.

“It is plainly understood that the responsibility of the observance of this order lies with the employee individually, and not with the supervisor, inspector, foreman, or any other superior.

“ EDWARD GAGEL,

“ New Haven, Conn., Chief Engineer.

“ May 1st, 1908.

“ I hereby certify that I have read and understand the above order.

“ (Signed) OSCAR FRIED,

“ Position Lineman “Date May 19, 1913.”

I think that, notwithstanding such order, the rules of law determine the question of assumption of risk. The order which plaintiff certified that he had read and understood is not a contract which modifies the rule of liability of the master prescribed by law, for the reasons, first, that it does not purport on its face to be a contract; second, that it is supported by no consideration, for it is not a part of the plaintiff’s contract of employment as plaintiff’s signature was obtained long after he was employed (Purdy v. R., W. & O. R. R. Co., 125 N. Y. 209); and, third, that it is against public policy for an employing railroad company to contract with an employee to relieve itself from liability for negligence imposed by law. The rule is so settled in New York by the leading case of Johnston v. Fargo (184 N. Y. 379), and it seems to be approved where the question has arisen in the United States courts. (Roesner v. Hermann, 8 Fed. Rep. 782; Otis v. Pennsylvania Co., 71 id. 136; Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. Geraty, 166 id. 10.) The case of Baltimore & Ohio, etc., Railway v. Voigt (176 U. S. 498), which upheld a contract releasing a railroad company from liability to an employee of an express company, is not a direct authority on the question for the relation of master and servant did not exist between defendant and plaintiff. The order in question is evidence as to the duties of the plaintiff with respect to working near high voltage wires; it is a warning' as to danger and an instruction *120how to avoid it, but it is not competent to and does not change the rule of law as to assumption of risk. If there were any doubt upon the subject it would be set at rest by the provision of the act itself, which reads (§ 5): “ Any contract, rule, regulation, or device whatsoever, the purpose or intent of which shall be to enable any common carrier to exempt itself from any liability created by this Act, shall to that extent be void.” (35 U. S. Stat. at Large, 66, § 5.)

The negligence for which the judgment was recovered was that of a fellow-servant. At common law the plaintiff assumes such risk, but under the provision of the act of Congress he does not. But this negligence did not operate on plaintiff directly. It operated to produce an unsafe place for work. Undoubtedly an employee may assume the risk of an unsafe place, or unsafe tools and appliances, unless rendered unsafe by a violation by the common carrier of a statute enacted by Congress for the safety of employees (35 U. S. Stat. at Large, 66, §4). The question was submitted to the j ury by the learned trial justice in a charge in which the law was stated as favorably to defendant as it could justly claim. But the court did refuse to instruct the jury as matter of law that the plaintiff assumed the risk. To the refusal of that request the defendant excepted. Such instruction would have been equivalent to a direction of a verdict for the defendant. So that the question before the court is whether upon the record it can be said as matter of law that plaintiff assumed the risk.

The doctrine of assumption of risk is formulated by the Supreme Court of the United States in Seaboard Air Line v. Horton (233 U. S. 492). At the risk of being charged with prolixity, I propose to state the rule in words taken from the opinion in that case, instead of attempting to paraphrase them. After defining contributory negligence, the court said: “ On the other hand, the assumption of risk, even though the risk be obvious, may be free from any suggestion of fault or negligence on the part of the employé. The risks may be present, notwithstanding the exercise of all reasonable care on his part. Some employments are necessarily fraught with danger to the workman — danger that must be and is confronted in the line of his duty. Such dangers as are normally and necessarily incident to the occupation *121are presumably taken into the account in fixing the rate of wages. And a workman of mature years is taken to assume risks of this sort, whether he is actually aware of them or not. But risks of another sort, not naturally incident to the occupation, may arise out of the failure of the employer to exercise due care with respect to providing a safe place of work and suitable and safe appliances for the work. These the employé is not treated as assuming until he becomes aware of the defect or disrepair and of the risk arising from it, unless defect and risk alike are so obvious that an ordinarily prudent person under the circumstances would have observed and appreciated them.”

The risk in this case was not such a danger as is normally and necessarily incident to the occupation, but it was one which arose out of the negligence of a fellow-servant, attributed to the master by the operation of the act. It, therefore, cannot be held that the plaintiff assumed it unless it be shown that he knew the wire was charged, or unless the fact was so obvious that an ordinarily prudent person would have observed it, and so learned of the risk and danger; in other words, unless he had actual or constructive knowledge. In this case the plaintiff did not know that the wire was charged, for he had seen Berlcery pull the switch for the very purpose of de-energizing the wire so that plaintiff might safely work near it. The question is left whether the situation was such that an ordinarily prudent person should have known of the danger. Upon the subject of assumption of risk the defendant had the burden of proof. It is true that the order of the railroad company instructed the plaintiff that every wire should be considered as charged with at least 11,000 volts of electricity and that, to avoid an induced current of static electricity in wires cut dead, they should be grounded. But, on the other hand, the plaintiff had seen the wire cut dead for the very purpose of making it safe for him to work, and this wire was so placed that no current could be induced in it. How plainly the closed switch could be seen is in doubt; but plaintiff, relying entirely on what he had seen, made no investigation and did not even look at the switch. Under all these circumstances I think it was a question of fact whether the defect and risk were so obvious that an ordinarily prudent *122person would have observed and appreciated it. The verdict of the jury, given under the precise and accurate charge of the learned trial justice, has determined the question against' the defendant. (Dowd v. N. Y., O. & W. R. Co., 170 N. Y. 459.)

The case has been tried three times. On the first trial the counsel for defendant conceded that at the time the plaintiff was injured he and the defendant were then and there engaged in interstate commerce. On the second trial the presiding justice held that such concession was for the purpose of the first trial only, and the trial proceeded as if such concession had not been made. On the third and present trial the point was raised at the beginning of the trial and the learned justice who presided ruled that defendant was bound by the concession and rejected evidence which defendant offered as tending to negative the allegation in the complaint that plaintiff and defendant were engaged in interstate commerce. The trial thereupon continued. After it had been in progress for six days and plaintiff had rested, defendant moved upon affidavits to be relieved from the stipulation. The motion was denied, and the notice of appeal brings up for review the order denying such motion. Unquestionably the learned justice was right in holding that the concession was binding during the entire litigation. (Stemmier v. Mayor, etc., 179 N. Y. 473.) That the court had power to reheve from such stipulation is also unquestioned. (Carnegie Steel Co. v. Cambria Iron Co., 185 U. S. 403.) The stipulation was competent evidence of facts which called for the application of the Federal Employers’ Liability Act. It was not a question of the jurisdiction of the court, but a question as to what law was applicable. As was said in Second Employers’ Liability Cases (223 U. S. 1, 56): “ There is not here involved any attempt by Congress to enlarge or regulate the jurisdiction of State courts or to control or affect their modes of procedure, but only a question of the duty of such a court, when its ordinary jurisdiction as 'prescribed by local laws is appropriate to the occasion and is invoked in conformity with those laws, to take cognizance of an action to enforce a right of civil recovery arising under the act of Congress and susceptible of adjudication according to the ■ *123prevailing rules of" procedure.” If it appeared that the parties were engaged in interstate commerce, their rights and duties were regulated by the Federal statutes. If they were not so engaged, then by the law of the State of New York. The facts were "to be established by evidence admissible according to the law of the forum. The stipulation was. such evidence to the exclusion of all other evidence, and conclusively established the fact.

Whether defendant. should have been relieved from .the stipulation rested in the sound discretion of the court. The trial began June 12, 1917. On June fifteenth the plaintiff rested his case. On June eighteenth the defendant applied to the court on an order to show cause why it should not be relieved from the concession. The motion was argued before the justice who presided at the trial, and denied. I think the discretion of the court was not abused, for this reason, if for no other, that defendant, learning at the opening of the trial that it was to be held to the concession, waited until near the end of the protracted and important trial, and after the plaintiff had submitted his evidence and closed his case, before making the motion.

After the second trial, which resulted in a verdict of $75,000 for the plaintiff, a motion was made for a new trial on the ground of newly-discovered evidence tending to show that the plaintiff’s case had been maintained by subornation of perjury. The motion was granted. Subsequently, by permission of the court, the plaintiff moved for and obtained & modification of the order so as to provide “as a condition of the defendant being allowed said new trial, that the plaintiff may read in and as evidence upon any trial of this case, the testimony given by his witnesses at the last trial.” The, defendant appealed to this court from the order which imposed the condition in granting the new trial. Upon the appeal this court modified the order by confining the permission to the reading of the testimony of the witness Berkery, and as so modified the order was affirmed (178 App. Div. 309).

Upon the new trial the defendant objected to reading the testimony of Berkery pursuant to the condition under which the new trial was granted, and it now urges the admission of such evidence as a ground of reversal. The situation is that *124the appellant asks us to reverse the judgment because the trial justice followed the order and direction of this court. The question of the propriety of the condition attached to granting the new trial by the Special Term was carefully considered by this court, on a record of affidavits which are not contained in the present appeal book. The question whether or not the condition should be imposed is, therefore, closed in this court. As it was an interlocutory order, and no leave was given to appeal to the Court of Appeals nor question certified, the decision of this court in affirming the order is final. The situation, therefore, is that the new trial was conditioned on plaintiff’s right to read the testimony, and when defendant accepted the new trial it'accepted the con- ‘ dition. ■ The testimony was, therefore, read by consent, implied in the acceptance of the new trial, and in this respect the case is to be distinguished from those cited by defendant, and survives counsel’s vigorous argument. The order does not authorize reading the testimony only in the event that Berkery is not present. It was meant to cover, as it does by its terms, exactly the situation which was developed on the trial and which was anticipated by this court, viz., that Berkery would be produced by the-defendant and offered to the plaintiff.

The record does not justify an interference with the verdict on the ground that it is contrary to the evidence. Although the only direct evidence that the switch was closed by Berkery, so charging the tap wire, is found in the evidence of Berkery, read from the minutes of the former trial, which, although relevant, has little probative force, yet there is other evidence that Berkery pulled the switch for the purpose of rendering the place safe for plaintiff’s work; and as the switch was closed and Berkery had the only switch stick available, the corroborating inference that he closed it is permissible.

The verdict was for $85,000, and defendant argues that it is excessive. It is the largest verdict in an action for personal injuries with which I am familiar. The injuries were very serious, inflicting necessarily great pain and anguish and resulting in total and permanent physical disability. The plaintiff is unable to perform the most intimate services to his own person. It appeared on the trial that a prior jury had rendered a verdict for $75,000, which had been *125reduced by the court to $55,000, also that plaintiff’s attorney had a contract for half of the recovery and had himself expended about $12,000 in repelling attacks upon himself and his witnesses which arose out of the law suit. These considerations were, I think, calculated to and probably did enhance the damages; but the defendant injected these elements into the trial. Nor do I think the persistent attacks upon plaintiff’s counsel failed to influence the jury . against the defendant. But the defendant cannot complain of prejudice on the part of the jury which, perhaps,induced by the peculiar situation, it itself aroused. It is, however, our duty to determine, irrespective of these considerations, whether the verdict is excessive, and if it is, to correct it. We regret that the learned trial justice did not follow the suggestion of this court in McAuliffe v. New York Central & H. R. R. R. Co. (172 App. Div. 597) and require the jury to find specially on the subject of contributory negligence. We think it should have been done in this case, for even if plaintiff had seen Berkery pull the switch there is a question of fact on the issue of contributory negligence. In the face of the general verdict we cannot know whether the jury found contributory negligence or not, although we might perhaps infer from the size of the verdict that it did not.

In reaching a conclusion whether a verdict is excessive or insufficient, little aid can be got by a consideration of any particular decided case. A long course of practice, numerous verdicts rendered year after year, orders made by trial justices approving or disapproving them, decisions on the subject by appellate courts, furnish to the judicial mind some indication of the consensus of opinion of jurors and courts as to the proper relation between the character of the injury and the amount of compensation awarded. On such considerations we think that the verdict should be pronounced excessive. Taking into account the nature and extent of the injury, the reduced purchasing power of money, and indulging the assumption that the plaintiff was free from contributory negligence, we think that $55,000 is all that could be properly awarded.

The judgment and order denying a motion for a new trial should be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event, unless plaintiff stipulate within twenty days that the *126verdict be reduced to $55,000, and the judgment modified accordingly. If such stipulation be given,, the judgment as so modified, and the said order appealed from, are unanimously affirmed; the order of June 18, 1917, is affirmed; all without costs of this appeal.

Rich, Putnam and Kelly, JJ., concurred; Jenks, P. J., concurred in separate memorandum.

Concurrence Opinion

Jenks, P. J. (concurring):

My concurrence as to this judgment and order does not imply that I have changed my views as indicated by concurrence with the dissent of Thomas, J., in Fried v. New York, New Haven & Hartford R. R. Co. (178 App. Div. 309). I have not done so. I recognize, however, that the judgment of this court in that appeal is binding upon me.

Judgment and order denying motion for a new trial reversed, and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event, unless plaintiff, stipulate within twenty days that the verdict be reduced to $55,000, and the judgment modified accordingly. If such stipulation be given, the judgment as so modified, and said order appealed from, are unanimously affirmed; the order of June 18, 1917, is affirmed, all without costs of this appeal.