409 N.W.2d 821 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1987
FREIBURGER
v.
DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Goren & Baker, P.C. (by Robert Goren), for plaintiff.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, and George L. McCargar and Mark S. Meadows, Assistant Attorneys General, for defendants.
Before: M.J. KELLY, P.J., and SAWYER and M.R. KNOBLOCK,[*] JJ.
SAWYER, J.
Plaintiff's decedent died as the result of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head on October 31, 1983, three days after he was released from the Lafayette Clinic. The clinic is run by defendant Department of Mental Health. Thereafter, plaintiff, decedent's wife, filed the instant action against defendants. Plaintiff's complaint sounded in contract, alleging that defendants breached their contract with the decedent to provide appropriate care and treatment.
Defendants moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), alleging that there was no genuine issue of material fact. Following a hearing, *318 the trial court granted defendants' motion. Plaintiff now appeals and we affirm.
Plaintiff argues that the admission application signed by the decedent constituted an implied agreement between defendants and the decedent to provide appropriate care and treatment for the decedent. As with any other contract, an implied contract must satisfy the elements of mutual assent and consideration. This Court discussed the elements of an implied contract in Lowery v Dep't of Corrections, 146 Mich. App. 342, 359; 380 NW2d 99 (1985):
[A] contract based on implication must still satisfy the elements of mutual assent and consideration, Spruytte v Dep't of Corrections, 82 Mich. App. 145; 266 NW2d 482 (1978). In Spruytte, the Court found that no implied bailment contract could be found to exist because (1) there was no mutual assent since the procedure for bailment of property upon incarceration was required as an aspect of prison management and control, and (2) there could be no finding of consideration since defendant was performing a preexisting duty.
Thus, if defendants had a preexisting duty to provide the decedent with treatment, there can be no consideration for plaintiff's alleged contract and, therefore, no contract. MCL 330.1810; MSA 14.800(810) establishes an obligation for defendants to provide services to all persons in need of mental health services, regardless of their ability to pay. Therefore, defendants had a preexisting duty to provide the decedent with mental health services. Accordingly, plaintiff's alleged contract was not supported by consideration. Thus, the trial court correctly granted summary disposition on plaintiff's claim.
This case does, however, illustrate the difficulty *319 faced by bench and bar in distinguishing between those cases in which there is a viable contract claim in addition to a tort claim from those cases in which there is only a tort claim. This distinction is particularly important where, as here, the tort claim is precluded by governmental immunity and the plaintiff's ability to recover is dependent on the viability of the contract claim.
The Supreme Court, in Rocco v Dep't of Mental Health, a companion case to Ross v Consumers Power Co (On Rehearing), 420 Mich. 567; 363 NW2d 641 (1984), specifically recognized that, in an appropriate case, a plaintiff may successfully plead contract in avoidance of governmental immunity:
We recognize that plaintiffs have and will attempt to avoid § 7 of the governmental immunity act by basing their causes of action on theories other than tort. Trial and appellate courts are routinely faced with the task of determining whether the essential elements of a particular cause of action have been properly pleaded and proved. If a plaintiff successfully pleads and establishes a non-tort cause of action, § 7 will not bar recovery simply because the underlying facts could have also established a tort cause of action. [Ross, supra at 647-648.]
Clearly, a specific factual scenario may support both tort and contract claims. See and compare Hawkins v McGee, 84 NH 114; 146 A 641 (1929). However, just because there is a tort claim does not mean that there is automatically a contract claim. By the same token, however, a particular case which appears to be primarily one which sounds in tort may have, lurking beneath the facts, a contract action waiting to be pled. Once we dispose of the tort claim by applying the governmental *320 immunity doctrine, we may ignore the tort aspect of the case and concentrate on whether the facts also support a contract claim.
While the pleading of a breach of contract may be sufficient to survive summary disposition for failure to state a claim,[1] not every tort case has the necessary facts to establish a breach of contract. The instant case is such a situation. Because of the failure of consideration, as discussed above, there is no enforceable contract. It was, and is, merely a tort case.
Because of our resolution of the above issue, it is unnecessary to consider plaintiff's remaining issue, whether defendants breached the alleged contract by prematurely discharging the decedent.
Affirmed. No costs.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] MCR 2.116(C)(8). Indeed, this is why plaintiff's reliance on Rocco, supra, is misplaced. In Rocco, summary disposition was granted for failure to state a claim, which both this Court and the Supreme Court reversed. In the case at bar, since summary disposition was granted for no genuine issue of material fact, we look beyond plaintiff's pleadings to determine whether, when looking at the facts in the light most favorable to plaintiff, there are facts to support a contract claim. Rizzo v Kretschmer, 389 Mich. 363; 207 NW2d 316 (1973).