206 F.2d 5 | 5th Cir. | 1953
Lead Opinion
This action was instituted by Freeport Sulphur Company to determine, by declaratory judgment, the period of duration of the contract hereinafter described, and for incidental relief. 28 U.S.C.A. §§ 2201, 2202.
Freeport is engaged in the mining of sulphur in Louisiana and Texas. In 1933, it desired to institute a pension plan for the benefit of its then and future employees, and those of its affiliated companies, by which annuities would be provided for said employees when they reached the age of retirement. To this end, beginning in August, 1933, Freeport commenced negotiations with the defendant Aetna Life Insurance Company, and another company, seeking to formulate a satisfactory group annuity plan. After spirited competition, the business was awarded to Aetna, which issued a group annuity contract dated April 1, 1934.
Under the policy, employees who had been in the employ of Freeport or its affiliates, for one year or more, and new employees after one year of employment, who had not attained the age of 65 years for men, 60 years for women, could apply for, and Aetna would issue to them, annuity policies maturing at stated ages, upon the payment by Freeport of designated premiums, provided the employees remained in the employment of Freeport, or its affiliates, until their normal retirement age.
The contract obligates Aetna to cover every qualified employee who makes application to the employer (not to Aetna), and for whom the required premium is paid. Coverage becomes effective as to each such employee when Freeport gives notice to Aetna that an application therefor has been made by the employee to the employer. Thus, coverage is virtually automatic upon the application of a qualified employee. Aetna is not authorized to reject any such application, so long as the employee is eligible under the terms of the master contract. Premiums are paid annually by Freeport, which partially reimburses itself by deductions from the pay of the participating employees, both employer and employee bearing a portion of the cost. Aetna reserved the right to modify the premium rates from time to time after the first five years of operation of the policy, by increasing the rates by not more than 71/2% of the original rate for the period of 1939-1944, and further increases of not more than 21/2% for each additional five year period. See note 1, post. Aetna exercised these rights at the expiration of each five year interval.
The contract remained in force without interruption from April 1, 1934 until November 23, 1949, about 151/2 years, when Aetna notified Freeport that after January 1, 1950, no new coverages would be issued under the contract. This amounted to a cancellation of the contract as to new coverages, but did not undertake to affect or impair the rights of employees already covered. It was this notice which precipitated this controversy.
The contract is unambiguous, except that it does not specify how long it shall remain in effect. The absence of such a clause is the basis of this suit. Freeport contends that the contract remains in effect perpetually, so long as premiums are paid. Aetna claims that the contract is terminable at will by either party, insofar as it remains executory, that is, as to future coverages, but concedes that the rights of employees already covered can not be impaired. The district judge accepted neither contention, but held that the contract is terminable by Aetna upon notice, after a reasonable time, which he determined to be 25 years after its inception, which would be April 1, 1959, thus leaving a further effective period of approximately 6yz years from the date of the decree below. 107 F.Supp. 508, 513. Both parties appeal from those portions of the decree adverse to them.
We agree with the foregoing conclusions of the district judge, as well as his conclusion that the contract should be interpreted according to the laws of New York, where it was delivered to Freeport and became effective, after having been submitted to, and approved by, the Superintendent of Insurance of that state. N. Y. Life Ins. Co. v. Chapman, 8 Cir., 132 F.2d 688; Mutual Benefit Health & Acc. Ass’n v. Kennedy, 5 Cir., 140 F.2d 24; Order of U. C. T. v. Meinsen, 8 Cir., 131 F.2d 176; 11 Am.Jur. 386(100). Compare Boseman v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., 301 U.S. 196, 57 S.Ct. 686, 81 L.Ed. 1036; Transit Bus Sales v. Kalamazoo Coaches, 6 Cir., 145 F.2d 804; Pasquel v. Owen, 8 Cir., 186 F.2d 263; Newspaper Readers Service v. Canousburg Pottery Co., 3 Cir., 146 F.2d 963; Cockburn v. O’Meara, 5 Cir., 141 F.2d 779.
We also agree with the district judge that the contract is not illegally discriminatory under sec. 209 oí the New York Insurance Law, McK.Consol.Laws, c. 28, which prohibits any insurance company doing business in that state from making “any unfair discrimination between individuals of the same class” in the purchase of life insurance or annuity contracts. See also Louisiana Statutes Annotated Rev.Stat. 1950, Title 22, secs. 652, 1214.
Tile district judge also correctly held that the contract was not void for lack of mutuality. The doctrine of mutuality is inapplicable here. It should he borne in mind that because of the distinctive characteristics which inhere in insurance contracts of this nature, cases relating to other types of contracts are usually inapposite upon the question of mutuality.
We differ with the district judge only as to what is a “reasonable time” for the operation of the contract. We think 25 years is too loug. Since April 1, 1934, economic conditions have radically changed, interest rates have sharply declined, and life expectancy has substantially lengthened. All these things enter into the rates to be charged for such a policy as this.
In reserving the right to modify the premium rates on this policy, however, Aetna specifically provided for increases in rates through March 31, 1954, indicating that Aetna itself contemplated that the contract would remain in effect at least until that date.
Accordingly, the decree appealed from is modified so as to designate April 1, 1954, as the date upon which Aetna may discontinue the contract as to new coverages. As so modified the decree is
Affirmed.
. The policy provides, inter alia, that ‘'The company also reserves the right * * * to modify the premium rates in Tables A and B to be used in the calculation of premiums with respect to employees whose coverage hereunder commences five years or more after the date of this contract; provided that at no time between April 1, 1939 and March 31, 1944 shall premium rates be established which are more than 7%% greater than the original rates, at no lime between April 3, 1944 and March 31, 1949 shall premium rates lie established which are more than 30% greater than the original rates, at no time between April 1, 1949 and
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting).
I am unable to join my colleagues in directing modification of the judgment of the trial court which held that twenty-five years was “a reasonable time” during which the insurance contract, which expressed no term, should remain operative. Certainly Aetna Life Insurance Company is not entitled to complain of this period under all of the circumstances of the case. Generally, where the parties to a contract fail to specify a definite term for its continuance, with the result that the judicial process must be resorted to in order to determine a “reasonable time” which should elapse before it is terminated, the primary effort of the courts is to determine the time which, as reasonable men, the parties to the contract ought to have understood each other to have in mind at the time the contract was executed, but which time was, nevertheless, for some reason, omitted from the contract. In the present case, consideration of the negotiations leading up to the insurance contract, the nature, terms and provisions of the contract as executed, and the purpose sought to- be attained supports the finding of the trial court, if, indeed, the enforcement of a longer period would not have been justified. The insurer, having cautiously provided, so far as it could foresee, for each and every contingency affecting its liability and the compensation it should receive for its assumption, even to the extent of providing what it doubtless deemed to be protection in any and all events by its prescribed rate of increase in premiums during successive periods of five years each, which would equal, though not exceed, the prevailing rates which underwriting conditions indicated at any particular time, (see note 1 in the majority opinion), can properly be regarded, at the inception of the contract, as having desired and intended that it should continue for a long period of time. With favorable rates, a large insurer desires increases in amounts of insurance in force. Freeport, adopting the plan for its employees, may well be regarded as having had a similar understanding as to the existence of its option to insure new employees. The subsequent decline in interest rates and the increase in life expectancy, while they might make the contract burdensome for the time being, do not, I think, affect what must have been the understanding of the parties at the time the contract was executed.
I think the finding of the trial court is so well supported by the facts and circumstances of the case that the insurer has no cause for complaint.
