EDDIE LEE FREEMAN v. THE STATE
S14A0880
Supreme Court of Georgia
October 6, 2014
764 SE2d 390
HINES, Presiding Justice.
S14A0880. FREEMAN v. THE STATE.
(764 SE2d 390)
HINES, Presiding Justice.
Eddie Lee Freeman appeals from his convictions and sentences for malice murder and possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime in connection with the death of Terrance Devaris Moore. For the reasons that follow, we reverse.1
Construed to support the verdicts, the evidence showed that Freeman and two other men went to a motel room to buy illegal drugs; Freeman was in possession of a .38 caliber revolver. Moore was in the motel room with three other men. There was a disagreement over the price of the drugs, and an argument ensued; Moore locked the door to the motel room and placed his hand in his pocket and appeared to begin to remove a handgun from it. A gunshot was then fired, followed by a number of other gunshots, and the lights of the room went out; the door to the room became inoperative and those inside the room began to leave through a broken window. Freeman fired his .38 revolver several times, and was himself twice struck by bullets. He was subsequently taken to a hospital. Moore was also struck twice by bullets, and died en route to the hospital. The autopsy produced two .38 bullets recovered from his body, at least one having been fired from close range; the bullets proved to have been fired from either a .38 special or .357 magnum revolver, and to have been fired from the
1. The evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Freeman was guilty of the crimes of which he was convicted. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
2. Freeman gave three oral statements to investigating law enforcement officers; one statement was given in the hospital emergency room shortly after the shooting; one was made at the sheriff‘s office several hours later; and the third occurred two days later. Only the third statement was made after the giving of Miranda2 warnings, and Freeman argued to the trial court that evidence contained within the first two statements should be excluded as he was in custody at the time they were made and thus Miranda warnings were required to be given. See Durden v. State, 293 Ga. 89, 95 (3) (744 SE2d 9) (2013). Prior to trial, and after a Jackson v. Denno3 hearing, the trial court ruled the two statements admissible.
At trial, when the State sought to introduce the recording of the first interview, Freeman objected, and the State responded that the trial court had “already found at the previous hearing that the statement was freely and voluntarily given and as well that no Miranda warnings were necessary as the defendant was not a suspect at that time.” The court simply overruled the objection and admitted the recorded statement. When the State sought to introduce a recording of the second interview, Freeman again objected, and the State responded that “the issue of voluntariness has already been addressed and [the State] would request the court allow this into evidence.” The court responded: “All right. I find that the statement was freely and voluntarily given as previously ruled. I‘ll admit it over the objection of the defense.” Freeman contends that this constituted an improper comment on the evidence by the court, violating
Determining the voluntariness and, consequently, the admis
Chumley v. State, 282 Ga. 855, 857 (2) (655 SE2d 813) (2008) (Citations and punctuation omitted.) The court‘s response: “I find that the statement was freely and voluntarily given,” clearly violated
Although the State contends that the trial court‘s articulation was made during a mere colloquy with counsel regarding an evidentiary ruling, see Bryant v. State, 268 Ga. 664, 667 (8) (492 SE2d 868) (1997), the transcript reveals nothing other than that the remark was made in the jury‘s presence. And, it is of no moment that Freeman did not raise a contemporaneous objection to the trial court‘s articulation; as this Court has explained,
[a]lleged violations of
OCGA § 17-8-57 are subject to a sort of “super-plain error” review; not only may they be raised on appeal without any objection at trial, but, if sustained, they automatically result in reversal without consideration of whether the error caused any actual prejudice. [Cits.]
Wells v. State, 295 Ga. 161, 167 (3) (758 SE2d 598) (2014). Accordingly, a new trial is necessary.
3. Freeman contends that the trial court also erred in making the initial determination that his first two statements were freely and voluntarily made because he was in custody at the time each was made, but he was not given the benefit of Miranda warnings.5 A person is considered to be in custody and ”Miranda warnings are
According to the evidence presented at the Jackson v. Denno hearing, at the time of the first statement, Freeman was in the hospital being treated for his gunshot wounds; he was not under arrest; he was not restrained in any way; and if he had wished, he would have been allowed to leave if his medical situation so permitted. The second interview took place in an interview room at the sheriff‘s office; the testimony of the interviewing officers was that Freeman voluntarily came there at their request, although they were not able to state whether he arranged his own transportation or was given a ride in an official vehicle; in any event, that is a circumstance which would not necessarily indicate that he was in custody. See Scott v. State, 281 Ga. 373, 375-376 (2) (637 SE2d 652) (2006). Again, the evidence was that Freeman was not restrained and was free to leave, and one officer testified that Freeman did, in fact, leave after the interview. Based on the evidence presented at the Jackson v. Denno hearing, the trial court did not err in determining that Freeman was not in custody at the time he made his first two statements, and that these statements were voluntary and properly admissible. Durden, supra at 95-96.
4. At the Jackson v. Denno hearing, the investigating officers who conducted the hospital interview both testified that Freeman was not at that time a suspect, but rather was interviewed as a potential victim or witness. In his motion for new trial, Freeman asserted that his trial counsel failed to provide effective representation in that, at the Jackson v. Denno hearing, counsel did not introduce the interview sheet filled out by the investigating officers at the time of the hospital interview, which showed a checked box indicating that Freeman was a “suspect” rather than a “subject,” “victim,” or “witness.” In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Freeman must show both that counsel‘s performance was deficient, and that the
At the hearing on the motion for new trial, trial counsel testified that he was aware of the interview form indicating that Freeman was denominated a suspect at the time of the hospital interview, but chose not to introduce it at the Jackson v. Denno hearing because he did not believe that the trial court would suppress the statement, and thought that it would be more valuable to use the form to attack the credibility of the testifying officers at trial, which counsel did. Counsel also testified that he was aware that case law had established that merely being considered a suspect did not mandate that Miranda warnings were necessary. And in this regard, counsel‘s understanding of the law is correct.
Whether a police officer focused his unarticulated suspicions upon the individual being questioned is of no consequence for Miranda purposes. [Cit.] This is so because Miranda was fashioned to redress “the compulsive aspect of custodial interrogation, and not the strength or content of the government‘s suspicions” when the questioning commenced. [Cit.] “Even a clear statement from an officer that the person under interrogation is a prime suspect is not, in itself, dispositive of the custody issue, for some suspects are free to come and go until the police decide to make an arrest.” [Cit.] Thus, the proper inquiry is whether the individual was formally arrested or restrained to the degree associated with a formal arrest, not whether the police had probable cause to arrest. [Cits.]
McAllister v. State, 270 Ga. 224, 227-228 (1) (507 SE2d 448) (1998).
5. The remainder of Freeman‘s enumerations of error are unlikely to recur on retrial and we thus decline to address them. See Boring v. State, 289 Ga. 429, 435 (3) (711 SE2d 634) (2011).
Judgments reversed. All the Justices concur.
DECIDED OCTOBER 6, 2014.
H. Lee Prescott, Jr., Katherine M. Mason, for appellant.
Ashley Wright, District Attorney, Madonna M. Little, Assistant District Attorney, Samuel S. Olens, Attorney General, Patricia B. Attaway Burton, Deputy Attorney General, Paula K. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Meghan H. Hill, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.