This is an action for damages by the holder of 30 forged checks to recover the loss it incurred after the checks had been stolen during a burglary of defendant’s office and then cashed at several of plаintiff’s stores. Plaintiff appeals from a judgment of involuntary nonsuit. We affirm.
Plaintiff’s complaint alleged that defendant was negligent (1) in failing to place the blank checks in safekeeping; (2) in failing to place its cheсk “protectograph” in safekeeping; and (3) in failing to lock the “proteetograph” so as to render it unusable.
Plaintiff offered evidence that plaintiff, a large retail merchandiser, cashes payroll checks for its customers at its various stores pursuant to a policy requiring identification of the customer (payee) countersigning the instrument. The cheeks in question were all drawn on the defendant’s Temcо Metal Products Company commercial account and each instrument had imprinted upon it the company’s name, trademark, address and magnetic account numbers, together with the name and address оf the drawee bank. The checks had also been prenumbered by the printing company.
*232 Each, of the checks was completed by typing in the date and name of the payee, filling in the amount of the chеck on the upper right-hand side in ink, and then imprinting the amount in the center of the check with a check “protectograph.” Also imprinted with the defendant’s “protectograph” was the name “Temco” before the imprinted amount and the word “Bonded” over the typed name of the payee.
Each check was for the amount of $186.34 and was made payable to either “Randall Lees” or “Anthony Haws.” The facе of the check was completed by signing the forged name of defendant’s corporate secretary and booldieeper, Lee Adams. Mrs. Adams was authorized to sign defendant’s cheeks and only her signaturе on the checks was required.
On Saturday, October 4, 1969, Mr. DeHaan, plaintiff’s director of security, became suspicious when, in the course of making a routine review of the checks which had been cashed at one store, he found one of defendant’s checks and remembered that he had seen an identical check which had been cashed at a different store the same day.
DeHaan decided to attеmpt to contact defendant to find out whether or not the checks were valid. After he was unable to find the name of any of defendant’s officers in the city directory, DeHaan had the Multnomah County Sheriff’s Patrol locate on the front door of defendant’s office an emergency number for the Portland Security Guards. Through the Guards’ office, .DeHaan was then able to contact by telephone the defendant’s prеsident, Mr. Keller. He arranged to meet Mr. Keller and Lee Adams at defendant’s office at 11 -o’clock the same night. "While searching the office, they found that. approximately 50. blank checks had been *233 taken out of one of three or four boxes of blank checks kept in an unlocked filing cabinet behind Lee Adams’ desk. In a side room just off the office, the check “protectograph” was found on top of a refrigerator. It was “set” for the sum of $186.34.
Lee Adams testified that the check “protectograph” had been in her unlocked desk drawer. The “protectograph” could not be locked because there was no key. If there had been a key, the check “protectograph” could have been “locked in” at “zero.”
Defendant’s premises has a shop in the rear with overhead doors that lock, with a front door that locks and a door between the shop and the office which locks. Lee Adams testified that the office doors and windows were locked on the night in question. Mr. De-Haan testified about a conversation with defendant’s shop foreman, who found that the lock on the door between the shop and the office had probably been knocked off by the burglars and then had been remounted before they left thrоugh the front door. It appeared that the burglars had come in through the shop skylight and had kicked open the door to the office. Mr. Keller also testified that defendant had suffered a previous burglary in 1967 when its shop was broken into and some shop tools were taken.
Plaintiff contends that this evidence was sufficient to present a jury question whether defendant was negligent and whether its negligence substantially contributed to the making of the forged checks, within the meaning of OES 73.4060 of the .Uniform Commercial Code, so as to preclude defendant’s assertion of forgery as against plaintiff, a holder in due course, who claimed *234 to have pаid the checks in accordance with the “reasonable commercial standards” of its business. ①
Plaintiff calls our attention to paragraph 7 of the official comment to ORS 73.4060, which states that:
“ORS 73.4060 applies the same rule to negligence which contributes to a forgery or other unauthorized signature, as defined in ORS 71.2010. The most obvious case is that of the drawer who makes use of a signature stamp or other automatic signing dеvice and is negligent in looking after it. ORS 73.4060 extends, however, to cases where the party had notice that forgeries of his signature have occurred and is negligent in failing to prevent further forgeries by the same pеrson. It extends to negligence which contributes to a forgery of the signature of another, as in the case where a check is negligently mailed to the wrong person having the same name as the payeе. As in the case of alteration, no attempt is made to specify what is negligence, and the question is one for the court or the jury on the facts of the particular case.”
Plaintiff also reminds us that on an аppeal from a judgment of involuntary nonsuit we must assume the truth of plaintiff’s competent evidence and of every favorable inference from that evidence; that we have held that it is ordinarily for the jury to say whether conduct was negligent and was a substantial cause of harm, and that “* * * [t]he jury is given a wide leeway in deciding whether the conduct in question falls
*235
above or below the standard of reasonable conduct deemed to have been set by the community,” quoting from our decision in
Stewart v. Jefferson Plywood Co.,
This, however, was not a case involving a “signature stamp or other automatic signing device” where “the party had notice that forgeries of his signаture have occurred,” as referred to in the official comment to ORS 73.4060. Defendant’s check “proteetograph” merely stamped the amount of the checks in such a manner as to make difficult the аlteration of the amount. And while such checks might appear to be more authentic than the usual checks, they still had to be signed personally by defendant’s corporate secretary and bookkeeper, whose signature was forged upon these cheeks. Neither did plaintiff offer any evidence that defendant had been put on notice of any previous forgeries.
It is true that the blank checks were in аn unlocked cabinet and that the cheek “proteetograph” was in an unlocked desk drawer in defendant’s office. The door to the office was locked, however, as well as its windows and the exteriоr doors to the building. In addition, there was evidence that defendant employed a security service to check its premises periodically during the night. The burglars apparently obtained entrance to the adjoining shop through a skylight and then lacked open the door to the office.
In Stewart v. Jefferson Plywood Co., supra at 607, we also pointed out that:
“The issue of the defendant’s negligence or the plaintiff’s contributory negligence is frequently *236 withdrawn from the jury and is resolved by the trial court or by this court as a matter of law.”
and (at 609):
“* * * If, in our appraisal of the community’s conception of fault, we find that the conduct in question clearly falls outside the conception, we are charged with the duty of withdrawing the issue from the jury.”
Upon application of that test to the facts of this case, as previously set forth, we conclude that defendant’s conduct “clearly falls” outside what we believe to be “the community’s сonception of fault,” with the result that it is our duty to affirm the granting of the judgment of involuntary nonsuit in this case.
This is not a case in which conduct may be negligent for failure to foresee that such conduct may involve an unreаsonable risk of harm to another person through the negligent conduct of a third person. Instead, this is a case in which it is contended that defendant was negligent for failure to foresee that his conduct may involve harm to another through the criminal conduct of a third person. See Restatement of Torts (2d) § 302A and § 302B. Under normal circumstances a person may reasonably assume that no one will violate the criminal law. Restatement, supra, § 302B, Comment d.
Neither is this a case involving circumstances such as those involved in
Mezyk v. National Repossessions,
This case, however, was not decided on demurrer and, in our judgment, no comparable evidence was offered by the plaintiff in this case. Plaintiff has also not cited to us any case in which, under similar facts, a defendant has been held liable to the holder of stolen and forged checks. ②
Under these facts and circumstances we affirm the judgment of involuntary nonsuit.
Notes
ORS 73.4060 provides:
“Negligence contributing to alteration or unauthorized signature. Any person who by his negligence substantially contributes to a material, alteration of the instrument or to the making of an unauthorized signature is precluded from asserting the alteratiоn or lack of authority against a holder in due course or against a drawee or other payor who pays the instrument in good faith and in accordance with the reasonable commercial standards of the drawee’s or payor’s business.”
See generally, White and Summers, Uniform Commercial Code (1972 ed) 537-39, § 16-6. Cf. Gresham State Bank v. O & K Con. Co.,