135 F. 725 | 6th Cir. | 1905
This is a bill in equity filed in a circuit court of the state of Michigan for the county of Kent. The complainant is described therein as “a limited partnership association organized and existing under the laws of the state of Michigan, and having its principal office and place of business at Grand Rapids, in said county of Kent and state of Michigan.” The only defendant is Frank Macey, who is described in the bill “as a resident of the city of Grand Rapids aforesaid.” This defendant seasonably filed his petition for the removal of the suit into the Circuit Court of the United States for the Western District of Michigan. The ground for removal, if any exists, is diversity of citizenship. The petition upon this subject alleges that he (the petitioner), “at the time of the commencement of the suit was, and still is, an alien, and a subject of the King of Great Britain and Ireland.” The averments concerning the citizenship of the plaintiff were as follows:
“(3) That the controversy in this suit is between a citizen of the state of Michigan and a citizen of a foreign state.
“(4) That the complainant, at the time of the commencement of this suit was, and still is, a partnership association organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the state of Michigan, with the location of its business at the city of Grand Rapids, in the state of Michigan.
“(5) That the Fred Macey Company, Limited, within the meaning of section 11 ■ of article 15 of the Constitution of the state of Michigan, and the organic act of the association, at the time of the commencement of this suit had, and now has, the powers and privileges of a corporation, not possessed by individuals or partnerships, and within the meaning of such constitutional provision and such organic act at the commencement of this suit was, and now is, a corporation.”
Upon the filing of this petition, and the removal bond required by law, an order was entered in the state court allowing a removal, and the transcript of the record was duly filed in the court below. Thereupon the defendant filed a demurrer upon the ground that there was a plain and adequate remedy at law. This ground of demurrer was sustained and the bill dismissed. From this decree the plaintiff has appealed.
But preliminary to any consideration of the questions arising upon the decree of the court below there arises upon the face of the record the question of the jurisdiction of the court from which the appeal has been taken. This is a question which this court, as well as every court of the United States, must ask and answer for itself. The fact that no objection was made in the court below and that no objection has been made here cannot relieve the court from the duty of saying whether the record exhibits a case properly removable from the state court into the court below. Great Southern Fire Proof Hotel Co. v. Jones, 177 U. S. 449, 453, 20 Sup. Ct. 690, 44 L. Ed. 842, and cases therein cited. The right of removal depends solely upon the existence of diverse citizenship. The defendant’s petition for removal very plainly and explicitly avers his own alien-age, and, if the plaintiff below is a corporation of the state of Michigan, within the rule that a suit by or against a corporation in a
But it is urged that the fifth paragraph of the petition for removal, set out above, avers the complainant “was and now is a corporation,” and that this is an averment of fact which must be accepted. But this language is explained, and, taken in connection with its context, is nothing more or less than a conclusion of law made by the pleader. Reading all of the relevant parts of the petition together, we find it clearly enough stated that the complainant is “a partnership association” organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the state of Michigan. The averment then comes only to this: that under the laws of Michigan the complainant association is a corporation. But it is the duty of this court to take judicial notice of the statute law of Michigan under which such associations are organized, and determine whether the circuit court was entitled to take jurisdiction of this case upon the ground that the association, under those laws, was a corporation within the meaning of the rule for jurisdiction as defined in Great Southern Fire Proof Hotel Co. v. Jones, cited above. In the case just cited the court, after referring to the rule that, for the purpose and within the meaning of the clause of the Constitution extending the judicial power of the United States to controversies between citizens of different states, a corporation was to be deemed a citizen of the state creating it, said:
“No such rule, however, has been applied to partnership associations, although such associations may have some of the characteristics of a corporation. When the question relates to the jurisdiction of a Circuit Court of the United States as resting on the diverse citizenship of the parties, we must look, in the case of a suit by or against a partnership association, to the citizenship of the several persons composing such association.”
Unless, therefore, such associations, under the law of Michigan, are substantially different from similar organizations under the law of Pennsylvania, they are not corporations within the rule for jurisdiction, and this case must be governed by the case of the Great Southern Fire Proof Hotel Co. v. Jones, cited above, wherein the opinion of this court in respect of such associations in Andrews
“That as to the question whether the law of limited, partnerships applies to the defendant, or the law of corporations, the answer is that the case must be controlled by the law applicable to corporations.”
In the other case cited above the court applied the rule of estoppel to those who had dealt with the association as an association applicable to persons dealing with corporations as -such; the court saying:
“We see no reason why the doctrine of estoppel should not be applied in the one case as well as to the other. There is no difference in principle between the two. Each is a legal entity, whose sole warrant for existence is found In, and whose powers and liabilities were fixed by, statute. The doctrine of estoppel in this case need not, however, be based upon the determination of the question as to whether the Grand Rapids Storage Co., Ltd., was a corporation.”
Thus there has never been any decision of the state of Michigan which determines that these associations are corporations. Indeed, the Michigan cases do not even characterize them as “quasi corpo
After the question of the jurisdiction of the circuit court had been made by the court, counsel filed a’ stipulation by which it was agreed that the original bill should be so amended as to aver that each and every member of the complainant association at the time of the-filing of the bill was, and now is, a citizen of a state of the United States. When the matter is one amendable in the court below, and the parties agree to the amendment being made in this court, it is within the power of the court to allow such amendment without sending the case back to have the amendment made. In Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch, 87, 127, 3 L. Ed. 162, and Kennedy v. Georgia State Bank, 8 How. 586, 611, 12 L. Ed. 1209, amendments by consent were allowed, the matter being amendable in the court below. In Udell v. Steamship Ohio, 17 How. 18, 15 L. Ed. 42, the amendment of a libel was refused. Gates v. Goodloe, 101 U. S. 612, 25 L. Ed. 895, and Bowden v. Johnson, 107 U. S. 251, 27 L. Ed. 386, presented questions concerning the substitution of one plaintiff in error for another. In United States v. Hopewell, 51 Fed. 798, 2 C. C. A. 510, there was presented the question as to the circumstance under which an appellate court may allow an amendment. The opinion was by Justice Gray, for the First Circuit Court of Appeals. That great judge said:
“When any question Is made as to the allowance of such an amendment, the usual and proper practice Is to remand the case to the Circuit Court to deal with that question. But when, as in this case, the parties agree to the amendment, and to facts which justify and require it, the amendment may be made in the appellate court.”
But the proposed amendment in the case before us is not one which could be made in the Circuit Court, and cannot, therefore, be made here, although the parties consent. If neither the petition for removal nor any part of the record, on its face, showed a removal case, the case was not in law removed. The state court did not lose jurisdiction nor did the United States court acquire it. If the court below acquired no jurisdiction because of this vital defect, it has no authority to allow an amendment, but should remand the case to the state court from which it was unlawfully removed. Crehore v. O. & M. Ry. Co., 131 U. S. 240, 9 Sup. Ct. 692, 33 L. Ed. 144; Jackson v. Allen, 132 U. S. 27, 10 Sup. Ct. 9, 33 L. Ed. 249; Powers v. C. & O. Ry. Co., 169 U. S. 92, 101, 18 Sup. Ct. 264, 42 L. Ed. 673. We have been referred to Kansas City Ry. Co. v. Pranty (C. C. A.) 133 Fed. 13, where an amendment was allowed by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in a case which had been removed upon an insufficient averment of citizenship. We think that court did not notice the distinction between a case originating in the Cir
The result is that we must refuse the application to amend. The judgment of dismissal upon the questions made by the demurrer must -be reversed, and the court below directed to enter an order remanding the case to the state court.