84 Tenn. 609 | Tenn. | 1886
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is a suit brought by the father for the seduction of his daughter, a minor of about eighteen years. The suit is not, in common . law form, based on the idea of loss of service, which, however, by later authorities, was but a legal fiction, the real gravamen of the action being the seduction. The statute simply dispenses with this fiction and gives the parent the right to sue, “ although such daughter be not living with nor in the service of the plaintiff, and though there be no loss of service.” It is also provided, that a recovery in one suit by the father or mother, or daughter, shall be a bar to all other actions for the same cause. See Code (M. & V.), sec. 3501, et seq. This was intended to limit the recovery to one suit, the daughter or female, as well as father and mother, being authorized to sue by other provisions of the statute. It is seen from these provisions that the suit now before us is simply for the seduction of the daughter, and any allegation of loss of service 'unnecessary, unless it might be as a basis to aggravate or increase the damages resulting from the seduction, which is the substantive cause of complaint and basis of the recovery sought.
The case was not placed dn the jury docket under the statute, but left by the pleadings to the decision of the circuit judge, who gave judgment for the plaintiff in the sum of $3,000, finding the facts and embodying them in the judgment on which his conclusion rests.
The facts as found by his Honor, the -.circuit judge, are, “that defendant seduced the plaintiff’s daughter in March, 1879, having sexual intercourse with her by promising to marry her, and promising to shield her from disgrace. These facts, the court says, “he finds as a matter of law to be seduction.” The court then finds, .as a matter of fact, that defendant continued to have sexual intercourse with plaintiff’s daughter two or. three times a month, until the last of August or September, 1879; that on each of said occasions the defendant obtained consent by an implied, if not expressed, promise to marry and shield her from disgrace, and that each subsequent act of intercourse by defendant and plaintiff’s daughter, as long as it was kept up, was substantially like the first. The first time defendant expressly promised to marry her, and by that means secured her consent; after that he impliedly promised to marry her, and by that means secured her consent, and as the intercourse was kept up to within twelve months before bringing suit, his Honor held the action not barred by the statute of limita
The cause of action, both as given in thé language of the statute, and by the declaration of plaintiff setting out the grounds of his suit, is the seduction of the daughter by the defendant, and in the declaration, we believe, in all . the courts, giving the date of the wrong, it is stated to have occurred on August 25, 1879.
The language of the two sections of the statute is, Section 3501: “An unmarried female may prosecute an action for her own seduction and recover such damages as may be found in her favor.” Section 3502: “A father, or in case of his death or desertion of his family, the mother, may bring a suit for the seduction of a daughter, although such daughter be not living with nor in the service of the plaintiff, and though there be no loss of service.”
If is obvious, from this, that the seduction of the daughter is the cause of action, and so, as we have said, the declaration is based on this as the wrong complained of, and for which the recovery is sought. Whenever this act had been perpetrated and was com. píete, a cause of action had accrued to plaintiff, his daughter, or, if the father was dead or had deserted his family, then to the mother, and a right of recovery for such wrong is given, and accrues to the parties thus entitled to sue. Adding then the language of the statute of limitations, and the rule would be, that the cause of action accrues to the parties whenever the act of seduction is complete, and a right of recovery for
What, then, is the force and meaning of the word seduction, and what does it involve; what act does it designate? Mr. Worcester, in his Dictionary, defines its legal meaning to be, “the offense of a man who induces a woman to surrender her chastity.” This is strictly accurate, both philologically and according to the common and well understood meaning of the term. It is the despoiling a woman of her virginity. Today she is a virgin, she yields to the seducer, and she is no longer a virgin, but has lost this womanly treasure, and is degraded by the act into the ranks, of the despoiled, and unchaste, and' no human power can restore her to what she was before the fatal error. It may also, by some of our cases, be, where the woman, after having been seduced, has again returned to and is walking in the path of virtue. But in both cases the act is complete when the chastity of the party is surrendered. It is also beyond question, that this result is effectually produced, and the act, if seduction, as complete by one act of sexual intercourse, though the amount of moral wrong and consequent depravity attending all sin and violation of the great fundamental laws of morality may not be the same in the case of the single act as where the party
The theory of his Honor is, that there was another act of seduction every time an act of sexual intercourse took place after the first one, and this on the notion that the daughter yielded each time by reason of an implied new promise to marry. But the finding on
A conclusive answer to his Honor’s theory, however, is found in the fact, that if true, it involves the proposition that for any act of sexual intercourse there accrued a cause of action, and so in this case there was matter for fifteen or twenty suits, or else it must be held the cause of action is not complete, does not accrue, so long as the criminal connection lasts, and so the seduction is not complete so long as a like act of criminal intercourse with the first was kept up. Neither view is sound, and so to hold would violate both the proprieties of our language, as well as the well understood meaning of the term seduction.
It is argued the case of Thompson v. Clendeni
Our feelings of aversion to the conduct of the defendant tend to make us very earnestly wish to see him compelled to respond in damages for the wrong he has done, but these feelings can not be allowed to control established principles of law. The Legislature has chosen to say, a party shall sue for the seduction of his daughter within twelve months after
The change made in our law by the section of the Code quoted amounts to this, that the old action, based on the fiction of loss of service, is now given in form for the seduction, as it always was in practice, and the statute of limitation prescribed for. this action is one year instead of three, as formerly. Be this as it may, however, as we have said, this is an action in form and substance under the statute, the seduction being the cause of action, and that on August 25, 1879, and in perhaps two or more counts it stated as a fact that the daughter was under twenty-one years, lived with the father, and the birth of the child is charged, as is proper, by way of aggravation of damages. There is no averment of performance of, or loss of service. We are compelled to apply the statute or evade or disregard it, which we are not at liberty to do. In addition, we add, .that our own cases, as well as the uniform consent of authorities, adopt the theory that all the attending circumstances, such as the length of time in which the criminal connection has been kept up, as in the Clendening case, 1 Head, 288, the birth of a child, the expenses of lying in, such as medical attention and the like, are to be looked to in aggravation of damages: See Smith v. Yaryan, S. Ind., 35, Amer. Rep., 324-5. This being so, it necessarily implies that these circumstances are not the
The fallacy that underlies the view of his Honor, the circuit judge, is, in confounding the right to sue for the seduction, with the breach of the contract to marry, by which the seduction was effected. Suppose the father or daughter had sued, after the first act of intercourse in March, for the seduction, and Franklin had plead in defense to that suit, that it was true he had promised to marry as charged, and by reason of such promise had obtained and continued to have sexual intercourse, but that he was then ready to marry as promised; would this have been any defense to the action? No one, we take it, would so maintain. But why ? Simply because' the fact of the con-
We think this conclusive of the case. We therefore hold his Honor erred in his view of the law, reverse his judgment and give judgment for the defendant on the plea of statute of limitations.
Rehearing
PETITION TO REHEAR.
Upon petition to rehear,
said:
A most earnest petition for a rehearing is presented in this, ease which deserves our respectful, and careful attention. We have given the argument and authorities cited thoughtful examination, and proceed to state the result.
The case is an action by the father for the seduction of his daughter, but brought over twelve months after the first act of criminal intercouse and her actual seduction, in March, 1879, as found by his Honor, the circuit judge, who tried the ease below, without a jury. . .
But whatever the law is on this record, it is our duty to administer it.
The case turned in the former opinion on the question of the statute of limitations, whether the cause of action accrued over twelve months before the commencement of this suit, which was on July 13, 1880, after the birth of a child in May before. The fact of pregnancy had been observed some time before the child was born.
The suit is by the father, as we. have said; is simply for the seduction of his daughter; averring in
The theory of a continuous act from the first seduction down to the last act of sexual intercourse, is sought to be sustained by the following and the like from Addison on Torts, Wood’s Ed., vol. 2, page 601. “Where an action is brought against a justice of the peace for a false and malicious imprisonment, every continuance of the imprisonment de die in diem is, in point of law, a new imprisonment, and .therefore the time of limitation runs from the last day .of such imprisonment, and not from the time of the issuance of the warrant.” This principle or rule, as applicable to the facts of the case stated, a continuous act of
These definitions are the fair result of the cases on the subject, and correspond in principle with the definition of Mr. Luid in his late work on Damage, page 558, which is: “Seduction is the act of overcoming the chastity of a female by flattery, promises or artifice.” In every proper definition, chastity, as an established fact, either as an original or acquired
These are the only principles pressed on us by authority that tend to sustain the argument of counsel in favor of the views, presented. We think they fail to meet the argument of the former opinion or shake its conclusions. The idea that this girl was seduced at every act of intercourse, in any proper or legal sense of that term, is preposterous, on the facts stated. She evidently eagerly accepted every opportunity of illicit pleasure. Her original virtue was evidently hung on the slender thread of fear of pregnancy as the result of indulgence. She yielded it as soon as
The very question presented in this case, as to the time of seduction being complete, and effect of subsequent acts of intercourse, under a promise of marriage, as here, has been passed on by the Supreme Court of Indiana, in a carefully prepared opinion. In that case, which was an action for seduction which had originally
The only legitimate effect of the promise of marriage shown in this case, is to show the artifice by which the defendant overcame the virtue of the daughter, and thus, in the language of Wilmot, C. J. (in Tullidge
We now cite the principles settled as to the statute of limitations from the saíne author referred to by counsel on this question, both in text and notes. Section 1361: “The time when the statute of limitations begins to run is from the accrual of the cause of action.” “ Whenever an injury is complete, a legal injury, however slight, the statute begins to run. By legal injury is meant such an injury as entitles a party to maintain an action, even though the damage is merely nominal; therefore, where the injury is such that a right of action accrues, the statute begins to run from that time ”: Note a to page 599. “ The fact that the injurious consequences are not known, does not prevent the operation of the statute from the time when the injury was done and a causé of action ac-
The only real question “in this case is, could the present plaintiff, the father', have sued, and had a right of action accrued in March, when the court finds the daughter was seduced? If so, the statute has run, unless every subsequent act of intercourse, under an affirmation that he would still keep his promise to marry, must be held a new seduction, and consequently a new cause of action, and so twenty cases of action may have accrued in this ease, which is absurd.
The case in American Decisions, vol. 44, cited (Boyd v. Reid, 740), only holds the father might recover at common law, regardless of the question of service. Our statute has also given this right, and so the action is brought, but the statute has also fixed the time of limitation for seduction at twelve months.
We have thus carefully gone over the points of the argument for rehearing. We can not allow our feelings of repugnance to the seducer to swerve us into bending the law to meet a hard case. The law must be run on straight lines, and while this may produce hardships, such hardships are incident to all human transactions, and are the necessary result of general rules, which in the main are based oh a sound public policy and serve the public weal. The Legislature prescribes the rule as to the statute of limitations; we do not, but we are bound to enforce it in its plain, obvious meaning, and must not let our feelings induce us to such evasions, however desirable a different result might be in the particular ease.