524 F.2d 668 | Ct. Cl. | 1975
PeR Curiam : This case comes before the court on defendant’s motion, filed June 12, 1975, pursuant to Rule 141(b) [but deemed to have been filed under Rule 54(b) (iii)], requesting that the court adopt the recommended decision of Trial Judge John P. Wiese
OPINION OP TRIAL JUDGE
This is an appeal from a decision of the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (hereinafter the Board) sustaining the Government’s default termination of plaintiff’s supply contract.
Upon a review of the record and notwithstanding some equities in its favor, the conclusion must be reached that plaintiff cannot prevail. The administrative decision is entitled to full finality and the United States is entitled to judgment on its counterclaims.
I. The Essential Facts
On May 8, 1969, the United States, acting through the Navy Ships Parts Control Center in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, issued a small business set-aside solicitation seeking bids for the manufacture of 96 shock mounts for Terrier missile containers. The shock mounts, which were to be fabricated in accordance with the specifications contained in a
The following manufacturers are approved for the bonding of the metal parts to the rubber.
1. Lord Manufacturing Company, Erie, Pa.
2. Dow-Elco Inc., Montebello, California
3. Henrite Products Corporation, Ironton, Ohio
4. Goodyear Tire and Eubber Company
Other manufacturers wishing to bond the rubber parts shall contact the Navy Bureau of Ordnance, Washington, D.C. for approval. [ASBCA Eecord, Appellant’s Exhibit A-l, Contract Drawing, Shock Mount Sub-Assembly.]
Upon receipt of this solicitation, the contractor contacted various potential suppliers to ascertain prices and delivery times. Among the companies thus contacted was the Lord Manufacturing Company, the first of the four companies that had been listed on the contract drawing as a Navy-approved source of supply for the bonding requirement. This initial contact with the Lord Manufacturing Company was by way of a telephone call between plaintiff’s president and a Lord salesman and, in the course of their telephone conversation, plaintiff was informed that the company had often done the bonding operation in the past. At the time, plaintiff asked for and was given a bonding quote of $12 per unit. However, it does not appear from the testimony that anything more than this was ascertained, that is, the question of delivery was not discussed. On this same point, the Board found “that the latter [meaning plaintiff’s president] made no direct inquiry as to whether and within what time frame Lord Manufacturing Company was willing to undertake the bonding job and that he considered the salesman’s willingness to quote a price as implying willingness on Lord’s part to perform the work when given a definite order * *
Following this telephone conversation and being then otherwise satisfied that it could properly accomplish the work, the contractor submitted a bid and was awarded the
Approximately one month after the contract award, the contractor forwarded a purchase order to Lord Manufacturing Company asking that it undertake to do the bonding work that the contract required. Within a week thereafter, on July 30, 1969, Lord Manufacturing responded saying that it was not then tooled to produce the item and would therefore not be competitive; hence, the order was declined. Thereupon, the contractor turned to the other Navy-approved suppliers and learned through the inquiries that followed that of the three remaining listed companies, two — Henrite Products Corporation and Dow-Elco Inc. — were no longer in business, while the third, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, was not interested in the work because the job was too small and the delivery time too short. Other companies were then sought out but without timely success.
Because of this difficulty, the contractor found it necessary to request a time extension. On September 4,1969, plaintiff’s president addressed a letter to the Defense Contract Administrative Services Region (DCASR), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which asked for an extension of the contract’s delivery date to December 15,1969. This request was granted. In the letter asking for the extension, no mention was made of the bonding problem. Instead, the contractor referred to his problems as “machining difficulties.” In his testimony before the Board, the contractor explained that use of the term “machining difficulties” had been suggested to him by a DCASR employee whose function it was to monitor the status of the contractor’s production and who, in the pursuance of these duties, visited the contractor’s plant on a weekly basis and was thus aware of the problem that had been encountered with respect to locating a subcontractor for the bonding work.
The effort to locate a satisfactory bonding source was continued. Although the Board made no finding on the point, it appears that of the numerous companies that were contacted during this extension period, those that did express
On January 8,1970, plaintiff again wrote DCASE to request extension of the contract’s delivery date — this time until February 1,1970.
Alpha’s initially projected 5-week delivery period did not materialize. That company experienced problems in the making of the mold and this, in turn, made impossible plaintiff’s completed performance by the anticipated date of February 1,1970.
Accordingly, on February 8, 1970, plaintiff forwarded a third request for extension to DCASE. In this letter, plaintiff for the first time mentioned that it was “having difficulty in obtaining delivery of the rubber bonding on parts for this contract * * An extension until March 1, 1970, was requested.
On February 19, 1970, the Government responded to the contractor’s two pending requests for additional time. (The January request had not previously been acted upon by the Government.) On this date, it issued amendment 2 to the contract extending the contract’s delivery date from the then existing but obviously no longer controlling due date of December 15, 1969, to the most recently requested date that had been specified by the contractor, namely, March 1,1970.
The contractor did not perform by the promised date of
The contractor responded on March 7, 1970. The answer given the Government reads, in part, as follows:
When we first quoted this job there were three names of companies given who were qualified to do the rubber bonding on this job. I got a price to quote from one of them on the telephone. After I received the contract X found that one of the companies named on the print was out of business and the other two felt that the job was too small to bother with.
The problem is that we had difficulty finding someone who would agree to do the bonding. After we found a company to do the bonding we were held up on the molds for 12 weeks before the bonding could begin. [ASBCA Record, Rule 4 Doc. No. 5.]
The letter goes on to recite that, but for the problem with the molds, delivery would have been accomplished sometime in January and that “[a]s of now the bonding is being done and we will ship this job by the end of March.” The contracting officer did not consider the contractor’s response to be sufficient to preclude termination for default; by letter of March 20,1970, the contract was so terminated.
II. Discussion
A. Plaintiff’s Claim: In its decision the Board said that in order for the contractor to escape the consequences of a default termination it would have to be shown that the failure to deliver had been due to causes beyond the control and without the fault or negligence of itself or its subcontractor. In the Board’s view of the case this burden had not been met. The cause of the default, as the Board saw it, was the subcontractor’s delay, and as to this cause it was observed that “the record contains neither detailed explanation of its [the sub
The Board was correct both in its view of the law as well as in its application to the facts of the case. The default clause in plaintiff’s supply contract
Chief among the contentions that are made in this regard is the argument that where a solicitation enumerates, as the one here involved did, the names of Government-approved manufacturing sources, then such enumeration is, in effect, a representation by the Government that the named sources are ready, willing and able to do the work contemplated by the contract and to accomplish the same within the required time frame. Thus, the argument continues, when such representations prove to be wrong, as was said to have been the case here and the Government, at the same time, fails to allow the contractor sufficient time to qualify a new source of supply, then, under these circumstances, it is the Government that stands in breach of the contract and the contractor is exonerated from any responsibilities flowing from his failure to deliver.
The argument that is made has validity — but only to a limited extent and that to a degree insufficient to carry the day for plaintiff. Where the Government issues a contract drawing upon which are listed the names of Government-approved sources of supply, one could readily accept the proposition that such a listing constitutes a representation, i.e., a warranty by the Government, that the listed suppliers have the ability to do the work contemplated by the contract. Indeed, the common sense of the situation could tolerate no less a construction of such contract statements. But it is quite another matter to say, as plaintiff also does, that in addition to guaranteeing the abilities of the listed manufacturers to perform, the Government is also warranting their
In Paccon, Inc. v. United States, 185 Ct. Cl. 24, 33, 399 F. 2d 162, 168 (1968), the court expressed the general rule that a warranty which would place upon the shoulders of the United States the burden of guaranteeing the performance of third parties without regard to any fault of its own is an unusual assumption of responsibility and one that “should not be inferred from ambiguous, inconclusive, or general discussions.” The admonition declared in Paccon fits this situation even more convincingly. The contract language used here (previously quoted herein at p. 848) simply does not lend itself to the interpretation that plaintiff urges nor are there any attendant circumstances detailed in the proof from which the equivalent implication might justifiably be drawn. Fairly construed, the language that was used in the contract drawing promises only that those named can do the job; not that they will. Moreover, it would be highly unusual, to say the least, to conclude that the United States, having once approved a given supplier’s technical qualifications, should thereafter be considered as having placed itself in the position of guaranteeing that supplier’s willingness to undertake the work whenever a demand for the service might materialize. The realities of business life absolutely negate any such assumptions. In short, it would be nothing less than arbitrary to endorse the interpretation plaintiff espouses. On this record, no breach of contract may be imputed to the United States simply because the manufacturers that it had listed as approved sources of supply declined to undertake the work for which they had been found qualified.
Given the conclusion stated it must follow that the obligation to locate a supplier remains where that sort of obligation has traditionally rested — upon the contractor. Of course, in the circumstances detailed here, where the Government has specified that the metal-to-rubber bonding work may only be done by an approved source and where all the approved sources are found to be unavailable, the contractor would be entitled to time extensions sufficient to permit the locating of a new supplier and the securing of the Government’s necessary approval. And it is precisely this point — the matter of
The contention is made that since Government approval of the bonding manufacturer was not only a contract requirement but also an unavoidable prerequisite in this case (because of the unavailability of all previously approved manufacturers) , then the termination of the contract ¡before the contractor was in a position to submit work for approval was plainly a breach of contract.
This contention cannot be accepted. The argument completely overlooks the fact that the contract termination, though indeed effected before approval had been accomplished, occurred after plaintiff had failed to meet the delivery date that had been promised. To ignore this critical fact is, in essence, to say that the Government’s contract reservation of a right of approval carries with it the correlative duty to hold open a contract without regard to all intervening delays until such time as the contractor is in a position to tender a product for approval. Clearly, there is no such obligation. On the contrary, contractor-caused delays in timely submitting a product for approval expose the situation to the same risks of termination as would attend the failure to make timely deliveries once approval had been given. In either case, the sufficiency of the contractor’s performance is to be measured by the dates specified in the contract; where delinquencies occur which are not excusable, then termination for default is within the Government’s rights.
To be sure, the rule would be otherwise if the delays resulted from circumstances with respect to which the Government bore the risk. Thus, for example, if it had been the case here that the Government had selected the subcontractor or had vouched for the competence of the one that was selected, then delays attributable to that subcontractor’s technical problems (in doing the work) would remain within the Government’s sphere of responsibility. However, neither of these conditions were met here. The subcontractor whose delays ultimately brought about plaintiff’s default was chosen by plaintiff alone. In short, in this situation the attendant risks remain with the plaintiff.
A second argument that is raised against the correctness of the default termination is the contention that the termination was improper because it occurred at a point when plaintiff had substantially performed the contract.
'Substantial performance, as that term is used here, refers to the equitable doctrine that guards against forfeiture in situations where a party’s contract performance departs in minor respects from that which had been promised. Building and construction contracts offer the most frequent examples of its application though clearly the doctrine has its place in contracts for supplies as well. See, e.g., Radiation Technology, Inc. v. United States, 177 Ct. Cl. 227, 366 F. 2d 1003 (1966), and LeRoy Dyal Co. v. Allen, 161 F. 2d 152 (4th Cir. 1947).
In resisting the application of the substantial performance doctrine to the facts of this case, the Government makes the argument that that doctrine can have application in a supply contract situation only if the contractor has delivered the goods on schedule. In other words, for the Government, the matter of the substantiality of a contractor’s performance is limited simply to the question of the conformity of delivered supplies.
Surely this is too narrow a view to endorse, at least for a contract of the sort here involved. It has long been the rule that, save in situations where “time is of the essence,” the timeliness of a contractor’s performance is as much a factor
But notwithstanding the application of a different or more liberal rule than that ’being urged by the Government, the conclusion must nevertheless 'be reached that the substantial performance doctrine is inapplicable here. It is enough to defeat plaintiff’s position to point out that, as of March 2, 1970 (the date the contracting officer wrote to inquire concerning the state of performance), the contractor’s then estimated time to completion involved a requirement for approximately 30 additional days. Whether this additional required time be viewed in the context of the delivery period which the Government had initially contemplated, namely 90 days, or whether it be measured against the sum of the extensions that it had thrice granted the contractor, amounting in all to about 160 days, in neither context would a further delay of 30 days be excusable in the sense that the contractor had substantially complied with the delivery schedule. Moreover, to the additional time which the contractor had projected, there would have to be added also whatever additional testing time the Government might require in order to assure itself that the product, as offered, met the contract requirements. Thus, in net result, the delays would extend even beyond the contractor’s own time estimate.
Admittedly, the purpose of the substantial performance doctrine is to avoid the harshness of a forfeiture. By the same token, however, the doctrine should not be carried to the point
The foregoing is not meant to suggest that every delay that might be judged to be extensive when viewed against the time requirements of the contract as a whole is, by itself, sufficient to preclude a finding of substantial performance. To the contrary, there might well be situations where performance has been brought to a point sufficient to permit the Government the satisfactory use of the product and thereafter a delay occurs with respect to a remaining minor item of work that has the effect of making 100 percent completion impossible for a period of time. Under these circumstances a delay even longer than that experienced here would not preclude a finding that substantial performance had taken place. So long as the product in its then existing condition could be put to satisfactory use by the Government, then substantial performance has been achieved. However, there is nothing in this record that would permit the conclusion that such was the state of affairs here when the contract was terminated. No more may be inferred in this situation save that performance involving substantial value had taken place. But that is not substantial performance.
There is a third argument made which is to the effect that it was error for the Board to have accepted the validity of the contract’s delivery schedule because, according to plaintiff, that schedule reflected contractor-requested time extensions that had been induced by Government coercion, by threats to terminate the contract and by false representation.
There is absolutely no support for these contentions. All that the record reveals is that, with respect to the first two extensions that were sought, plaintiff relied upon the DCASR representative’s advice to cite “machining difficulties” as the
A final argument that is raised makes the point that, in sustaining the default termination, the Board entirely overlooked the Government’s legal obligations to assist contractors participating in small business set-aside procurements. No citations of authority are offered in support of this point, though clearly the court’s rules demand this. See Rule 163 (b)(3) (ii).
It is the function of the attorney and not that of the court to point out errors with specificity; this rule is the same whether the error claimed is one of fact, see Algonac Mfg. Co. v. United States, 192 Ct. Cl. 649, 661, 428 F. 2d 1241, 1248 (1970), or of law, see Ala Moana Boat Owners’ Ass’n v. State, 434 P. 2d 516, 518 (Hawaii 1967). Since the proposition claimed by plaintiff is not one so generally understood as to require no supporting citation, no more need be said on the point raised save that plaintiff has not sustained its burden of showing that the Board was wrong in doing what it did.
With respect to the factual side of the case, there are a number of findings that are challenged for a claimed lack of substantial evidence. However, there is no need to take up these challenged findings individually for even if plaintiff were found to be right in some or all particulars the outcome would yet remain the same. On the few critical points in this case, the evidence is not equivocal or subject to debate: there
It follows from the foregoing discussions that the Board’s decision must be recognized to be the final decision in the matter.
B. The Government's Ooimterolaims: In this case the Government has filed a number of counterclaims (14 in all) which collectively represent a demand for judgment in the amount of $58,992:94. The counterclaims reflect the excess reprocurement costs that were incurred by the United States in consequence of its having to purchase, on the open market, supplies that plaintiff had contracted for but failed to deliver. The counterclaims assert that, in each instance, the failure to deliver was followed by a default termination and a final decision of the contracting officer which was not thereafter appealed by plaintiff to the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals. Further, it is stated that timely demand for payment was made upon plaintiff by the procuring agency (the Department of the Navy) and also by the General Accounting Office and that no response was given by plaintiff to either of these demands. Copies of the final decisions that were written by the contracting officers involved in these 14 procurements, together with the tabulation of excess costs that accompanied the transmittal of each of these final decisions to plaintiff are set out as Defendant’s Exhibits 1-14 in the Appendix to Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment.
To the above-described demand for judgment, plaintiff has answered as follows: first, it denies the allegations of the counterclaims “except to the extent that they are supported by the administrative record;” second, it asserts that there has been and is now in effect a bona fide assignment
The arguments which plaintiff offers are not sufficient to defeat the counterclaim demands of the Government. As to the first defense asserted, it is of no consequence that the counterclaims relate to transactions that were not part of the administrative record that had been made before the Board in this case. Under 28 U.S.C. §1503 (1970), the Court of Claims has jurisdiction “to render judgment upon any set-off or demand by the United States against any plaintiff in such court” and pursuant to Eule 40(b) of the court’s rules, the United States “may state as a counterclaim [in its answer] any claim against a plaintiff not arising out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the petition.” In this instance the counterclaim demands of the United States relate to transactions totally independent of the subject matter of the disputes proceeding that plaintiff commenced before the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals; those demands are properly raised here for the first time.
With respect to the second defense raised, this too falls wide of the mark. Assuming the existence of the assignment claimed by plaintiff, then any recovery of the contract proceeds covered by that assignment would, of course, be afforded statutory protection against reduction or set-off on account of transactions arising independent therefrom. 31 U.S.C. § 203, 41 U.S.C. § 15. However, this protection against a diminution in contract proceeds is a limited benefit and one that runs exclusively to the assignee. By no means could it be extended to bar the United States from obtaining a judgment, in an amount independent of what might otherwise be found owing the assignee, that runs exclusively against the plaintiff and
Save for the two points above discussed, nothing else is said by plaintiff by way of challenging the Government’s counterclaims. Thus, on the record as it now stands, the Government is entitled to the relief that it seeks. The facts it has alleged are fully supported by the documentation that was provided, namely, copies of each of the contracting officer’s final decisions with each showing a transmittal to plaintiff by way of certified mail, return receipt requested; this same documentation also contains the computation showing the manner in which the excess procurement costs were calculated and the amounts thereof. In short, the proof, though limited, is sufficient to sustain the entry of judgment against plaintiff on the Government’s counterclaims in the amount of $58,992.94.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons given herein (i) plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is denied and its petition is dismissed; (ii) the Government’s cross-motion for summary judgment is granted; and (iii) judgment is entered for the Government on its counterclaims in the amount of $58,992.94.
The necessary facts are stated In the opinion.
Franklin E. Penny Co., ASBCA No. 15229, 71-2 BCA ¶ 9159 [hereinafter cited as 71-2 BCA],
68 Stat. 81, 41 U.S.C. §§ 321-22 (1970).
unless otherwise Indicated, the facts given are drawn from those found by the Board or else represent uncontroverted facts.
71-2 BCA at 42.478.
The record offers no explanation, by way of testimony or otherwise, concerning the period between December 15, 1969 — the terminal date of the contract under the first extension — and January 8, 1970, the date the contractor wrote to request his second time extension. Presumably, this hiatus was a period of inactivity for both parties. The Government seems not to have raised any questions regarding the contractor’s tardiness in performance and the contactor, in turn, toot no timely steps to secure a necessary second extension.
71-2 BCA at 42,480.
Id.
The Default Clause in the contract reads in part as follows:
“(a) The Government may, subject to the provisions of paragraph (c) below, by written notice of default to the Contractor, terminate the whole or any part of this contract in any one of the following circumstances:
“(i) If the Contractor fails to make delivery of the supplies or to perform the services within the time specified herein or any extension thereof; or
“(ii) If the Contractor fails to perform any of the other provisions of this contract, or so fails to make progress as to endanger performance of this contract in accordance with its terms, and in either of these two circumstances does not cure such failure within a period of 10 days (or such longer period as the Contracting Officer may authorize in writing) after receipt of notice from the Contracting Officer specifying such failure.
* # * * *
“(c) Except -with respect to defaults of subcontractors, the Contractor shall not be liable for any excess costs if the failure to perform the contract arises out of causes beyond the control and 'without the fault or negligence of the Contractor. Such causes may include, but are not restricted to, acts of God or of the public enemy, acts of the Government in either its sovereign or contractual capacity, fires, floods, epidemics, quarantine restrictions, strikes, freight embargoes, and unusually severe weather; but in every case the failure to perform must be beyond the control and without the fault or negligence of the Contractor. * * *
* * * * *
“(e) If, after notice of termination of this contract under the provisions of this clause, it is determined for any reason that the Contractor was not in default under the provisions of this clause, or that the default was excusable under the provisions of this clause, the rights and obligations of the parties shall, if the contract contains a clause providing for termination for convenience of the Government, be the same as if the notice of termination had been issued pursuant to such clause. If, after notice of termination of this contract under the provisions of this clause, it is determined for any reason that the Contractor was not in default under the provisions of this clause, and if this contract does not contain a clause providing for termination for convenience of the Government, the contract shall be equitably adjusted to compensate for such termination and the contract modified accordingly ; failure to agree to any such adjustment shall be a dispute concerning a question of fact within the meaning of the clause of this contract entitled 'Disputes’.*'
The Assignment of Claims Act of 1940, 31 U.S.C. §203, 41 U.S.C. §15 (1970).