Frank Watts, II, Appellant, v. Larry Norris, Director, Arkansas Department of Correction, Appellee.
No. 02-3237EA
United States Court of Appeals FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
January 30, 2004
Submitted: November 18, 2003
Before RILEY, RICHARD S. ARNOLD, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
In this case we are asked to answer a question about the interaction of the federal one-year statute of limitations on habeas corpus petitions,
This question was alluded to, but not reached, in Wright v. Norris, 299 F.3d 926 (8th Cir. 2002). In the present case, we granted a certificate of appealability to answer this question. We conclude, however, that we cannot now reach it. Even if we answered the question in petitioner‘s favor, his habeas petition would still stand dismissed, because an adequate and independent ground, with respect to which a certificate of appealability has not been and cannot be granted, supports the judgment of the District Court, dismissing the petition.
I.
Some procedural history is necessary for an understanding of the issues presented. On December 15, 1998, petitioner was found guilty by a jury of multiple felony offenses. The sentence was life in prison. State v. Frank Watts, II, No. CR97-2871 (Cir. Ct. Pulaski County, Ark.). Judgment was entered on January 21, 1999. No timely appeal was taken. Mr. Watts then filed a motion in the Supreme Court of Arkansas for leave to take a belated appeal. Such appeals are permitted in some cases by
On remand, the Circuit Court held an evidentiary hearing and found as a fact that Mr. Watts had not advised his lawyer that he wanted to appeal, or at least had not done so within the time allowed for filing a normal notice of appeal. The Supreme
At this point, all proceedings in any way related to a direct appeal, or an effort to perfect one, were over. Petitioner then filed a motion for postconviction relief under
This Court has consistently held that an appeal of the denial of postconviction relief will not be permitted to go forward where it is clear that the appellant could not prevail. . . .
Criminal Procedure Rule 37.2(c) provides in pertinent part that a petition under the rule is untimely if not filed within ninety days of the date judgment was entered if the convicted defendant did not appeal from the judgment. As stated, appellant did not appeal from the judgment and he did not file his petition under Rule 37 until approximately twenty-one months after the judgment was entered. Time limitations imposed inCriminal Procedure Rule 37 are jurisdictional in nature, and a circuit court cannot grant relief on an untimely petition.
Frank Watts, II v. State of Arkansas, No. CRO1-544 (Ark. June 21, 2001) (per curiam), pp. 1-2.
The Court‘s opinion noted that a motion to proceed with a belated appeal had been filed and denied. The Court‘s holding that the Rule 37 petition was untimely is plainly based on the proposition that an unsuccessful attempt to pursue a belated appeal has no effect on the state-law time limit contained in
This was the end of proceedings in the state courts. Petitioner then filed the case before us, a petition for writ of habeas corpus, in the District Court. The State of Arkansas (in form, Larry Norris, Director of the Arkansas Department of Correction) asserted two procedural defenses: (1) that the petition was barred by the one-year federal statute of limitations contained in the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA),
The case was referred to Magistrate Judge H. David Young, who prepared proposed findings and a recommendation to the District Court. The Judge recommended dismissal of the petition on both of the grounds asserted by the State. The merits of petitioner‘s claims (and they were, as before, based on his allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel) were not reached. Instead, dismissal was recommended on two independent grounds, either of which was sufficient to support this action: the federal habeas corpus statute of limitations, and the fact that petitioner‘s claims were procedurally barred because he had never raised them in the state courts. The second recommendation, of course, reflects the holding of the Supreme Court of Arkansas, under state law, that petitioner‘s postconviction petition was untimely, and that, therefore, it had no authority to reach the merits of his ineffective-assistance claims. The District Court1 approved and adopted the findings
II.
Petitioner then turned his efforts to this Court. He filed a motion for appointment of counsel, which we granted. In the same order, we granted a certificate of appealability, which is a condition precedent to the taking of an appeal from a district court to a court of appeals from a final order in a habeas corpus proceeding brought by a state prisoner.
The Court intends to issue a certificate of appealability on only one issue: we note that the District Court decided this case before our decision in Wright v. Norris, 299 F.3d 926 (8th Cir. 2002), and did not discuss the interplay between
Arkansas Criminal Appellate Rule 2(e) and the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. It appears the present case squarely raises the issue noted but not decided in Wright, 299 F.3d at 928 n.3. This is the issue on which a certificate of appealability is granted. A certificate of appealability is denied as to all the other issues in the case.
Thus, our order granting a certificate of appealability was made to comply with
At the oral argument, we were made aware that the judgment of the District Court rested on two independent grounds, only one of which was properly before us. We raised with counsel the question whether we had jurisdiction of the appeal — was the case, in the limited posture in which we found it, a real “case” or “controversy” as those terms are used in Article III of the Constitution? Even if we were to hold in favor of the petitioner on the AEDPA limitations issue, and send the case back to the District Court, petitioner would derive no benefit. The District Court‘s holding of procedural default would remain, and the petition would still be dismissed on that independent ground, a ground as to which we had denied a certificate of appealability, and which, accordingly, we could not reach. We suggested to counsel that the problem might be solved if we expanded the certificate of appealability to include the procedural-default issue. Neither side expressed any objection to such a procedure, though the discussion was rather brief.
Following this train of thought, we now consider whether to expand the certificate of appealability and include in it the procedural-default question. If we did so, and if the procedural-default question, on its merits, were then resolved in petitioner‘s favor, the AEDPA limitations question would be properly presented, and any difficulty under Article III would disappear. The grant or denial of a certificate of appealability, however, is not discretionary. It is governed by statute, referred to above, and no certificate can be granted unless the statutory criterion is met. If a certificate is not granted, a court of appeals is without jurisdiction to decide the issue. A panel of this Court has already decided to deny the certificate, but this holding is not necessarily controlling. The case is still pending, and we have power to reexamine the action of the previous panel, though we should do so with caution.
Should the certificate of appealability be expanded? Is the procedural-default issue “substantial“? Is it, to use a phrase prominent in pre-AEDPA cases, debatable by “jurists of reason“? Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 893 n.4 (1983). In an attempt to answer this question, we have studied the findings and recommendations
There is another exception to the procedural-bar doctrine — actual innocence, also known as the miscarriage-of-justice exception. The Supreme Court has defined “actual innocence” in this context very strictly.
To be credible, such a claim requires petitioner to support his allegations of constitutional error with new reliable evidence — whether it be exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy eyewitness accounts, or critical physical evidence — that was not presented at trial. Because such evidence is obviously unavailable in the vast majority of cases, claims of actual innocence are rarely successful.
Petitioner argues actual innocence. The argument is based on what petitioner calls a “notarized confession,” Petition for a Writ of Certiorari p. 21, admitted into evidence on April 20, 1998, at the Omnibus Hearing before the trial in the state court. This theory is insufficient on its face to meet the stringent standards of the actual-innocence doctrine. The evidence cited is not “new.” It was in existence, and was in fact offered, during pretrial proceedings in the state courts. We do not see how actual innocence (no claim is made as to cause and prejudice) could possibly be established here, or that the issue comes close to being debatable by “jurists of reason.” Accordingly, the law would not permit us to expand the certificate of appealability, and the previous action of this Court, denying a certificate as to procedural default, will not be disturbed.
This leaves us without power to decide the AEDPA statute-of-limitations issue in the present case. The reader will have perceived that this issue is not unrelated to the procedural-default question. The holding of procedural default is based upon the Supreme Court of Arkansas‘s application of the State‘s own limitations provision, a provision that leaves out of account petitioner‘s unsuccessful efforts to file a belated direct appeal. This does not mean, however, that the AEDPA limitations question will never be significant in an Arkansas case involving the belated-appeal rule. We read the Arkansas Supreme Court‘s holding as limited to a case, like the present, in which petitioner unsuccessfully attempted to file a belated appeal. If the Court had allowed the filing of a belated appeal, and then rejected petitioner‘s claims, petitioner might well have been able to file a timely Rule 37 proceeding, in which event the Arkansas procedural-bar issue would disappear, but the AEDPA limitations question
Lack of jurisdiction under Article III means that we may not proceed further with the case. We therefore do not answer the question on which the certificate of appealability was granted, and this appeal is dismissed for want of jurisdiction.
It is so ordered.