Francois v. State

20 Ala. 83 | Ala. | 1852

GrOLDTHWAITE, J.

The section of the penal law under which the defendant was indicted is in these words: “Every person who shall buy, sell, or receive from any slave any commodity, of any kind or description, without the leave or consent of the master, owner, or overseer of such slave, verbally or in writing, expressing the articles permitted to be sold or bartered, first obtained, shall, on conviction,” &c. Clay’s Dig. The indictment charges the defendant with selling "to a slave zuhose name is to the jurors imJcnovm, one gill of whisky, without the leave or consent,” &c.; and.the main question raised in this court is, as to the sufficiency of this indictment. The rule is well settled, not only that the facts and circumstances which make up the offence must be stated in the indictment, but that they must be stated with, such certainty and precision, that the defendant may be enabled to judge whether they constitute an indictable offence or not, that he may demur or plead to the indictment accordingly ; in order that he may prepare his defence, may plead a former conviction or acquittal, and that there may be no doubt as to the judgment to be given. Arch. Crim. PL 40. The question, then, is, are the facts which constitute the of-fence stated in this indictment with such a degree of certainty, as to enable the defendant to prepare his defence ?

Assuming that the indictment is good, we apprehend it would be competent for the prosecution to identify the slave by proving his name, the name of his owner, or in any other mode; and if this was done, tbe defendant would then be obliged to apply bis defence to tbe specific case made out by tbe prosecution; be would be compelled to prove that be bad tbe consent of tbe master, owner, or overseer, to trade witb tbe particular slave witb whom tbe evidence bad connected tbe act charged; and to do tbis, be must necessarily be prepared at tbe trial to defend every case wbicb can be embraced in tbe general act alleged in tbe indictment. It was to avoid tbis difficulty, that tbe rule wbicb we bave referred to was adopted, tbe effect of wbicb was, to require tbe pleader so to frame tbe indictment as to present tbe particular case. Tbe cases cited by tbe counsel for tbe plantiff in error are conclusive, in showing tbe application of tbis rule to cases similar to tbe one under consideration.

"We would not, however, be understood as deciding that it was absolutely necessary to describe tbe slave, in indictments for tbis species of offence, by bis name. ' That is but one mode of description, and any other wbicb would afford to tbe defendant information, as to tbe particular slave to wbicb tbe charge referred, we are inclined to think would be sufficient; neither do we deny that in some cases, where tbe means witb wbicb, or tbe person on, or by whom, an offence is committed, are unknown to tbe jurors, it may not be so charged in tbe indictment. If tbe trading witb a slave was an offence, without any other constituent, we see no reason why tbe indictment might not allege bis name as unknown to tbe jurors, if such was tbe fact, without in the slightest degree impairing tbe ability of tbe accused to defend; and we can suppose many cases, in wbicb this can be done without infringing on the rule wbicb we bave referred to, and on wbicb our decision is based. When, however, tbis rule would be invaded, and tbe effect of alleging a constituent of tbe offence in tbis form would be to create such a degree of uncertainty in tbe indictment, as materially to abridge tbe ability of tbe defendant to prepare bis defence, we bold that it could not be so charged.

It is urged, however, on tbe part of tbe State, that indictments for trading witb slaves are exempted from tbe influence of tbis rule, by tbe operation of tbe act of 7th February, 1850. That act declares, that on tbe trial of any person in-dieted for trading with a slave, it shall not be necessary, in order to convict, for tbe State to aver, or prove, who was the master, owner, or overseer of such slave, or that the leave and consent was not given, &c. (Acts, 1849-50, p. 51); and our opinion is, that the object of the Legislature, by this enactment, was merely to dispense with an averment, which was frequently difficult to prove, and to cast the onus of making this proof, when essential to the defence, upon the defendant, instead of requiring it to be established by the State, as it must have been under the rules of pleading, if alleged in the indictment; for it then would have become matter of description. The intent of the law maker was, not to deprive the accused of the power of defence, by rendering unnecessary every averment which could inform him of the subject matter to which the evidence against him was intended to apply, but simply to dispense with a particular allegation, which, by its difficulty of proof, too often led to the escape of the offender.

These views sufficiently indicate our opinion, that the indictment is defective; and as the objection would have been fatal on demurrer, under the general rule it must prevail on a motion in arrest of judgment. The other questions raised on the record it is unnecessary to decide, as no conviction can be had on the present indictment. The judgment must be reversed, and the indictment quashed; but the sheriff of Mobile county must retain the defendant in custody, until he give sufficient bail, in the sum of two hundred dollars, for his appearance at the next term of the City Court of Mobile, to answer a new indictment for the offence.