190 Wis. 424 | Wis. | 1926
It is earnestly argued by the attorneys representing the State that the Municipal Court Act of Brown County does not provide for a change of venue in the trial of a bastardy proceeding. Proceedings for change
If any authority, therefore, exists for a change of venue in the instant case on account of the prejudice of the trial judge, the provision must be contained in the Municipal Court Act of Brown County. The municipal court of Brown county was created by ch. 396 of the Laws of 1903-. Under that act no change of venue could be taken from said court in any criminal or bastardy examination, for sec. 11 of said act, among other things, provides:
“The general provisions of law relative to civil and criminal actions before justices of the peace shall apply to said municipal court so far as applicable, except that no change of venue shall be taken from said court in any civil case originally commenced in said court, or in any criminal or bastardy examination, or criminal trial, except cases tried upon information as hereinbefore provided.”
This chapter was amended in 1905, in 1913, and in 1915, but such amendments in no manner affect the original act
In the brief of counsel for the defendant it is correctly said: “The municipal court of Brown county was created by chapter 396, Laws of 1903. Therein no provision was made for change of venue except in criminal cases.” Sec. 11 of ch. 396, Laws of 1903, was amended by sec. 6 of ch. 184 of the Laws of 1913 to read in part as follows (the new provisions added appearing in italics) :
“The general provisions of law relative to civil and criminal actions before justices of the peace shall apply to said municipal court so far as applicable; provided that said municipal court shall have full power and authority to try and determine the question of title to realty in all cases when the question of title is raised; except that no change of venue shall be taken from said court in any civil case originally commenced in said court of which a justice court would have jurisdiction or in any criminal or bastardy examination, or criminal trial, except cases tried upon information as hereinbefore provided. In all other cases of which a justice court zvoidd not have jurisdiction, any party thereto may, upon application, at any time before a jury is drawn for the purpose of a trial in said court, obtain a change of venue to the circuit court of said Brown county upon making affidavit that he has good reason to and does believe, that he cannot have a fair trial of such action in said municipal court on account of the prejudice of the judge thereof; and thereupon the said municipal court shall transmit all the papers, and a copy of the records of the proceedings in such cause properly certified to be such, to the said circuit court, which shall then proceed to hear and determine the same. . . .”
Sec. 5 of ch. 184 of the Laws of 1913, among other things, provides, after stating that the general provisions of law which shall be in force relative to circuit courts, etc., shall relate also to said municipal court unless inapplicable, etc.:
“But in case of the change in the place of trial of any cause of which a justice court would not have jurisdiction,*429 or of any criminal case begun by information or of any bastardy case certified to said court, said case shall be removed to the circuit court for Brown county, unless such change is taken on the ground of prejudice of the people of said county. . . .”
It will thus appear from sec. 5 of ch. 184 of the Laws of 1913 that the act expressly contemplated a change of venue in bastardy cases on account of the prejudice of the judge, from the municipal court of Brown county to the circuit court for Brown county. The jurisdiction of the justice court under the general statutes is confined in bastardy cases to the examination. It has no jurisdiction to try bastardy proceedings. A bastardy trial is therefore included in that part of the amendment provided for by the act of 1913, which among other things provides: “In all other cases of which a justice court would not have jurisdiction;” and the proceeding for a change of venue in that act being clearly defined, the logical and irresistible conclusion is that the law as it existed by virtue of the amendment of 1913 gave the defendant in a bastardy case a right to a change of venue on account of the prejudice of the judge.
The only other amendment to the Brown County Municipal Court Act was enacted by ch. 224 of the Laws of 1915. A defendant in the trial of a bastardy proceeding in said municipal court of Brown county, therefore, is entitled to a change of venue on account of the prejudice of the judge, upon proper and timely proceedings having been taken in that behalf, unless such right granted by the amendment of 1913 has been taken away by virtue of the provisions of the amendment of 1915. That portion of the amendment of 1915 applicable to the subject reads as follows (the new provisions being indicated by italics) :
“The general provisions of law relative to civil and criminal actions before justices of the peace shall apply to said municipal court so far as applicable; provided that said municipal court shall have full power and authority to try and determine the question of title to realty in all cases*430 when the question of title is raised; except that no change of venue shall be taken from said court in any civil case originally commenced in said court of which a justice court would have jurisdiction, or in any criminal or bastardy examination, or criminal trial, except cases tried upon information as hereinbefore provided. In all cases of which a justice court would not have jurisdiction, wherein it shall be made to appear by affidavit that the municipal judge is pecuniarily interested in the action, a material witness or is within the forbidden degrees of consanguinity, or where, from prejudice or other cause, such affidavit states that said judge will not impartially decide in the matter, a municipal judge shall call in the county judge to try said action. That upon receiving notice of such demand from the municipal judge, the county judge shall proceed forthwith, or as soon thereafter as a hearing can be had, to hear, try and determine said action. That if at the time of receiving said notice the county judge is occupied in the trial of an action or proceeding in county court, then such action in municipal court shall be held open or adjourned until such time as it can be heard by the county judge. That when the county judge is so called in, he shall have all the powers of the municipal judge, and shall receive as compensation while acting as such municipal judge the sum of ten dollars per day in addition to his salary as county judge, which payment shall be made in the same manner as the salary of the municipal judge. . . .”
An examination of the 1915 amendment as above set forth indicates that in the first line of the new provision the third word, “other,” as it appeared in the amendment of 1913, was omitted. It is our view that the omission, of this word “other” did not effect a material change in the statute as it existed prior to 1915, and that if the amendment of 1915 did not otherwise effect a change as to the removal of a cause, this omission had no material bearing upon the question herein involved. A justice court, under the statute, clearly has no jurisdiction to try bastardy proceedings. Its jurisdiction is confined to the examination. The legislature, therefore, when it uses the language in the
An examination of ch. 166 of the Statutes, being the chapter which authorizes the proceedings in bastardy cases, reveals the fact that the legislature, when it enacted the provisions of this chapter, did not have in mind the technical distinction between “action” and “special proceedings,” as
Counsel for the State also argue that the amendment of 1915 was enacted principally to prevent abuses which had theretofore obtained in the filing of affidavits of prejudice on the trial of personal injury actions for no other purpose than to delay the trial; that this amendment was suggested by a committee of the Brown county bar in the interests of promoting speedy trials and preventing delays. This may or nuiy not be true; but if this was the object and purpose of the amendment it is not made clear by the act itself, and we must be governed by the wording of the act and not by a purpose which the legislature has failed to express.
It is therefore our opinion that under the Municipal Court Act of Brown County as it existed at the time the alleged affidavit of prejudice was filed, a defendant had a right to a change of venue on account of the prejudice of the judge in all cases where the proper proceedings were taken within the time prescribed by the act.
Counsel for the State next argue that, assuming that the defendant had a right to a change of venue on account of the prejudice of the judge, the affidavit filed did not
“Although the calling in of another judge is not strictly a change of venue, because it does not change the place of trial, still it accomplishes all the purposes legitimately aimed at by a change of venue for prejudice of the judge. It furnishes another presiding judge as effectually as if the place of trial was in fact changed.”
Here again it must be distinctly borne in mind that the right to a change of venue, if it exists at all, must be created by statute. The legislature can grant such right, and when granted, by subsequent enactment can deny it. The supreme authority upon the subject being vested in the legislature, this body can impose such terms and can prescribe such necessary requisites as it deems fit. It can authorize a change upon an affidavit alleging prejudice based on information and belief, or on belief solely, or on information alone. It can require as a condition precedent that the affidavit shall allege such prejudice upon positive knowledge. The provision for a change of venue herein involved is not based upon the general statutes applicable to circuit courts generally throughout the state, but upon the provision contained in the Municipal Court Act of Brown County. The amendment of 1915, as far as applicable, reads as follows:
“In all cases of which a justice court would not have jurisdiction, wherein it shall be made to appear by affidavit . . . where, from prejudice or other cause, such affidavit states that said judge will not impartially decide in the matter, a municipal judge shall call in the county judge to try said action.”
The affidavit for a change of venue, therefore, did not comply with the statutory requisites as contained in the Municipal Court Act of Brown County, and the motion for a change of venue was consequently properly denied.
When the case came on for trial the defendant pleaded guilty to the charge in the complaint, and at the same time filed his plea in bar, based upon the alleged settlement here-inbefore referred to. No reply was filed by counsel for the State to this plea, and the court overruled it on the ground that the alleged settlement could not operate as a release of the defendant under the statutes, because the statutes had not been complied with.
The mother, however, who has given birth to the child and upon whom largely rests the responsibility to nurture, educate, and raise the child, and who to a greater extent must bear the humiliation and disgrace of the unfortunate situation, under a proper construction of the act is next in order in the consideration of .the court. Whether the child be legitimate or illegitimate, there is nothing in the world that equals the devotion, the love and affection which a mother bears to her own flesh and blood. This is manifested not only in the human race but in the animal kingdom. The duty to protect and provide for the helpless offspring, under the laws of nature devolves upon the male of the human species. He is endowed with superior strength and agility for that purpose. This is everywhere recognized by human laws, and in shifting the burden upon the male in that behalf the law-making bodies have taken cognizance of natural laws. Therefore, whether a child is legitimate or illegitimate, the burden to provide for such
The foregoing, as we view it, comprises and embraces the logic that was in the mind of the legislature when it enacted ch. 166, by which it created stringent laws placing the burdens upon the father of the illegitimate child for the protection of the innocent parties above mentioned, and of the mother, who would otherwise, in most instances, be helpless.
Sec. 166.03 reads as follows:
“If the accused person shall pay or secure to be paid to the female complaining such sum of money or other property as she may agree to receive in full satisfaction and as shall be approved by the supervisors of the town, of which agreement and approval the justice shall make a memorandum on his docket, and shall also give bonds with sufficient sureties, to be approved by the justice, to the town in which she shall reside, or if she shall reside in a county which has abolished the distinction between county poor and town poor, to such county, conditioned to secure and indemnify such town (or county, as the case may be) from all charges for the maintenance of such child and shall also pay all expenses, if any, incurred by such town or county for the lying-in and the support and attendance upon the mother during her sickness and the costs of prosecution*438 and further conditioned to support and maintain such child until it is sixteen years of age the justice shall discharge such accused person.”
The section last quoted presents the only legislative scheme under which a defendant in bastardy, when he is brought before the examining magistrate, can obtain his release from custody. Unless he complies with this provision and there is probable cause to believe the accused person guilty, the justice must bind the defendant in a recognizance as provided by sec. 166.04. The statute does not merely provide for a payment of money or for the giving of security to the satisfaction of the female complaining, but the amount paid or the security given must also be approved by the supervisors of the town, etc., thus evincing a well defined protection of the interests of the parties heretofore referred to. To hold that at that stage of the proceedings the father and the mother of the illegitimate child may make a settlement satisfactory to them, without the approval of the public authorities, would convict the legislature of a meaningless statute and would result in a substantial emasculation of the statutory provisions. If the father and the mother can then settle for any sum agreeable to them, no interest excepting that of the father may be afforded protection. It stands to reason that the mother of an illegitimate child, in many instances, under the distressing circumstances which accompany such a situation, is not mentally in a condition where she can form a rational and deliberate judgment, and therefore the state has seen fit to impose certain conditions and restrictions which must be complied with before a settlement can be effected. It may also further be said that the statutes above referred to are clear, explicit, and unambiguous, so that they are not subject to a construction different from what their language denotes.
The only other statutory provision pursuant to which
We approve the excellent logic in the decision of the case of Perkins v. Mobley, 4 Ohio St. 668, in which the bastardy statutes of the state of Ohio, substantially like our own, have been ably construed. We believe such construction in harmony with the spirit of the act, and the decision in that case applies with equal force to the issue involved herein. See, also, State v. Dougher, 47 Minn. 436, 50 N. W. 475; Durland v. Durland, 62 Neb. 813, 87 N. W. 1048. In the case of Peters v. Killian, 63 Neb. 57, 87 N. W. 1049, the following appears in the opinion:
“Proceedings in such cases [bastardy proceedings] are purely statutory, and the courts can try such issues and make such orders in them as the statute contemplates and none other. A settlement between the parents of an illegitimate child, in order to be operative as a stay or termi*440 nation of such proceedings, must be of such nature and made and attested in such manner as the act prescribes; and the district court can take judicial cognizance of none other.”
We are referred by defendant’s counsel to the case of Meyer v. Meyer, 123 Wis. 538, 102 N. W. 52, and it is claimed that that case is an authority under which the alleged settlement should be approved. In that case, as will appear from the first section of the syllabus, “the defendants as principal and surety gave plaintiff a bond which recited the arrest of the principal on a charge of bastardy upon the plaintiff. The recited consideration of the bond was the withdrawal and abandonment of such proceedings, and an agreement of marriage with and support of the pros-ecutrix.” The defendant failed to comply with the provisions of the instrument, and for such breach the action was commenced by the prosecutrix against the principal and surety on the bond. In that case it was held that the agreement in suit was not void or against public policy. It is also said that such settlements are not only dictated by the highest sentiments of honor and duty, but are in entire harmony with the policy of the statute. “They recognize not only a legal but a high moral obligation on the part of the wrongdoer to repair as far as practicable the injury done by him, and should be and are viewed by courts with high favor rather than disfar’-or. . . .” It is also said in that case that a settlement made by the accused without the approval of the public authorities “is a waiver by him [the defendant] of the statute, and also by the woman, so far as she is competent in that regard.” Clearly, where a defendant executes a bond for the benefit of the prosecutrix in a bastardy case he waives the statute. It is not held, however, that the prosecutrix waives the statute, for the opinion says that she waives it as far as she is competent to do so. Here there is a clear recognition of the provisions of the bastardy
The case of Smith v. State, 146 Wis. 111, 130 N. W. 894, is also cited by defendant’s counsel, in which it was said that a bastardy proceeding, “when instituted by the mother, is a proceeding for her benefit and protection to enforce the father’s natural obligation to support his child.” Citing Baker v. State, 56 Wis. 568, 14 N. W. 718, and Barry v. Niessen, 114 Wis. 256, 90 N. W. 166. While the remedy is primarily, as is said in the Smith Case, for the benefit of the mother, it is so because the mother is the natural guardian for the child; because the child is in the custody of the mother, and out of either her own means or the means which result from the institution of the bastardy proceedings she is under obligation to provide for the nurture and education of the child. No case holds that the amount received either in settlement or by .judgment belongs to her as a matter of right, to be disposed of in any manner as she deems fit. She is authorized to become the recipient of the fund designed principally for the benefit and protection of the child, and the law recognizes her as the natural guardian and the most suitable person, under all the facts and circumstances, in order to make effective the provisions of the statutes.
To the charge of bastardy the defendant pleaded guilty, both on the preliminary examination and on the trial. A bastardy proceeding not being an action, either criminal or civil, and the proceeding being statutory in its origin, the legislature was authorized to and did fix the issues and the manner in which they should be tried. Under sec. 166.09
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.