214 F.3d 253 | 2d Cir. | 2000
Guillermo V. Franceskin appeals from Judge Knapp’s order granting summary judgment to appellees Credit Suisse (“CS”), Lloyds Bank (“Lloyds”), and the Executor of the estate of Eugenio Durante (“the Executor”). A judgment for approximately $530,000 held by CS was awarded to the Executor in an interpleader proceeding. The issues we address on this appeal concern diversity of citizenship jurisdiction, or the lack thereof.
The problem in this case is not uncommon. Plaintiffs counsel has not met the requisites of pleading or proving diversity jurisdiction. Too often we hear appeals in cases in which diversity has not been properly alleged in the complaint and the often extensive proceedings in the district court have not clarified matters. Sometimes, the omission was one that should have
In many such cases, diversity of citizenship sufficient to support federal jurisdiction actually exists, and counsel for the defendants do not bother to move to dismiss because leave to amend will almost surely be granted and the defect cured. However, the failure to put the basis for jurisdiction on the record — say, through a stipulation' — may lead to unnecessary proceedings on appeal. See, e.g., Canedy, 126 F.3d at 102-03 (addressing merits of appeal after having remanded to ascertain that plaintiff was citizen and not just resident of Virginia). Sometimes, when no party recognizes the failure to allege diversity of citizenship properly, there may be serious consequences. See, e.g., Signal Hill, N.V. v. Altmann, 104 F.3d 350, 1996 WL 537916, at *l-*2 (2d Cir. Sept.20, 1996) (unpublished table decision) (sua sponte remanding appeal from default judgment where alien plaintiffs improperly alleged defendant “is a citizen of the United States and maintains a residence” in New York, without alleging state of defendant’s citizenship).
In the present matter, the original complaints stated that CS and Lloyds were “organized under the laws of the state of New York,” allegations essential to a proper assertion of diversity jurisdiction in each case. CS denied the allegation as to its state of incorporation in its answer but did not move to dismiss. Subsequent pleadings made it clear that CS is a Swiss corporation. Counsel for CS surely knew that diversity was lacking but apparently decided to see how things went on the merits, holding open the option to raise the lack of jurisdiction at any time. Lloyds never answered the complaint against it, and counsel for Lloyds may have followed a similar strategy with regard to a potential jurisdictional issue.
What the present cáse and most of those cited above have in common is the waste of litigants’ and courts’ resources that could have been avoided by the parties or court examining the pleadings and taking the simple steps of establishing diversity jurisdiction or dismissing for lack of it. The present cases have proceeded to judgment on the merits in the district court, even though the pleadings clearly revealed a jurisdictional problem in the action against
BACKGROUND
Franceskin and Durante are citizens of Argentina who, in 1983, opened joint checking accounts in New York branches of CS and Lloyds. From the opening of the accounts until Durante’s death in April 1997, all correspondence from the banks regarding these accounts was directed to Durante only, at Durante’s request. During this time, Franceskin never communicated with either bank regarding the joint accounts.
On October 11, 1992, Durante requested in writing that Lloyds transfer the balance of the Lloyds joint account to another Lloyds account in Durante’s name alone. Lloyds honored this request on November 19,1990 and closed the joint account. Also on October 11, 1992, Durante requested that CS remove Franceskin as a title holder to the joint account in that bank. Sometime between October 11, 1990 and March 29, 1992, CS carried out Durante’s instructions by amending the title to the joint account to reflect that Durante was the sole owner.
Durante died on April 19, 1997. Shortly thereafter, Franceskin contacted CS and Lloyds to claim a survivorship interest in the balances of what he claims to have thought were still-existing joint accounts. CS told Franceskin that he was no longer a title holder to the account in which Fran-ceskin claimed an interest, and Lloyds informed Franceskin that the joint account in that bank had been closed in November 1990.
Demanding the balances in the pertinent accounts — approximately $530,000 in CS and $520,000 in Lloyds — appellant filed the instant actions against CS and Lloyds, asserting state law claims for breach of contract, conversion, and negligence. Each complaint asserted diversity of citizenship as the basis for subject matter jurisdiction, alleging that the particular defendant bank was a New York corporation. CS thereafter interpleaded the Executor and various beneficiaries under Durante’s will, all citizens ' of Argentina. The Executor interposed a state law claim in interpleader against CS for the $530,000 deposit in Durante’s formerly jointly held account.
Both CS and Lloyds moved for summary judgment, with the Executor joining both motions. Lloyds argued that it did not breach its contract with appellant, that N.Y. Banking Law § 675(a) absolved it of liability in tort for the transfer, and that appellant’s claims were all time-barred. CS argued that appellant’s claims against it were time-barred. Appellant opposed the summary judgment motions and cross-moved for leave to file amended complaints. The proposed amended complaint omitted the allegation that CS was a New York corporation and in fact admitted that CS was a Swiss corporation.
The district court granted the summary judgment motions, denied appellant’s cross-motion, and granted judgment to the Executor in the amount of the deposit held in Durante’s name by CS. The court thereafter consolidated the actions against CS and Lloyds nunc pro tunc, and this appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
Neither the parties nor the district court addressed the court’s subject matter jurisdiction. Accordingly, we raise the issue sua sponte. See FDIC v. Four Star Holding Co., 178 F.3d 97, 100 n. 2 (2d Cir.1999) (“[T]he Court may examine subject matter jurisdiction, sua sponte, at any stage of the proceeding.” (citing FW/PBS, Inc. v. City of Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 231, 110 S.Ct. 596, 107 L.Ed.2d 603 (1990))).
We discuss the appellees separately.
Appellant’s claims against CS all arise under state law. Thus, we have subject matter jurisdiction over these claims only if appellant and CS are of diverse citizenship. The diversity jurisdiction statute provides in relevant part:
(a) [t]he district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions where the matter in controversy ... is between—
(2) citizens of a State and citizens or subjects of a foreign state[.]
28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(2). Appellant, as noted, is a citizen of Argentina. CS, a corporation, is “deemed ... a citizen of any State by which it has been incorporated and of the State where it has its principal place of business.” Id. § 1332(c)(1).
Appellant’s complaint alleged that CS is “organized under the laws of the state of New York,” but CS denied this allegation in its answer, implicitly challenging the existence of diversity jurisdiction. Moreover, CS’s counterclaim in interpleader alleged “[CS] is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of Switzerland. [CS] maintains a place of business in the United States in New York.” In his proposed amended complaint, appellant himself alleged that CS is a Swiss corporation. Finally, the parties agreed at oral argument that CS is an alien corporation. Accordingly, diversity jurisdiction cannot be founded on CS’s place of incorporation.
The principal-plaee-of-business basis for diversity jurisdiction is also unavailing. “[E]ven if a corporation organized under the laws of a foreign nation maintains its principal place of business in a State, and is considered a citizen of that State, diversity i[s] nonetheless defeated if another alien party is present on the other side of the litigation.” International Shipping, 875 F.2d at 391 (affirming Rule 11 sanctions against lawyer for bringing juris-dictionally defective complaint on alien’s behalf against alien corporation alleged to have principal place of business in New York); see also Corporación Venezolana de Fomento v. Vintero Sales Corp., 629 F.2d 786, 790 (2d Cir.1980) (diversity jurisdiction lacking over claims by Venezuelan corporation against Swiss corporation with New York principal place of business; “the fact that alien parties were present on both sides would destroy complete diversity”). Even if CS’s principal place of business were in one of the United States, therefore, “diversity i[s] nonetheless defeated” because appellant is “another alien party ... on the other side of the litigation.” International Shipping, 875 F.2d at 391.
Finally, “pendent-party” jurisdiction, codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), does not provide jurisdiction either. That doctrine confers supplemental jurisdiction over “claims that are so related to claims in the action within” the original jurisdiction of the court where the related claims “include claims that involve the joinder or intervention of additional parties.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). Even if we assume that we have diversity jurisdiction over appellant’s claims against Lloyds, those claims were brought separately and are legally distinct, albeit now consolidated for purposes of convenience. As a result, the supplemental jurisdiction statute, which applies only to “related claims in the action,” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) (emphasis added), cannot supply the missing jurisdictional link. Cf. Healy v. Ratta, 292 U.S. 263, 270, 54 S.Ct. 700, 78 L.Ed. 1248 (1934) (“The policy of the [diversity] statute calls for its strict construction.”); Romanella v. Hayward, 114 F.3d 15, 16 (2d Cir.1997) (per curiam) (noting “requirement that we strictly construe the diversity statute”).
b) Executor and Other Interpleader-Counter Defendants
CS interpleaded the Executor and certain Argentine beneficiaries of Durante’s will (collectively, the “counter-defendants”), and the Executor made a claim in interpleader to the balance of Durante’s CS account. Because appellant, CS, and all of the counter-defendants are aliens, we lack subject matter jurisdiction over the interpleader claims.
CS asserts two bases for jurisdiction over the counter-defendants: rule inter-pleader and statutory interpleader. The statute provides jurisdiction to federal courts over interpleader actions having “[t]wo or more adverse claimants[ ] of diverse citizenship as defined in [28 U.S.C. § 1332].” 28 U.S.C. § 1335(a)(1). The claimants to the stake held by CS — appellant and the counter-defendants — are all citizens of Argentina, and are not diverse. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a); cf. IIT v. Vencap, Ltd., 519 F.2d 1001, 1015 (2d Cir.1975) (“Diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 is defeated by the presence of aliens both as plaintiffs and as defendants.”). We therefore lack subject matter jurisdiction over the interpleader claims under the statute.
We also lack jurisdiction under the rules of civil procedure. The inter-pleader rule is silent as to jurisdiction. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 22. However, a federal court has diversity jurisdiction over an in-terpleader action brought pursuant to the Rule so long as the stakeholder — here CS — is diverse from every claimant. See John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Kraft, 200 F.2d 952, 953 (2d Cir.1953); see also Travelers Ins. Co. v. First Nat’l Bank of Shreveport, 675 F.2d 633, 638 n. 9 (5th Cir.1982). Because CS is an alien corporation, there is no diversity as between the claimants and the stakeholder, all of whom are aliens. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(2) (conferring diversity jurisdiction over actions between a “citizen[] of a State and citizens ... of a foreign state”).
c) Lloyds
The complaint against Lloyds alleges that it is “organized under the laws of the State of New York.” Given that Lloyds is a well-known bank with British associations, that correspondence in the record from Lloyds uses a letterhead indicating that it is “Registered in England no 2065,” and that appellant’s similar, erroneous, seemingly unresearched — -and now withdrawn — allegations about CS’s state of incorporation do not suggest confidence in such allegations, we believe that a proper basis for diversity jurisdiction in the Lloyds case should be established before we reach the merits.
We therefore utilize the procedure set out in United States v. Jacobson, 15 F.3d 19, 21-22 (2d Cir.1994), and remand to the district court for it to determine whether
CONCLUSION
We vacate the judgments for Credit Suisse and Dr. Carlos Meischenguiser, Executor of the Estate of Eugenio Durante; and remand with instructions to dismiss appellant’s claims against Credit Suisse, Credit Suisse’s counterclaims in inter-pleader, and the Executor’s claims in in-terpleader for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We remand the judgment for Lloyds Bank for further proceedings in accord with this opinion.
. Here and elsewhere in this opinion, we cite to cases decided by summary order solely to identify instances in which diversity jurisdiction was improperly alleged in matters coming before this court. We cite them' only as facts rather than as precedents. Cf. Local Rules for the Second Circuit Relating to the Organization of the Court 0.23 (“Since [dispositions by summary order] do not constitute formal opinions of the court ... they shall not be cited or otherwise used in unrelated cases before this or any other court.”).
. Moreover, even assuming that the actions are one and the same, that appellant’s CS claims are "so related” to his Lloyds claims, and that Lloyds is a New York corporation, Section 1367(b) would still destroy supplemental jurisdiction over the CS claims. Section 1367(b) provides that federal courts do not have supplemental jurisdiction over pendent-party claims where original jurisdiction is "founded solely on” diversity and the pen
