47 N.Y.S. 788 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1897
Lead Opinion
The questions upon this appeal arise upon exceptions- to the charge of the trial court- and upon the reception of certain evidence given by expert witnesses introduced by the plaintiff. The learned ■trial judge, in his charge to the. jury., after" ref erring to the. evidence as to the construction of the building and of the accident, and other evidence,, said ■: The defendant constructed the grand stand by its employee, the contractor, and if it was ■ improperly constructed so that it was a dangerous structure, the defendant was responsible for its condition. I do not think it was' necessary .to have called .the attention, directly", of the superintendent or the directors (of the ■defendant), or whoever had the management of the concern to call their attention directly to the defects,'it having itself erected the ■structure by letting the. contract to this contractor.”’ .
After referring to the fact that the stand, had before-been used for large crowds of .people without accident, the judge continues.: “ Gentlemen* if you come to the conclusion that, this Was a fairly reasonably' Well-constructed structure, and ■ that, by’ some unusual strain, that - nobody had any thought it would be subjected. to, it -.was broken down' on this occasion, then the plaintiff is not entitled ;to recover against the defendant, but if-you come to the; conclusion
The defendant’s counsel excepted to that portion of the charge that if the jury should find that the building was improperly constructed, so that it was in a dangerous condition, the defendant was responsible, and he also excepted to that portion of the charge that stated that it was not necessary, if the building was defectively constructed, that notice of the defect should be brought to the defendant or its officers. To which the court said : “ Any other way éxcept from the fact of its construction ? By defendant’s counsel: You place the liability on the original construction ? The court: Yes, sir.”
■ The defendant’s counsel then requested the court to charge that knowledge could not be imputed to the defendant by this original construction, simply because it was the owner of the building, if it had not actual knowledge." This was declined and the defendant excepted.
The position of the appellant is that its responsibility is to be. measured by the rules governing cases of negligence, and that it cannot be made liable except it be shown that the officers of the corporation knew, or should have known, that the grand stand was improperly constructed and was dangerous.
The respondent’s position, is that the structure as created was a nuisance; that the rules governing actions of negligence do not apply, but if this action be regarded as one of negligence no notice was necessary to the defendant’s officers of the dangerous condition of the structure, as the defendant itself had created the structure.
- In Heeg v. Licht (80 N. Y. 579, 582, et seq.) the Court of Appeals points out a number of instances of nuisances, and at page 579 defines a jnivate nuisance to be “ anything done to the hurt or annoyance of the lands, tenements or hereditaments of another. (3 Bl. Com. 216.) Any unwarrantable, unreasonable or unlawful" use by a person of his own property, real or personal, to the injury of another, comes within the definition stated and renders the owner or possessor liable for all damages arising from such use.”
Again, the learned judge says, at page 35 : “A lessor of premises not per se a nuisance, but which become so only by the manner in which they are used by the lessee, is not liable therefor. (Rich v. Basterfield, 4 Man. Gr. & Scott, 783.) But that rule- may not apply1 here; a pier so defective and insecure when it is leased as that a subsequent injury received in the proper use of it as if sound is consequent upon its original condition, is for the purposes of such an action as this, per se a nuisance.”
In Jarvis v. Baxter (52 N. Y. Super. Ct. 109) it was held that a1 building being constructed in an improper and unsafe manner with inferior materials so that a portion-of its walls fell upon another building and caused damage, was a nuisance.
A house cut up into small apartments, inhabited by a crowd of
Regarding the structure as a nuisance, the authorities all agree that the person or coloration who creates the nuisance is responsible for the damages that result from it. (Swords v. Edgar, supra; Ahern v. Steele, 115 N. Y. 209; Sexton v. Zett, 44 id. 430; Clifford v. Dam, 81 id. 52; Vaughan v. Buffalo, R. & P. R. Co., 72 Hun, 471; Wood Nuis. 442, § 41.)
The trial court submitted to the jury the question whether the grand stand had been improperly constructed and was dangerous, and it was only in the event they so found that the court charged that the defendant was liable. The inference from the verdict is that the jury found that the structure was created unsafe and dangerous by the defendant itself.
But it is perhaps unnecessary to go to the extent of holding that the grand stand was a nuisance, so far as the disposition of this case is concerned, as another principle intervenes which would seem to establish the liability of the defendant.
While it is undoubtedly true in ordinary cases in the leasing of buildings that there is no implied warranty on the part of the lessor that the buildings are fit and safe for the purposes for which they are leased, the rule is different in regard to buildings and structures in which public exhibitions and entertainments are designed to be given and for admissions to which the lessors directly or indirectly receive compensation. In such cases the lessors or owners of the buildings or structures hold out to the public that the structures are reasonably safe for the purposes for which they are let or used and impliedly undertake that due care has been exercised in the erection of the buildings. . (Francis v. Cockrell, L. R. [5 Q. B.] 501; Swords v. Edgar, supra; Camp v. Wood, 76 N. Y. 92; Beck v. Carter, 68 id. 283; Grote v. C., etc., H. R. Co., 2 Exch. 251; Campbell v. Portland Sugar Co., 62 Maine, 552; Wendell v. Baxter, 12 Gray, 494.)
The head note in Francis v. Cockrell (supra) is as .follows : “ A man who causes a building to be erected for viewing a public exhibition, and admits persons on payment of money to a seat in the building, impliedly undertakes that due care has been exercised in the erection, and that the building is reasonably fit for the purpose,
Chief Baron Kelly, in deciding that case, says: “There is the principle which I-hold to be well established by all the authorities, that one who lets for hire or engages for the supply of any article or thing, whether it be a carriage to be ridden in or a bridge to be passed over, or a stand from which to view a steeplechase, or a place to be sat in by anybody who is to witness a spectacle for a pecuniary consideration, does warrant and does i/mpliedly contract that the article or thing is reasonably fit for the purpose to which it is to be applied.”
Baron Martin, in the same, case, says: “ I do not at all pretend to say whether the relation of the parties raised a contract or a duty. It seems to me exactly the same thing; but I am of opinion that-■when a man has erected a stand of this kind for profit, that he contracts impliedly With each individual who enters there and pays money to him for the entrance to it, that it is reasonably fit and proper for the purpose, or, if you choose to put' it in another form, that it is a duty of .a person who so holds out a building of this sort to have it in.a fit and proper state for the safe reception of the persons who are admitted.” -
In Camp v. Wood (supra) the defendant had let a hall for a dance, to which- all who applied were admitted upon payment of the entrance fee. Plaintiff, who paid the, fee, went out of a door that had-been improperly left open, upon an awning and was injured. Judge Andrews says : “ In this case the defendant, by letting the hall for public purposes, held out to the public that the hall -Was safe, and he was bound to exercise care to provide safe arrangements for the entrance and departure of people who came there upon his invitation.”
The principle thus asserted and sustained is a correct one and is founded in' a wise public policy., Structures that are reared for public exhibitions, such as the one in question, are erected for the purpose of accommodating great numbers of people at times and under conditions often of excitement when the numbers, activity and demonstrations of the people may subject the structure to ,-great weight and strain, and'these conditions must be regarded as within the contemplation of the builders of the structures when they were
. But the appellant’s counsel contends that, inasmuch as the grand stand at the time of the accident was.in the possession of the lessee (the Press Cycling Club) that it was that party, if any, that held out to the public the assurance of safety, and that it was not this defendant. This contention cannot prevail. It was the defendant’s stand created by it; for years it had used it for public exhibitions of this character.
The defendant participated in the profits of the. undertaking with the Press Club on the single day that it had been rented to the Press Club for a rental receivedby the defendant of $200. It was thus a party to the wrong of holding out an invitation to the public to come upon this dangerous and unsafe structure, and cannot escape liability.
. As we ha ve seen in the Qookrell case, the court held that it was immaterial whether the person causing a building of this character to be erected with a view of public exhibitions, appropriated the money received from such exhibitions to his own use or not; and, as we have also seen, Judge Folgeb, in the Swords case, connects the liability of the defendants with the accident under which the pdaim tiff’s intestate was. killed in part by their receiving rent from the lessee for the use of the pier.
But assuming that the case at bar may be regarded as one of negligence, how is the situation changed ? The defect in the grand stand was one of original construction. The defendant itself cre: ates an unsafe and dangerous structure. It was its duty to know that that structure was safe, or at least to exercise the highest degree of caré to that end. It has not performed that duty. Can it be defended by saying that its officers and agents may not have known as a matter of fact that the structure was unsafe and dangerous ?
The learned counsel for the appellant relies upon the cases of Edwards v. The New York & H. R. R. Co. (98 N. Y. 245) and Timlin v. S. O. Co. (126 N. Y. 514). FTeither of these cases assists-the defendant, nor is pertinent here.
In the Edwards case the defendant was' the lessee of a building designed for public entertainment, and there was absence of evidence tending to show that the defendant - knew, or. had reason to know, the defect in the gallery which fell upon the plaintiff and injured him.
In the Ti/mlin case the judgment was reversed as against certain individual defendants who were lessees of the premises.
In neither of these cases was the action brought against a party charged with, the defects in the original construction of the structure causing the injury; and the remarks of the learned judges in ' those cases must be regarded as applying to the cases which they were passing upon and considering. .
But in the Edwards and Timlin cases there is no attempt to overrule or question the doctrine laid down in the Swords case, but, rather, that case is approved upon the ground upon which it was decided and properly distinguished 'from the questions arising in the other two cases.
The views here expressed do not conflict with the proposition advanced in railroad cases, that the defendant may be exonerated even as against injury to its passengers upon showing that it exercised the highest degree of care with reference to the roadbed, rolling stock or machinery which caused the injury. The charge of the trial judge is to be considered in connection with the case and evidence before him. As we have seen, there was no attempt on the part of the defendant in this case to show any degree of care in the creation of the grand stand, beyond the simple fact that it hired an architect, who was competent, and intrusted the work to a builder, whose competency was not established. So that the question as to whether the defendant' exercised a proper degree of care in this case was not before the trial court. A state of facts was proved, however, that justified the jury in reaching the conclusion that the structure was dangerous and was caréles’sly and improperly constructed, and when that view was reached the defendant’s liability was fixed.
The other question arising upon this appeal results from exceptions taken to expert testimony introduced by the plaintiff. ' A builder who had testified to the weakness of the joists as affected by the notching thereof, was asked whether such notching, in the judgment of the witness, rendered the joists unsafe; in other words, whether they were strong enough to bear the strain that would be put upon them.
A question was . addressed to another witness as to whether the floor of the structure,, at it was constructed, was of sufficient strength to withstand a crowd using it for the purpose for which it was
In the first case a witness was asked his opinion, as to the saféty of a belt fastener, a - plain' contrivance that the jury could understand, and about which they could easily form a judgment from á description of .the article.
• In the second case it was properly held that the mode of inspection and , examination of the running gear of a car by one ¡witness could not be shown to be improper by the opinion of another witness that it was so.. ' • . .
. It is no longer a .valid objection to the expression of an opinion by a witness that it is upon the precise question wdiich the jury is' to determine. (Van Wycklen v. City of Brooklyn, 118 N. Y. 429; Transportation Line v. Hope, 95 U. S. 297.)
• The cases of Scattergood v. Wood (79 N. Y. 263); Baird v. Daly (68 id. 547), and Moore v. Westervelt (27 id. 234) sustain the admissibility of the: evidence objected to in this case.
, The. precise question-we are considering here was decided in the case of Prendible v. Connecticut River Manufacturing Company by the Supreme Court of Massachusetts (160 Mass. 131; 35 N. E. Rep. 675), where it was held that a- person who 'has -made a special study of the strength of materials^ and the.proper mode of. building structures to sustain weight, is competent to give his opinion as to whether a staging erected in a specified way can safely "be trusted tó carry particular loads.
These views -lead to the conclusion that the judgmént and order appealed from should be affirmed.
All concurred, except Adams, J., dissenting, and Follett, J., not sitting.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the result reached by Judge Ward in his opinion. I think the defendant chargeable with negligence in omitting, during the period of three years, to have' the structure examined and inspected by some competent architect or builder. In view of the nature or character of this particular structure, and the uses to which it was devoted, it was liable to become weakened by the weight of many people attending the races and by their demonstrations upon the structure whereby some portions of the supports may have been thrown out of proper position or weakened. It does not appear that any such inspection was ever made, although the character of the erection would seem to require it, and it would seem that, such a duty or obligation rested upon the defendant under the circumstances of this case.
In Francis v. Cockrell (L. R. [5 Q. B.] 193) the court said: “He employed competent and proper persons who had efficiently executed similar work on previous occasions. The circumstances that the defendant did not himself survey, or employ any one to survey, the stand, after it was erected, does not in itself establish the charge of negligence, for it does not appear that the defect was such as could have been discovered on inspection; and, even if it had been, it cannot be laid down as necessarily a want of care not to inspect, although it would in some dreumstances be evidence from which a jju/ry might properly find that due care had not been taken.”
It will be seen, upon examination, that, in that case, the grand stand had been completed only the day before the accident (pp. 186; 187), while in the present case the structure had been standing during a period of three years, and was used and occupied during those years by a large number of spectators attending the races under the defendant’s management, and yet there is no evidence that its continuous safety and security were ever tested by inspection.
The collapse óf a portion of the structure was sufficient prima facie evidence of negligence. (Mullen v. St. John, 57 N. Y. 567; Volkmar v. Manhattan Ry. Co., 134 id. 418; Cosulich et al. v. Standard Oil Co., 122 id. 127.)
The defendant was under obligation to maintain the structure in. a reasonably safe condition and fit for the purposes for which it was let, so far as the exercise of reasonable care and .skill could make it
In such a case the burden of proof rests upon the defendant to rebut the presumption of negligence, arising from the facts, by affirmative evidence showing the adoption of reasonable precautions to avoid accident.
It should be remarked that the defendant had surrendered possession of the premises to the “lessee” for but a single day. It still owed a continuing duty to the public and was not relieved from its performance by letting the structure to another for so short'a period of time.
• Assuming that there is no implied undertaking on the part of the defendant that due- care and skill had been used by the persons whom it employed as independent contractors to erect the stand, and that it is not responsible for the negligent manner of its original construction, still, when it is considered that it was erected for the accommodation of large numbers of people, the defendant was bound to use extra precaution in testing and inspecting the structure, at. reasonable intervals of time, to protect them from loss of life and limb. The defendant owed' this duty to the public, and it could not absolve itself from its performance, nor escape its liability for the consequences resulting so disastrously to the people invited there, by letting it for hire for a temporary purpose.
In Edwards v. N. Y. & H. R. R. Co. (98 N. Y. 245) “there was no proof even that any of the timbers in the gallery were too small or weak and that they broke, or' that they were not properly joined together and supported, or that the gallery was in any respect negligently constructed.” The court held that negligence was not imputable .to defendant- for not foreseeing' that the contemplated use of the place for a pedestrian match would result in filling the gallery with a large and unusual number of people.
■ The decision in that case did- not involve the question'we consider here, to wit, the duty of the owner of a structure erected for public
Dissenting Opinion
The plaintiff brings this action to recover damages for personal injuries sustained by her in consequence of the falling of a stairway in a grand stand which the defendant had erected upon its grounds in the city of Buffalo, and which it had leased to the Press Cycling Club for the 4th of July, 1895.
The complaint contains but a single count, and consequently if the plaintiff’s recovery is to be sustained it must be solely upon the theory which lies at the foundation of her action, and which is, that the grand stand in question was so defectively constructed by the defendant as to render it unsafe for the purposes for which it was "designed, in consequence of which it became a public nuisance.
The evidence given in support of this contention tends to prove that the bearing pieces of the structure were insufficiently nailed, and that there was an unnecessary number of notches for bearing purposes in the joists which tended in some degree to lessen their supporting capacity. This evidence, while it may. not bo absolutely convincing -in its character, is probably sufficient to support the verdict of the jury, and it must consequently be regarded as conclm sive upon the question of defective construction.
Conceding, therefore, for the purpose of this review, that the grand stand was improperly constructed, the one vital question which presents itself for our consideration is, does this fact, in the absence of any allegation of negligence or of the proof of other delictum, establish the plaintiff’s right to recover ?
There was no attempt made upon the trial to prove that the defendant or any of its officers knew, or had reasonable cause to suppose, that the structural weakness pointed out by the plaintiff’s witnesses existed. On the contrary, it was - undisputed that the grand stand was erected by a builder of experience, and under the personal supervision of a competent architect, who also furnished 'the plans therefor.
Moreover, it was made to appear that the structure had been, used
The theory thus adopted by the learned trial court in its disposition of the case would undoubtedly have been the correct, one had the plaintiff occupied the grand stand by invitation of, and for a compensation paid to, the defendant. For in these circumstances the invitation would carry with it an implied assurance, upon which the plaintiff and all others similarly situated might have relied, that the structure was entirely safe for the purpose for which it was designed* and if, in point of fact, it was so insecurely and improperly constructed as to render it unsafe, the law would regard it as a nuisance. for the creation of which the defendant could not escape liability by insisting that it had no knowledge of its actual condition. This was the rule laid down in the English case of Francis v. Cockrell (L. R. [5 Q. B.] 501), and it is one worthy of the recognition which it has received in this country, because it is founded in common sense.' But the difficulty which I encounter in adopting the theory of the trial court is that the undisputed facts of the case do not, in my opinion, admit of the application of this rule.
The plaintiff, at the time of the accident* was not occupying this grand stand by the defendant’s permission.. She was there upon the invitation of the Press Cycling Club, the defendant’s lessee. In no view of the case, therefore, can it be said that there was any privity of contract between • her and the defendant; and, while it is true, that the premises, including the grand stand in question, were ■ designed as a place of public amusement, and were, doubtless, leased by the defendant to the Press Cycling C^b with full knowledge that they were to be used, for that purpose, still, these facts do not,
It may be safély assumed that while the lessee was in possession' the defendant was divested of all control over the demised premises, and, consequently, if the former had permitted the grand stand to become 'packed with spectators far beyond its capacity, or to an extent incompatible with personal safety, the defendant would have been powerless to prevent it, and this circumstance of itself, in my opinion, furnishes a sufficient reason why- no liability should attach to the lessor, in the absence of negligence or other delictum.
It was said in the case of Edwards v. N. Y. & H. R. R. Co. (98 N. Y. 245) that “ if one builds a house for public amusements or entertainments, and lets it for those purposes', knowing that it is - so imperfectly and carelessly built that it is liable to go to pieces in the ordinary use for which it was designed, he is .liable to the persons injured through his cárelessness. And this rule of responsibility goes far enough for the protection of lessees and of the public generally. It is but a just- and reasonable application of the maxim sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas. It imposes liability upon the landlord for his delictum, and the tenant is also liable, not only for his negligence, but also upon the authority of the case of Francis v. Cockrell, by virtue of an implied contract which he makes with all the persons whom, for a compensation, he invites or induces to enter his-building to witness public entertainments given therein, by him dr under his supervision. A rule- which would -place a greater respon-' sibility upon a grantor or upon a landlord while out of possession and deprived of the control of his premises, would,-as stated in many cases, lead to much injustice, embarrassment and inconvenience. ,There is no case which holds that the negligence of a landlord is to ' be inferred simply from the fact that..a structure which he lets breaks" down. It may break down under such circumstances that the inference of negligence is irresistible and may properly be drawn, but' the facts must show that he knew, or had reason to know, that the structure was dangerously weak and imperfect. * . * *
' “ But where the landlord has created no nuisance, and is guilty of'
It is insisted, however, that the doctrine of this case is in conflict with that laid down in the earlier case of Swords v. Edgar (59 N. Y. 28), where it was held that the lessors of a pier were guilty of non-feasance or misfeasance in having leased their premises while in a defective and dangerous condition. It is. not to be denied that there is some force in this contention, for in reviewing the decision in the Swords Gase (supra) the Court of Appeals referred to it as one which “ Was made against the dissent of three judges, and after overruling several cases decided in courts of high authority in this country and England.” (Edwards v. N. Y. & H. R. R. Co., supra.)
But even in that case the learned judge who wrote the opinion appears to- have laid great stress upon the fact that the lessors leased the pier with knowledge of its condition, for he says: “ There is no suggestion in the case of want of knowledge on their part of its actual condition when leased by them. And the facts of the case are such that they are chargeable with knowledge of its. actual dangerous state.” (59 N. Y. 39.)
The doctrine of the Edwards case was reiterated in Wolf v. Kilpatrick et al. (101 N. Y. 146, 152); and in a still more recent case, where the owner had leased premises upon which there existed a nuisance dangerous to the public, the trial court charged the jury that the plaintiff could not recover against the defendant unless they were satisfied by the evidence that the latter knew, or ought to have known, of the dangerous condition of his premises at the time of leasing the same, and this was held to be a correct statement of the law. (Timlin v. S. O. Co. et al., 126 N. Y. 514, 523.)
The only reason urged why a different rule should be applied to the case in hand-seems to arise out of the fact that the defendant caused this grand stand to be constructed- and it is insisted that it thereby created the nuisance, if one existed at all. Strictly speaking,' this is perhaps true, but in the peculiar circumstances of the case which have already been detailed, I am not willing to hold
It seems to me quite clear, therefore, that the learned trial justice was in error when he instructed the jury that the defendant’s liability did not depend upon its knowledge of the defects complained of, and for this reason I .think a new trial should be granted.
Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.