91 N.Y. 346 | NY | 1883
The plaintiffs cannot maintain their alleged title, under the bill of sale from Mrs. Lucy A. Michelson to Bernherd Browner, dated November 22, 1878, and subsequently assigned to them, against a subsequent judgment and execution creditor of Mrs. Michelson. The referee finds that the bill of sale was made with intent to hinder, delay and defraud Mrs. Michelson's creditors, and that the plaintiffs had notice of its fraudulent character, at the time they took the assignment. So also, upon the facts found by the referee, the plaintiffs derived no title to the property under the bill of sale to them from Mrs. Michelson, of December 6, 1879. It is found that that bill of sale was executed on the express understanding and agreement, and as a condition precedent to its having any effect, that the plaintiffs should execute to Mrs. Michelson an agreement in writing, to allow her to remain in possession of the goods and to conduct the business as she had theretofore done, until she had time to realize from the stock sufficient to pay the plaintiffs claim of $161.12, and also the claim of Bronner, of $184.40.
The evidence shows that the bill of sale was executed to the plaintiffs on the afternoon of Saturday, December 6, 1879. When the bill of sale was delivered to the plaintiffs, no inventory *349 of the goods had been taken, and on the evening of that day the parties proceeded to take an inventory. But the transaction was left incomplete. The giving of the bill of sale, and the execution of the defeasance were intended to be concurrent acts, and the execution of the latter was deferred because the attorney for the defendant, by reason of other engagements, and on account of the lateness of the hour, was unable to draw it, and upon the plaintiffs' suggestion that he would send it down on the Monday following. It was not the case of an absolute delivery of a bill of sale, the vendor relying upon the promise of the plaintiff to perform his part of the undertaking at a subsequent period. The possession of the goods was not transferred to the plaintiffs, and until the performance of their agreement to give the written defeasance they acquired no title to the property. (Russell v.Minor, 22 Wend. 659; Leven v. Smith, 1 Denio, 571.) It is not material that the transaction would operate as a mortgage simply, and not as an absolute sale, in case there had been merely a parol agreement that it should constitute a mortgage. It was a prudent and proper precaution on the part of Mrs. Michelson that she should have written evidence from the plaintiffs of the condition under which it was given, and as the execution of a defeasance in writing, was made by her an essential part of the transaction, the refusal of the plaintiffs on subsequent demand by her, before the levy, to perform the contract in that respect, terminated their rights under the agreement.
It becomes material, however, to pass upon the question raised as to the validity of the judgment and execution under which the defendant's intestate levied upon the property, because, although the bill of sale to Bronner was void as against the creditors of Mrs. Michelson, it was nevertheless good as between the parties, and could only be assailed by one having a valid judgment and execution against Mrs. Michelson. The judgment was rendered in an action in favor of James G. Johnson, as surviving partner of Johnson Brothers . Co., against Mrs. Michelson by a justice of the peace on the 11th day of December, *350 1879, the same day on which a summons was issued and served upon the defendant therein, but after the service of the summons and its actual return by the constable to the justice, with a proper certificate of service, and upon the appearance by attorneys for the respective parties, who duly swore to their authority to so appear. The plaintiff on such appearance filed his complaint in writing, and thereupon the defendant's attorney made an offer in writing to allow judgment to be taken against him in favor of the plaintiff for the amount claimed in the complaint, which offer was thereupon duly accepted in writing by the plaintiff's attorney, and judgment was thereupon entered. The authority to render a judgment under these circumstances depends upon the construction of subdivision 15, section 64 of the Code of Procedure (Chap. 459, Laws 1860), which provides that in actions before a justice of the peace the defendant, on the return of process, and before answering in the action, may make a written offer of judgment, and that the plaintiff shall thereupon, before any other proceeding shall be had, determine whether he will accept or reject such offer, and authorizes the justice, in case the plaintiff accepts such offer in writing, to file the offer and acceptance, and render judgment accordingly. It is claimed on the part of the plaintiffs that the words "on the return of process," authorize this proceeding to be taken only on the return day of the process. But we are of opinion that this construction cannot be maintained. A suit may be instituted before a justice, either by the voluntary appearance and agreement of the parties, or by process (2 Rev. Stat., 227, § 11), and, if instituted by summons, it is considered to be commenced on the day when the process shall be delivered to the constable, and when instituted without process at the time of the parties joining issue (id., § 12). The justice had jurisdiction of the subject-matter, and also of the person of the defendant, Mrs. Michelson, by the service of process, although he could not without her consent render a judgment until the return day mentioned in the writ. But the justice having acquired jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the person, it was competent for the parties to waive the time *351 mentioned in the summons, and by consent proceed to trial, or take any other proceeding prior to the return day of the summons. The object of the provision of the Code referred to was to allow the defendant, by making an offer of judgment, to save himself further costs in case the recovery should not exceed the offer, and the requirement that the offer should be made before answer was designed to protect the plaintiff against being put to his election by an offer made after issue, or during the progress of the trial. But neither the language of the statute, nor the reason upon which it is founded, points to the return day of the process as the earliest period when the right given can be exercised. The justice having jurisdiction of the subject-matter, and of the person of the defendant, was authorized upon the actual appearance of the parties in anticipation of the return day of the process, and the making and acceptance of the offer, to forthwith render judgment. The appearance was in the action already commenced, as distinguished from a voluntary appearance without process, and all the proceedings were in such action. We are also of opinion that the authority of the defendant's attorney to appear in her behalf, empowered him to make the offer of judgment. All the incidents to such authority attached thereto, and among others to bind the principal by any proceedings which the principal herself might take therein, and it was not necessary that in addition to his swearing to his authority to appear generally for her, he should have further sworn to his authority to make the offer of judgment.
The judgment was, therefore, regular, and the constable to whom the execution was issued, having levied upon the property, was entitled to hold it under the execution. But we are of opinion that the judgment should have limited the sum required to be paid by the plaintiffs, in case the delivery of the property could not be had, to the amount of the execution and the fees of the officer. Although the bill of sale to Bronner was void as to creditors of Mrs. Michelson, it was, nevertheless, as has been said, good as between the parties. The general rule is that in an action for the conversion of *352
chattels, brought against the general owner by a person holding a lien upon the property taken or converted, the plaintiff's recovery is limited to the amount of his lien; but if the action is against a stranger, having no interest in the property, the plaintiff will be allowed to recover its full value, and he will hold the balance of the property beyond the amount necessary to satisfy his claim in trust for the true owner, and as in this case the defendant's intestate had no interest, except by virtue of his lien, it is contrary to principle that he should be allowed to recover, as against the plaintiffs, who, for this purpose, occupy the position of general owners, beyond the amount of his claim. The defendant relies upon the case of Buck v.Remsen (
All concur, except RUGER, Ch. J., taking no part.
Judgment accordingly. *353
