Dаyton and Barbara Fournier were divorced in 1989. Following entry of the decree, the parties continued to litigate various aspects of their divorce, including modifications to child custody and support. In September of 1992, during the course of a series of motions to modify custody, visitation and supрort, the parties stipulated to submit to a professional evaluation of the functioning of the family system. An order directing that this “home study” be conductеd was entered upon the stipulation. After Dayton was unable to keep his first appointment with the selected psychologist, a second appointment was scheduled. Dayton then canceled the second appointment because he “didn’t want to go.” He had apparently changed his mind and decided he did not wish to go through with the evaluation.
Barbara brought a motion to compel Dayton to comply with the stipulation and sought an award for her attorney fees incurred in bringing the motion to compel. The motion, however, did not specify under which statute or rule it was being filed, as required by I.R.C.P. 7(b)(1). Nor did the request for attorney fees state any statute or rule upon which the request was being made. Following the hearing, the magistrate ordеred Dayton to attend meetings with the psychologist and to comply with the psychologist’s requests in order to complete the evaluation. The mаgistrate also granted Barbara’s request for attorney fees, stating:
5. Acting as a court of equity, and because the Plaintiffs cancellation of the November 30th session was without cause, it is ORDERED that Plaintiff reimburse Defendant for the actual and reasonable costs in attorney’s fees incurred by Defendаnt in securing compliance with the court’s order of September 15, 1992.
Later when Barbara brought a motion for a minute entry memorializing statements made in chambers regarding the award of
... I can state for the record when I entered the order awarding attorney fees, my intent was to have that ordеr supported by what was already in the record. My intent was not to have that order supported by anything that happened in chambers. Then if the ordеr doesn’t stand on what’s in the record then I’m just going to have to live with that decision.
Dayton appealed to the district court, claiming that the award was not based on any statute or contract and was therefore invalid. The district court affirmed the magistrate’s award of fees and also awardеd Barbara her attorney fees on the appeal. Dayton now appeals to this Court. For the reasons stated below, we vacatе the order of the magistrate.
ANALYSIS
Courts in the United States have long adhered to the “American Rule” of awarding attorney fees. Each side is to pay its оwn fees except in a limited number of circumstances. 22 AM.JUR.2D
Damages
§ 611 (1988). Generally, attorney fees will be awarded when authorized by a contract or statute. I.R.C.P. 54(е)(1);
Allison v. John M. Biggs, Inc.,
Another appropriate basis for an award would have been statutory. Barbara, however, offered no statute or rule as authority for her motion to compel Dayton to comply with the stipulation as required by I.R.C.P. 7(b)(1). This failure to state the grounds upon which the motion was based, alоng with the failure to offer authority for the award of attorney fees itself, renders it impossible to determine on what basis Barbara was seeking attorney fees. Likewise, the magistrate’s order does not refer to a specific statute or rule as the basis of the award of fees. Instead, acting as a “court of equity” the magistrate found the award appropriate. In Idaho, however, there is no equitable authority to award attorney fees generally. Because the magistrate is constrained to award attorney fees based on contractual or statutory authority, we must conclude that the magistrate erred in making this award.
This Court, as well as our Supreme Court, has held in a variety of contexts that a correct ruling or order, based upon an incorrect theory, will nonetheless be upheld on appeal under the proper theory.
Idaho Schools for Equal Educational Opportunity v. Evans,
The record in this ease reveals that Barbara cited no statutory or contractual authority for the requested award when bringing her motion to compel. Likewise, the magistrate offered no such authority in making the awаrd and declined to do so when presented with the motion for a minute entry. Although various justifications were later offered by the parties, both to the distriсt court in its appellate capacity and to this Court on appeal, these arguments are not properly considered. We aсknowledge that some of these post hoc justifications, including I.C. § 12-121,1.C. § 32-704,1.R.C.P. 16, and I.R.C.P. 35 and 37, may have been potentially valid bases for an award of attorney fees. Similarly, it may have been possible to award such fees under I.C. § 12-123 or upon a finding of contempt if the proper procedure had been followed. 1 As a reviewing court, however, our task is not to search out statutory support for the award of fees below. Such support must be garnered by court and сounsel at the time the award is requested and made. Therefore, the award of attorney fees below must be vacated.
Because of our ruling today, we must also vacate the award of attorney fees to Barbara granted on appeal to the district court. As for attorney fеes on the appeal to this Court, because Barbara is not the prevailing party and Dayton has not requested fees on appeаl, we do not award fees. Costs to appellant.
Notes
. This does not necessarily mean that these awards would be proper under the facts of this case. We merely point out that reasoned argumerits could have been advanced to the trial court under these particular theories.